King Saul

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The Arc of Saul

The Chronology of King Saul

• ~1080 BC · Birth & Background (1 Sam 9:1-2) — Saul was born into the tribe of Benjamin, the son of Kish, a wealthy man. He was described as tall and handsome, standing head and shoulders above all the people of Israel.
• ~1050 BC · Searching for Lost Donkeys (1 Sam 9:3-14) — Saul was sent by his father to search for lost donkeys, which led him on a journey that would change his life. During this search, he providentially encountered the prophet Samuel, who had been instructed by God to anoint the future king of Israel.
• ~1050 BC · Secret Anointing (1 Sam 9:15-10:1) — Samuel anointed Saul by pouring oil on his head and kissing him, declaring him the ruler over God's people. This anointing was accompanied by three signs: meeting two men at Rachel's tomb, encountering three men at Bethel, and the Spirit of God coming upon him at Gibeah.
• ~1050 BC · Public Coronation at Mizpah (1 Sam 10:17-24) — Saul was publicly chosen as king by lot from all the tribes of Israel, although he was found hiding among the baggage. The people rejoiced and shouted 'Long live the king!', but some worthless men despised him and questioned his leadership.
• ~1049 BC · Victory over Ammon (1 Sam 11) — The Spirit of God came upon Saul, empowering him to rally an army of 330,000 men. He successfully delivered the city of Jabesh-Gilead from Nahash the Ammonite, leading to a renewal of the kingdom at Gilgal.
• ~1042 BC · Unlawful Sacrifice at Gilgal (1 Sam 13:8-14) — Saul, impatiently waiting for Samuel, offered a burnt sacrifice himself after seven days had passed. Samuel confronted Saul, declaring that his kingdom would not endure because God had sought a man after His own heart.
• ~1040 BC · Victory at Michmash (1 Sam 14) — Jonathan, Saul's son, initiated a daring raid against the Philistines, which led to a great victory for Israel. However, Saul made a rash oath that nearly cost Jonathan his life, but the people intervened and rescued him.
• ~1030 BC · Sparing Agag & Final Rejection (1 Sam 15) — God commanded Saul to completely destroy the Amalekites, but Saul disobeyed by sparing King Agag and the best livestock. Samuel confronted Saul, stating, 'To obey is better than sacrifice,' and God expressed regret for making Saul king.
• ~1025 BC · Evil Spirit & David's Music (1 Sam 16:14-23) — The Spirit of the LORD departs from Saul and a distressing spirit torments him. David is brought to play the harp and Saul loves him greatly, making him his armor-bearer.
• ~1025 BC · David and Goliath (1 Sam 17) — The Philistine giant Goliath challenges Israel for forty days. David, a shepherd boy, slays him with a stone and sling while Saul watches, unable to find a soldier brave enough to fight.
• ~1020 BC · Jealousy Consumes Saul (1 Sam 18:6-12) — Women sing 'Saul has slain his thousands and David his ten thousands.' Saul's anger burns and he eyes David with suspicion from that day forward.
• ~1018 BC · Attempts on David's Life (1 Sam 19) — Saul hurls a spear at David twice, sends soldiers to kill him at his house, and later pursues him personally. Michal and Jonathan both risk their lives to help David escape.
• ~1015 BC · Massacre at Nob (1 Sam 22) — Saul orders the slaughter of 85 priests at Nob because Ahimelech helped David, and also destroys the entire city with its men, women, children, and livestock. Only Abiathar escapes.
• ~1012 BC · Cave at En Gedi (1 Sam 24) — David has the chance to kill Saul in a cave but cuts off only a piece of his robe. Saul weeps and confesses 'You are more righteous than I' — but returns to hunting David within days.
• ~1010 BC · The Witch of Endor (1 Sam 28) — The night before the battle of Gilboa, Saul consults a medium in disguise to summon Samuel's ghost. Samuel delivers the doom: 'Tomorrow you and your sons will be with me.'
• ~1010 BC · Death at Mount Gilboa (1 Sam 31) — Israel flees before the Philistines. Three of Saul's sons die, including Jonathan. Critically wounded by archers, Saul falls on his own sword and dies. The men of Jabesh-Gilead retrieve his body.

Ask Dave About Saul's Chronology

Saul's reign is one of the more contested placements in Kingdom Era chronology. Dave has the Assyrian synchronisms, the Deuteronomistic History's regnal data, and the alternate evidence lanes that inform the range. Ask him the question and he will label the confidence tier honestly.