MUSIC

- Early invention of Ge 4:21 - DIVIDED INTO . Vocal 2Sa 19:35; Ac 16:25 . Instrumental Da 6:18 - Designed to promote joy Ec 2:8,10 - Vanity of all unsanctified Ec 2:8,11 - Considered efficacious in mental disorders 1Sa 16:14-17,23 - Effects produced on the prophets of old by 1Sa 10:5,6; 2Ki 3:15 - INSTRUMENTS OF . Cymbals 1Ch 16:5; Ps 150:5 . Cornet Ps 98:6; Ho 5:8 . Dulcimer Da 3:5 . Flute Da 3:5 . Harp Ps 137:2; Eze 26:13 . Organ Ge 4:21; Job 21:12; Ps 150:4 . Pipe 1Ki 1:40; Isa 5:12; Jer 48:36 . Psaltery Ps 33:2; 71:22 . Sackbut Da 3:5 . Tabret 1Sa 10:5; Isa 24:8 . Timbrel Ex 15:20; Ps 68:25 . Trumpet 2Ki 11:14; 2Ch 29:27 . Viol Isa 14:11; Am 5:23 . Made of fir wood 2Sa 6:5 . Made of almug wood 1Ki 10:12 . Made of brass 1Co 13:1 . Made of silver Nu 10:2 . Made of horns of animals Jos 6:8 . Many, with strings Ps 33:2; 150:4 . Early invention of Ge 4:21 . Invented by David 1Ch 23:5; 2Ch 7:6 . The Jews celebrated for inventing Am 6:5 . Often expensively ornamented Eze 28:13 . Great diversity of Ec 2:8 - Appointed to be used in the temple 1Ch 16:4-6; 23:5,6; 25:1; 2Ch 29:25 - Custom of sending away friends with Ge 31:27 - THE JEWS USED . In sacred processions 2Sa 6:4,5,15; 1Ch 13:6-8; 15:27,28 . At laying foundation of temple Ezr 3:9,10 . At consecration of temple 2Ch 5:11-13 . At coronation of kings 2Ch 23:11,13 . At dedication of city walls Ne 12:27,28 . To celebrate victories Ex 15:20; 1Sa 18:6,7 . In religious feasts 2Ch 30:21 . In private entertainments Isa 5:12; Am 6:5 . In dances Mt 11:17; Lu 15:25 . In funeral ceremonies Mt 9:23 . In commemorating great men 2Ch 35:25 - Used in idol worship Da 3:5 - The movements of armies regulated by Jos 6:8; 1Co 14:8 - Generally put aside in times of affliction Ps 137:2-4; Da 6:18 - ILLUSTRATIVE . Of joy and gladness Zep 3:17; Eph 5:19 . Of heavenly felicity Re 5:8,9 . (Ceasing of,) of calamities Isa 24:8,9; Re 18:22

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The ancient Hebrews had a great taste for music, which they used in their religious services, in their public and private rejoicing, at their weddings and feasts, and even in their mourning. We have in Scripture canticles of joy, of thanksgiving, of praise, of mourning; also mournful elegies or songs, as those of David on the death of Saul and Abner, and the Lamentations of Jeremiah on the destruction of Jerusalem; so, too, songs of victory, triumph, and gratulation, as that which Moses sung after passing the Red Sea, that of Deborah and Barak, and others. The people of God went up to Jerusalem thrice a year, cheered on their way with songs of joy, Ps 84:12 Isa 30:29. The book of Psalms comprises a wonderful variety of inspired pieces for music, and is an inexhaustible treasure for the devout in all ages. Music is perhaps the most ancient of the fine arts. Jubal, who lived before the deluge, was the "father" of those who played on the harp and the organ, Ge 4:21 31:26-27. Laban complains that his sonin-law Jacob had left him, without giving him an opportunity of sending his family away "with mirth and with songs, with tabret and with harp." Moses, having passed through the Red Sea, composed a song, and sung it with the Israelitish men, while Miriam, his sister, sung it with dancing, and playing on instruments, at the head of the women, Ex 15:20-21. He caused silver trumpets to be made to be sounded at solemn sacrifices, and on religious festivals. David, who had great skill in music, soothed the perturbed spirit of Saul by playing on the harp, 1Sa 16:16,23; and when he was himself established on the throne—seeing that the Levites were not employed, as formerly, in carrying the boards, veils, and vessels of the tabernacle, its abode being fixed at Jerusalem-appointed a great part of them to sing and to play on instruments in the temple, 1Ch 25:1-31. David brought the ark to Jerusalem with triumphant and joyful music, 1Ch 13:8 15:16-28; and in the same manner Solomon was proclaimed king, 1Ki 1:39-40. The Old Testament prophets also sought the aid of music in their services, 1Sa 10:5 2Ki 3:15. Asaph, Heman, and Jeduthun were chiefs of the music of the tabernacle under David, and of the temple under Solomon. Asaph had four sons, Jeduthun six, and Heman fourteen. These twenty-four Levites, sons of the three great masters of the temple-music, were at the head of twenty-four bands of musicians, which served in the temple by turns. Their number there was always great, but especially at the chief solemnities. They were ranged in order about the altar of burnt-sacrifices. As the whole business of their lives was to learn and to practice music, it must be supposed that they understood it well, whether it were vocal or instrumental, 2Ch 29:25. The kings also had their music. Asaph was chief master of music to David. In the temple, and in the ceremonies of religion, female musicians were admitted as well as male; they generally were daughters of the Levites. Ezra, in his enumeration of those whom he brought back with him from the captivity, reckons two hundred singing men and singing women, 2Sa 19:35 Ezr 2:65 Ne 7:67. As to the nature of their music, we can judge of it only by conjecture, because it has been long lost. Probably it was a unison of several voices, of which all sung together the same melody, each according to his strength and skill; without musical counterpoint, or those different parts and combinations which constitute harmony in our music. Probably, also, the voices were generally accompanied by instrumental music. If we may draw any conclusions in favor of their music from its effects, its magnificence, its majesty, and the lofty sentiments contained in their songs, we must allow it great excellence. It is supposed that the temple musicians were sometimes divided into two or more separate choirs, which, with a general chorus, sung in turn responsive to each other, each a small portion of the Psalm. The structure of the Hebrew Psalms is eminently adapted to this mode of singing, and very delightful and solemn effects might thus be produced. Compare Ps 24:10,10,10. Numerous musical instruments are mentioned in Scripture, but it has been found impossible to affix heir names with certainty to specific instruments now in use. By a comparison, however, of the instruments probably held in common by the Jews with the Greeks, Romans, and Egyptians, a degree of probability as to most of them has been secured. They were of three kinds: A. Stringed instruments: 1. KINNOR, "the harp," Ge 4:21. Frequently mentioned in Scripture, and probably a kind of lyre. 2. NEBEL, "the psaltery," 1Sa 10:5. It appears to have been the name of various large instruments of the harp kind. 3. ASOR, signifying ten-stringed. In Ps 92:4, it apparently denotes an instrument distinct from the NEBEL; but elsewhere it seems to be simply a description of the NEBEL as ten-stringed. See Ps 33:2 144:9. 4. GITTITH. It occurs in the titles of Ps 8:1 81:1 84:1. From the name, it is supposed that David brought it from Gath. Others conclude that it is a general name for a string instrument. 5. MINNIM, strings, Ps 150:4. Probably another kind of stringed instrument. 6. SABECA, "sackbut," Da 3:5,7,10,15. A kind of lyre. 7. PESANTERIN, "psaltery," occurs Da 3:7, and is supposed to represent the NEBEL. 8. MACHALATH. Found in the titles of Ps 53:1 88:1; supposed to be a lute or guitar. B. Wind instruments: 9. KEREN, "horn," Jos 6:5. Cornet. 10. SHOPHAR, "trumpet," Nu 10:10. Used synonymously with KEREN. 11. CHATZOZERAH, the straight trumpet, Ps 98:6. 12. JOBEL, or KEREN JOBEL, horn of jubilee, or signal trumpet, Jos 6:4. Probably the same with 9 and 10. 13. CHAIL, "pipe" or "flute." The word means bored through, 1Sa 10:5. 14. MISHROKITHA, Da 3:5, etc. Probably the Chaldean name for the flute with two reeds. 15. UGAB, "organ" in our version Ge 4:21. It means a double or manifold pipe, and hence the shepherd’s pipe; probably the same as the syrinx or Pan’s pipe; or perhaps resembling the bagpipe. C. Instruments which gave out sound on being struck: 17. TOPH, Ge 31:27, the tambourine and all instruments of the drum kind. 18. PHAAMON, "bells," Ex 28:33. Attached to the hem of the high priest’s garment. 19. TZELITZELIM, "cymbals," Ps 150:5. A word frequently occurring. There were probably two kinds, hand-cymbals. 20. SHALISHIM, 1Sa 18:6. In our version, "instruments of music." "Three-stringed instruments." Most writers identify it with the triangle. 21. MENAANEIM, "cymbals," 2Sa 6:5. Probably the sistrum. The Hebrew word means to shake. The sistrum was generally about sixteen or eighteen inches long, occasionally inlaid with silver, and being held upright, was shaken, the rings moving to and fro on the bars. Further particulars concerning some of these may be found under the names they severally bear in our English Bible.

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Music. Music
Jubal was the inventor of musical instruments (Gen. 4:21). The Hebrews were much given to the cultivation of music. Their whole history and literature afford abundant evidence of this. After the Deluge, the first mention of music is in the account of Laban’s interview with Jacob (Gen. 31:27). After their triumphal passage of the Red Sea, Moses and the children of Israel sang their song of deliverance (Ex. 15).

But the period of Samuel, David, and Solomon was the golden age of Hebrew music, as it was of Hebrew poetry. Music was now for the first time systematically cultivated. It was an essential part of training in the schools of the prophets (1 Sam. 10:5; 19:19-24; 2 Kings 3:15; 1 Chr. 25:6). There now arose also a class of professional singers (2 Sam. 19:35; Eccl. 2:8). The temple, however, was the great school of music. In the conducting of its services large bands of trained singers and players on instruments were constantly employed (2 Sam. 6:5; 1 Chr. 15; 16; 23;5; 25:1-6).

In private life also music seems to have held an important place among the Hebrews (Eccl. 2:8; Amos 6:4-6; Isa. 5:11, 12; 24:8, 9; Ps. 137; Jer. 48:33; Luke 15:25).

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MUSIC. → Teachers of 1Ch 15:22; 25:7,8; 2Ch 23:13 → Physical effect of, on man 1Sa 6:15,16 → Discoursed during the offering of sacrifices 2Ch 29:27,28 → Precentor Ne 12:42 → Chief musician Ne 12:42; Hab 3:19 → Chambers for musicians in the temple, in Ezekiel's vision Eze 40:44 → In heaven Re 5:8,9; 14:2,3; 15:2,3 → INSTRUMENTS OF
* Invented by Jubal Ge 4:21
* Invented by David 1Ch 23:5; 2Ch 7:6; 29:26; Am 6:5
* Made by Solomon 1Ki 10:12; 2Ch 9:11; Ec 2:8
* Made by Tyrians Eze 28:13
* CORNET Da 3:5,7,10
* See TRUMPET
* CYMBAL
* See CYMBAL
* DULCIMER, a double pipe Da 3:5,10,15
* FLUTE Da 3:5,7,10,15
* GITTITH, a stringed instrument Ps 8; 81; 84
* HARP
* See HARP
* ORGAN, probably composed of pipes furnishing a number of notes Ge 4:21; Job 21:12; 30:31; Ps 150:4
* PIPE
* See PIPE
* PSALTERY
* See PSALTERY
* SACKBUT, a harp Da 3:5,7,10,15
* TABRET
* See TIMBREL
* TIMBREL, a tambourine
* See TIMBREL
* TRUMPET
* See TRUMPET
* VIOL, a lyre Isa 5:12; 14:11; Am 5:23; 6:5

→ SYMBOLS USED IN → ALAMOTH
* (Literally virgins) .A musical term which appears in 1Ch 15:20
* And in the title of Ps 46:1
* (It seems to indicate the rendering of the song by female voices, possibly soprano) -AL-TASCHITH
* It appears in the titles of Ps 57:1; 58:1; 59:1; 75:1
* (it seems to have been used to indicate the kind of ode, or the kind of melody in which the ode should be sung.)

→ HIGGAION Ps 92:3
* (According to Gesenius, it signifies the murmuring tone of a harp, and hence that the music should be rendered in a plaintive manner.) Ps 9:16
* (Combined with Selah, it may have been intended to indicate a pause in the vocal music while the instruments rendered an interlude.) Ps 19:14
* (Mendelssohn translates it meditation, thought. Hence, the music was to be rendered in a mode to promote devout meditation.)

→ MAKALATH, MASCHIL, LEANNOTH
* These terms are found in the titles of Ps 53:1; 88:1
* (Authorities grope in darkness as to their signification. They may indicate the instruments to be played, or the melody to be sung)

→ MASCHIL
* This musical sign occurs in the titles of Ps 32:1; 42:1; 44:1; 45:1; 52:1; 53:1; 54:1; 55:1; 74:1; 78:1; 88:1; 89:1; 142:1
* (The meaning is obscure. But its signification where it occurs elsewhere than in the titles of Psalms is equivalent to the English word instruction, or to become wise by instruction; hence, Ps 47:7: Sing ye praises with understanding.)

→ MICAHTAM
* A musical term in the titles of Ps 16:1; 56:1; 57:1; 58:1; 59:1; 60:1
* (Luther interprets this as golden, that is, precious. Ewald interprets it as signifying a plaintive manner.)

→ MUTH-LABBEN
* In the title of Ps 9:1
* (Authorities, ancient and modern, differ as to the probable signification. Gesenius and De Wette interpret it, with the voice of virgins, by boys. Others derive the word from a different Hebrew root, and interpret it as indicating that the Psalm was a funeral ode.)

→ NEGINAH and NEGINOTH
* Appear in the titles of Ps 4:1; 54:1; 55:1; 61:1; 67:1; Hab 3:19
* (Its use seems to have been to indicate that the song should be accompanied by stringed instruments.) -NEHILOTH
* Appears in the title of Ps 5:1
* (It seems to indicate, according to Gesenius, that when this Psalm was sung it was to be accompanied by wind instruments.) -SELAH
* (This term appears frequently in the Psalms. Its use is not known. Possibly it signified a pause in the vocal music while an instrumental interlude or finale was rendered.)

→ SHEMINITH
* In the titles of Ps 6:1; 12:1
* (Translated eighth, probably indicates the measure, movement, or pitch.)

→ SHIGGAION
* In the title of Ps 7:1
* And its plural, SHIGIONOTH, in the title of Hab 3:1
* (Supposed to be a musical term to guide in rendering the song. At the close of the chapter, the author refers the ode to the chief musician, on my stringed instruments. The term may suggest the movement in interpreting the music set to it.)

→ SHOSHANNIM and SHUSHAN-EDUTH .In the titles to Ps 45:1; 60:1; 69:1; 80:1
* (Seems to indicate the manner in which these Psalms were to be rendered. Kimchi, Tremellius, and Eichhorn render it hexachorda, that is, that in singing these Psalms instruments of six strings were to accompany.)

→ UNCLASSIFIED SCRIPTURES RELATING TO Ge 31:27; Ex 15:1,20,21; 21:17-20; Jud 5:1-3; 11:34; 1Sa 18:6,7; 2Sa 19:35; 1Ki 1:40; 1Ch 6:31,32; 15:16-22,24,27,28; 16:4-39,41,42; 22:3,5,6,27,30; 25:1,5,6,7,8; 2Ch 5:12,13; 20:19,21,22,28; 23:13,18; 29:25-28; 31:2; 35:15,25; Ezr 2:64; 3:10,11; Neh 12:24,27-31; Job 21:12; 30:31; Ps 33:1-4; 68:4,25,26,32-35; 81:1-3; 87:7; 92:1-3; 95:1,2; 98:1-8; 104:33; 105:2; 135:1,2,3; 137:1-6; 144:9; 149:1-3,6; 150:1-6; Pr 25:20; Ec 2:8; Isa 5:12; 14:11; 16:10; 23:16; 24:8,9; 30:29,32; Jer 31:4; Eze 26:13; 33:32; Da 3:4,6,7; Am 6:5; 8:10; Mt 9:23; 11:17; Mr 14:26; 1Co 14:15; Eph 5:19; Col 3:16; Heb 2:12; Re 14:2,3; 18:22 → See PRAISE → See PSALMS

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(A) MUSICAL INSTRUMENTS (1) General References to Ge 4:21; 1Sa 10:5; 2Sa 6:5; 1Ki 10:12; 1Ch 16:42; 23:5 2Ch 7:6; 30:21; Ne 12:36; Job 21:12; Ec 2:8; Isa 5:12; Da 6:18 (2) Names of Cornet 2Sa 6:5; Ps 98:6; Ho 5:8 Cymbals 2Sa 6:5; 1Ch 15:16; 2Ch 29:25; Ezr 3:10; Ps 150:5; 1Co 13:1 Dulcimer Da 3:5 Flute Da 3:5 Harps Ge 4:21; 1Sa 16:23; 2Sa 6:5; 1Ki 10:12; 1Ch 25:3; Ne 12:27 Job 21:12; Ps 137:2; Isa 5:12; Re 5:8; 14:2; 15:2 Organs Ge 4:21; Job 21:12; 30:31; Ps 150:4 Pipes 1Sa 10:5; 1Ki 1:40; Isa 5:12; 30:29; Jer 48:36 Psalteries 1Sa 10:5; 2Sa 6:5; 1Ch 13:8; 2Ch 5:12; 9:11; Ps 33:2; 150:3; Da 3:5 Sackbut Da 3:5 Tabrets Ge 31:27; 1Sa 10:5; 18:6; Isa 5:12; 24:8; Eze 28:13 Timbrels, or tambourines Ex 15:20; Jud 11:34; 2Sa 6:5; Job 21:12; Ps 68:25; 81:2; 150:4 Trumpets (a) Used in War Nu 10:9; 31:6; Jos 6:4; Jud 3:27; 6:34; 1Sa 13:3 2Sa 2:28; 20:1; 2Ch 13:12; Job 39:24; Eze 33:3; 1Co 14:8 (b) Used in Worship and celebrations Le 25:9; Nu 10:10; 1Ki 1:34; 2Ki 9:13; 11:14; 2Ch 5:12; 20:28; 29:26 Ezr 3:10; Ne 12:35; Isa 27:13 Viols Isa 5:12; 14:11; Am 5:23; 6:5 (3) Full Orchestra 2Sa 6:5; 1Ch 23:5; 2Ch 5:12; 29:27; Ezr 3:10; Ne 12:27 Ps 68:25; Da 3:5 (B) MUSICIANS (1) General References to Ge 4:21; 1Sa 16:16; 1Ch 25:7; 2Ch 34:12 (2) Players on Instruments 1Sa 16:16; 18:10; 2Ki 3:15; Ps 68:25; Eze 33:32 -- Youthful. See YOUNG PEOPLE (C) SINGING (1) A Religious Duty Ps 81:1; 95:1; Isa 30:29; 1Co 14:15; Eph 5:19; Col 3:16; Jas 5:13 --SEE Praise God, GRATITUDE (2) Examples of Nu 21:17; 2Ch 20:22; Ezr 3:11; Mr 14:26; Ac 16:25; Re 5:9 --SEE Praise (2), GRATITUDE New Song, NEW MAN (D) ANCIENT CHOIRS Regularly Employed 1Ch 9:33 Assisted by an Orchestra 1Ch 15:16 Vested Choir led by Precentor 1Ch 15:27 A Great Chorus Choir God gave to Heman fourteen sons and three daughters 1Ch 25:6,7 A Militant Choir, songs lead to victory 2Ch 20:21; 23:13; 35:15; Ezr 2:65; Ne 12:42; Ec 2:8 (E) SONGS (1) Idle Ps 69:12; Am 5:23; 6:5; 8:10 (2) In the night Job 35:10; Ps 42:8; 77:6; 149:5; Isa 30:29; Ac 16:25 (3) Of Victory Ex 15:1; Jud 5:1; Re 14:3; 15:3

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music. Music, n. harmony, the science of sounds, musicians

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Mu″sic (?), n. [[F. musique, fr. L. musica, Gr. � (sc. �), any art over which the Muses presided, especially music, lyric poetry set and sung to music, fr. � belonging to Muses or fine arts, fr. � Muse.]] 1. 1. The science and the art of tones, or musical sounds, i.e., sounds of higher or lower pitch, begotten of uniform and synchronous vibrations, as of a string at various degrees of tension; the science of harmonical tones which treats of the principles of harmony, or the properties, dependences, and relations of tones to each other; the art of combining tones in a manner to please the ear.
☞ Not all sounds are tones. Sounds may be unmusical and yet please the ear. Music deals with tones, and with no other sounds. See Tone. 2. 2. (a) Melody; a rhythmical and otherwise agreeable succession of tones. (b) Harmony; an accordant combination of simultaneous tones.
3. 3. The written and printed notation of a musical composition; the score.
4. 4. Love of music; capacity of enjoying music.
The man that hath no music in himself Nor is not moved with concord of sweet sounds, Is fit for treasons, stratagems, and spoils. Shak. 5. 5. (Zoöl.) A more or less musical sound made by many of the lower animals. See Stridulation.
Magic music, a game in which a person is guided in finding a hidden article, or in doing a specific art required, by music which is made more loud or rapid as he approaches success, and slower as he recedes. Tennyson. — Music box. See Musical box, under Musical. — Music hall, a place for public musical entertainments. — Music loft, a gallery for musicians, as in a dancing room or a church. — Music of the spheres, the harmony supposed to be produced by the accordant movement of the celestial spheres. — Music paper, paper ruled with the musical staff, for the use of composers and copyists. — Music pen, a pen for ruling at one time the five lines of the musical staff. — Music shell (Zoöl.), a handsomely colored marine gastropod shell (Voluta musica) found in the East Indies; — so called because the color markings often resemble printed music. Sometimes applied to other shells similarly marked. — To face the music, to meet any disagreeable necessity without flinching.