Apologetics Bible · Scripture Reader

Apologetics Bible

Read Scripture with the original-language, translation, commentary, and apologetics layers kept close to the text.

Scripture-first study surface. Data layers support reading; they do not replace prayer, context, humility, or the text itself.

What makes it different

Four study layers kept near the text.

The reader keeps Scripture first, then brings original-language notes, translation comparison, commentary witness, and apologetics exposition into an ordered study path without letting the tools outrank the passage.

Layer 01
Original Language

Hebrew and Greek source shelves sit near the passage with transliteration and morphology notes where the source data is available.

Layer 02
Translation Comparison

A broad translation-comparison set brings KJV, ASV, YLT, BSB, Darby, and many other renderings near the verse so wording differences can be studied carefully.

Layer 03
Commentary Witness

Historical witness notes appear where source coverage is available, helping readers compare older interpreters without replacing the passage.

Layer 04
Apologetics Exposition

Apologetics exposition helps trace how passages function in canonical argument, what doctrinal claims they touch, and how themes connect across the 66 books.

Scripture reader

Open a passage.

Read the text first, then compare available translations, words, witness notes, and defense notes.

Type a Bible reference, then jump into the reader.

Verse not recognized — try "John 3:16" or "Gen 1:1"

Choose a layer, then the reader opens that study surface near the passage.

Genesis 1:1 · Old Testament
Reader
Loading translations…
How a chapter works

Summary first. Then the depth.

Each chapter starts with the passage, then keeps the supporting study layers close enough to check without replacing the text.

Chapter opening
Book Introduction

Book framing comes before the notes: title, placement, authorship questions, and why the passage matters.

Primary witness
Full Chapter Text

The chapter text stays first. Supporting source shelves sit after the passage.

Verse-by-verse
Four Study Layers

Original language, translation comparison, commentary witness, and apologetics exposition stay grouped around the passage when the supporting data is available.

Start with the passage. Use the tools after the text.

The reader keeps translations, source shelves, original-language data, and verse-linked notes close to Scripture. Open Bible Data for the public shelves, or bring a careful question to DaveAI later.

Scripture first

Read the Word before every witness.

Open the chapter itself first. Summaries, verse waypoints, ancient witnesses, cross-references, and the citation apparatus are here to serve the Word YHWH has given, never to outrank it.

The Bible is the authority here. Notes, languages, witnesses, and defenses sit below the text as servants of faithful study.

Published chapter Reader summary first Acts live Chapter 16 of 28 40 verse waypoints 40 commentary witnesses

Holy Scripture opened

Acts 16 — Acts 16

Connected primary witness
  • Connected ID: Acts_16
  • Primary Witness Text: Then came he to Derbe and Lystra: and, behold, a certain disciple was there, named Timotheus, the son of a certain woman, which was a Jewess, and believed; but his father was a Greek: Which was well reported of by the brethren that were at Lystra and Iconium. Him would Paul have to go forth with him; and took and circumcised him because of the Jews which were in those quarters: for they knew all that his father was a Greek. And as they went through the cities, they delivered them the decrees for to keep, that were ordained of the apostles and elders which were at Jerusalem. And so were the churches established in the faith, and increased in number daily. Now when they had gone throughout Phrygia and the region of Galatia, and were forbidden of the Holy Ghost to preach the word in Asia, After they were come to Mysia, they assayed to go into Bithynia: but the Spirit suffered them not. And they passing by Mysia came down to Troas. And a vision appeared to Paul in the night; There stood a man of Macedonia, and prayed him, saying, Come over into Macedonia, and help us. And after he had seen the vision, immediately we endeavoured to go into Macedonia, assuredly gathering that the Lord had called us for to preach the gospel unto them. Therefore loosing from Troas, we came with a straight course to Samothracia, and the next day to Neapolis; And from thence to Philippi, which is the chief city of that part of Macedonia, and a colony: and we were in that city abiding certain days. And ...

Connected dataset overlay
  • Connected ID: Acts_16
  • Chapter Blob Preview: Then came he to Derbe and Lystra: and, behold, a certain disciple was there, named Timotheus, the son of a certain woman, which was a Jewess, and believed; but his father was a Greek: Which was well reported of by the brethren that were at Lystra and Iconium. Him would Paul have to go forth with him; and took and circumcised him because of the Jews which were in those quarters:...

Chapter frameStart here before opening notes.

Chapter frame

Acts (c. AD 62) is the pivot-document of redemptive history: the Spirit-empowered proclamation of the risen Christ from Jerusalem to Rome. As the second volume of Luke's work, it provides the historical framework for all the NT epistles.

Luke's accuracy in Acts receives substantial archaeological confirmation via the work of William Ramsay, who set out to disprove Acts and was converted by its precision — titles, place names, sea routes, civic procedures — all matching 1st-century realia. Paul's missionary journeys are among the most historically verifiable movements in ancient biography.


Verse-by-verse study laneOpen only when you are ready for notes and witnesses.

Verse-by-verse study lane

Acts 16:1

Greek
Κατήντησεν δὲ ⸀καὶ εἰς Δέρβην καὶ ⸀εἰς Λύστραν. καὶ ἰδοὺ μαθητής τις ἦν ἐκεῖ ὀνόματι Τιμόθεος, υἱὸς ⸀γυναικὸς Ἰουδαίας πιστῆς, πατρὸς δὲ Ἕλληνος,

Katentesen de kai eis Derben kai eis Lystran. kai idoy mathetes tis en ekei onomati Timotheos, yios gynaikos Ioydaias pistes, patros de Ellenos,

KJV: Then came he to Derbe and Lystra: and, behold, a certain disciple was there, named Timotheus, the son of a certain woman, which was a Jewess, and believed; but his father was a Greek:

AKJV: Then came he to Derbe and Lystra: and, behold, a certain disciple was there, named Timotheus, the son of a certain woman, which was a Jewess, and believed; but his father was a Greek:

ASV: And he came also to Derbe and to Lystra: and behold, a certain disciple was there, named Timothy, the son of a Jewess that believed; but his father was a Greek.

YLT: And he came to Derbe and Lystra, and lo, a certain disciple was there, by name Timotheus son of a certain woman, a believing Jewess, but of a father, a Greek,

Commentary WitnessActs 16:1
Quoted commentary witness

Commentary Witness

Acts 16:1

Quoted commentary witness

Paul, coming to Derbe and Lystra, meets with Timothy, the son of a Jewess by a Greek father, whom he circumcises and takes with him into his work, Act 16:1-3. As they pass through the different cities, they deliver the apostles' decrees to the Churches; and they are established in the faith, and daily increase in numbers, Act 16:4, Act 16:5. They travel through Phrygia, Galatia, Mysia, and to Troas, Act 16:6-8. Where Paul has a vision, relative to his preaching in Macedonia, Act 16:9, Act 16:10. Leaving Troas, he sails to Samothracia and Neapolis, and comes to Philippi in Macedonia, Act 16:11, Act 16:12. Lydia, a seller of purple, receives the apostles teaching; and she and her family are baptized, Act 16:13-16. A young woman, with a spirit of divination, dispossessed by St. Paul, Act 16:16-18. Her masters, finding their gain by her soothsaying gone, make an attack upon Paul and Silas, drag them before the magistrates, who command them to be beaten, thrust into the closest prison, and their feet made fast in the stocks, Act 16:19-24. Paul and Silas singing praises at midnight, the prison doors are miraculously opened, and all the bonds of the prisoners loosed, Act 16:25, Act 16:26. The keeper being alarmed, supposing that the prisoners were fled, is about to kill himself, but is prevented by Paul, Act 16:27-28. He inquires the way of salvation, believes, and he and his whole family are baptized, Act 16:29-34. The next morning the magistrates order the apostles to be dismissed, Act 16:35, Act 16:36. Paul pleads his privilege as a Roman, and accuses the magistrates of injustice, who, being alarmed, come themselves to the prison, deliver them, and beg them to depart from the city, Act 16:37-39. They leave the prison, enter into the house of Lydia, comfort the brethren, and depart, Act 16:40. Verse 1 A certain disciple - Bishop Pearce would read the latter part of this verse and the beginning of the next thus - A certain disciple named Timotheus, (the son of a certain Jewish woman that believed, but of a father who was a Greek), who was well reported of by the brethren, etc. This Timothy was the same person to whom St. Paul wrote those two noble epistles which are still extant. His mother's name was Eunice, as we learn from 2Tim 1:5. What his father's name was we know not; he was either a mere heathen, or, at most, only a proselyte of the gate, who never submitted to circumcision: had he submitted to this rite, he would, no doubt, have circumcised his son; but the son being without it is a proof that the father was so too. Some MSS. state that Timothy's mother was now a widow; but this does not appear to be well founded.

Provenance. Rendered as a quoted commentary witness with explicit reference extraction from the source prose.

Canonical locus

Acts 16:1

Source lane

Apologetics Bible source bundle

Biblical cross-references named in the witness

  • Act 16:1-3
  • Act 16:4
  • Act 16:5
  • Act 16:6-8
  • Act 16:9
  • Act 16:10
  • Act 16:11
  • Act 16:12
  • Act 16:13-16
  • Act 16:16-18
  • Act 16:19-24
  • Act 16:25
  • Act 16:26
  • Act 16:27-28
  • Act 16:29-34
  • Act 16:35
  • Act 16:36
  • Act 16:37-39
  • Act 16:40
  • 2Tim 1:5

Named authorities or texts detected in the witness

  • Pearce
  • Paul
  • Lystra
  • Timothy
  • Churches
  • Phrygia
  • Galatia
  • Mysia
  • Troas
  • Macedonia
  • Leaving Troas
  • Neapolis
  • Lydia
  • St
  • Silas
  • Roman
  • Timotheus
  • Eunice

Exposition: Acts 16:1 emphasizes a key movement in the chapter's argument. In KJV form, the text reads: 'Then came he to Derbe and Lystra: and, behold, a certain disciple was there, named Timotheus, the son of a certain woman, which was a Jewess, and believed; but his father was a Greek:'. Read in canonical context, the verse supports the coherence of biblical revelation by linking doctrine, narrative, and covenantal meaning.

Apologetics Notes
  • Scientific Correlation: This verse is suitable for cumulative-case reasoning in apologetics: historical context, textual stability, and worldview coherence are evaluated together rather than in isolation.
  • Koine Greek Grammar: A close Koine Greek reading should attend lexical range, clause flow, and discourse function in context; these controls reduce over-reading and preserve authorial intent.
  • Historical Evidence: Historically, this verse is interpreted within the received canonical tradition, where manuscript continuity and early community usage support stable transmission and meaning.

Acts 16:2

Greek
ὃς ἐμαρτυρεῖτο ὑπὸ τῶν ἐν Λύστροις καὶ Ἰκονίῳ ἀδελφῶν·

os emartyreito ypo ton en Lystrois kai Ikonio adelphon·

KJV: Which was well reported of by the brethren that were at Lystra and Iconium.

AKJV: Which was well reported of by the brothers that were at Lystra and Iconium.

ASV: The same was well reported of by the brethren that were at Lystra and Iconium.

YLT: who was well testified to by the brethren in Lystra and Iconium;

Commentary WitnessActs 16:2
Quoted commentary witness

Commentary Witness

Acts 16:2

Quoted commentary witness

Verse 2 Which was well reported of - These words are spoken of Timothy, and not of his father. At this time Timothy must have been very young; for, several years after, when appointed to superintend the Church at Crete, he appears to have been then so young that there was a danger of its operating to the prejudice of his ministry: 1Tim 4:12, Let no man despise thy youth. He had a very early religious education from his godly mother Eunice, and his not less pious grandmother Lois; and, from his religious instructions, was well prepared for the work to which God now called him.

Provenance. Rendered as a quoted commentary witness with explicit reference extraction from the source prose.

Canonical locus

Acts 16:2

Source lane

Apologetics Bible source bundle

Biblical cross-references named in the witness

  • 1Tim 4:12

Named authorities or texts detected in the witness

  • Timothy
  • Crete
  • Eunice
  • Lois

Exposition: Acts 16:2 emphasizes a key movement in the chapter's argument. In KJV form, the text reads: 'Which was well reported of by the brethren that were at Lystra and Iconium.'. Read in canonical context, the verse supports the coherence of biblical revelation by linking doctrine, narrative, and covenantal meaning.

Apologetics Notes
  • Scientific Correlation: This verse is suitable for cumulative-case reasoning in apologetics: historical context, textual stability, and worldview coherence are evaluated together rather than in isolation.
  • Koine Greek Grammar: A close Koine Greek reading should attend lexical range, clause flow, and discourse function in context; these controls reduce over-reading and preserve authorial intent.
  • Historical Evidence: Historically, this verse is interpreted within the received canonical tradition, where manuscript continuity and early community usage support stable transmission and meaning.

Acts 16:3

Greek
τοῦτον ἠθέλησεν ὁ Παῦλος σὺν αὐτῷ ἐξελθεῖν, καὶ λαβὼν περιέτεμεν αὐτὸν διὰ τοὺς Ἰουδαίους τοὺς ὄντας ἐν τοῖς τόποις ἐκείνοις, ᾔδεισαν γὰρ ἅπαντες ⸂ὅτι Ἕλλην ὁ πατὴρ αὐτοῦ⸃ ὑπῆρχεν.

toyton ethelesen o Paylos syn ayto exelthein, kai labon perietemen ayton dia toys Ioydaioys toys ontas en tois topois ekeinois, edeisan gar apantes oti Ellen o pater aytoy yperchen.

KJV: Him would Paul have to go forth with him; and took and circumcised him because of the Jews which were in those quarters: for they knew all that his father was a Greek.

AKJV: Him would Paul have to go forth with him; and took and circumcised him because of the Jews which were in those quarters: for they knew all that his father was a Greek.

ASV: Him would Paul have to go forth with him; and he took and circumcised him because of the Jews that were in those parts: for they all knew that his father was a Greek.

YLT: this one did Paul wish to go forth with him, and having taken him , he circumcised him, because of the Jews who are in those places, for they all knew his father--that he was a Greek.

Commentary WitnessActs 16:3
Quoted commentary witness

Commentary Witness

Acts 16:3

Quoted commentary witness

Verse 3 Took and circumcised him - For this simple reason, that the Jews would neither have heard him preach, nor would have any connection with him, had he been otherwise. Besides, St. Paul himself could have had no access to the Jews in any place, had they known that he associated with a person who was uncircumcised: they would have considered both to be unclean. The circumcision of Timothy was a merely prudential regulation; one rendered imperiously necessary by the circumstances in which they were then placed; and, as it was done merely in reference to this, Timothy was lain under no necessity to observe the Mosaic ritual, nor could it prejudice his spiritual state, because he did not do it in order to seek justification by the law, for this he had before, through the faith of Christ. In Gal 2:3-5, we read that Paul refuses to circumcise Titus, who was a Greek, and his parents Gentiles, notwithstanding the entreaties of some zealous Judaizing Christians, as their object was to bring him under the yoke of the law: here, the case was widely different, and the necessity of the measure indisputable.

Provenance. Rendered as a quoted commentary witness with explicit reference extraction from the source prose.

Canonical locus

Acts 16:3

Source lane

Apologetics Bible source bundle

Biblical cross-references named in the witness

  • Gal 2:3-5

Named authorities or texts detected in the witness

  • Besides
  • St
  • Christ
  • Titus
  • Greek
  • Gentiles
  • Judaizing Christians

Exposition: Acts 16:3 emphasizes a key movement in the chapter's argument. In KJV form, the text reads: 'Him would Paul have to go forth with him; and took and circumcised him because of the Jews which were in those quarters: for they knew all that his father was a Greek.'. Read in canonical context, the verse supports the coherence of biblical revelation by linking doctrine, narrative, and covenantal meaning.

Apologetics Notes
  • Scientific Correlation: This verse is suitable for cumulative-case reasoning in apologetics: historical context, textual stability, and worldview coherence are evaluated together rather than in isolation.
  • Koine Greek Grammar: A close Koine Greek reading should attend lexical range, clause flow, and discourse function in context; these controls reduce over-reading and preserve authorial intent.
  • Historical Evidence: Historically, this verse is interpreted within the received canonical tradition, where manuscript continuity and early community usage support stable transmission and meaning.

Acts 16:4

Greek
ὡς δὲ διεπορεύοντο τὰς πόλεις, ⸀παρεδίδοσαν αὐτοῖς φυλάσσειν τὰ δόγματα τὰ κεκριμένα ὑπὸ τῶν ἀποστόλων ⸀καὶ πρεσβυτέρων τῶν ἐν ⸀Ἱεροσολύμοις.

os de dieporeyonto tas poleis, paredidosan aytois phylassein ta dogmata ta kekrimena ypo ton apostolon kai presbyteron ton en Ierosolymois.

KJV: And as they went through the cities, they delivered them the decrees for to keep, that were ordained of the apostles and elders which were at Jerusalem.

AKJV: And as they went through the cities, they delivered them the decrees for to keep, that were ordained of the apostles and elders which were at Jerusalem.

ASV: And as they went on their way through the cities, they delivered them the decrees to keep which had been ordained of the apostles and elders that were at Jerusalem.

YLT: And as they were going on through the cities, they were delivering to them the decrees to keep, that have been judged by the apostles and the elders who are in Jerusalem,

Commentary WitnessActs 16:4
Quoted commentary witness

Commentary Witness

Acts 16:4

Quoted commentary witness

Verse 4 They delivered them the decrees for to keep - Τα δογματα, τα κεκριμενα ὑπο των ΑποϚολων. Bishop Pearce contends that τα δογματα, the decrees, is a gloss which was not in the text originally; and that the τα κεκριμενα, the judgments or determinations of the apostles, was all that was originally written here. He supports his opinion by a reference to the word κρινω, I judge, used by James, Act 15:19, whence the whole decision, as it referred - 1. to the inexpediency of circumcising the Gentiles; and, 2. to the necessity of observing the four precepts laid down, was called τα κεκριμενα, the things that were judged, or decided on; the judgments of the apostolic council. Instead of κεκριμενα, the Syrian has a word that answers to γεγραμμενα, the decrees that were written. The word δογμα, from δοκεω, to think proper, determine, decree, signifies an ordinance or decree, properly and deliberately made, relative to any important point, and which, in reference to that point, has the force of law. Our term dogma, which we often abuse, is the Greek word in English letters.

Provenance. Rendered as a quoted commentary witness with explicit reference extraction from the source prose.

Canonical locus

Acts 16:4

Source lane

Apologetics Bible source bundle

Biblical cross-references named in the witness

  • Act 15:19

Named authorities or texts detected in the witness

  • Pearce
  • James
  • Gentiles

Exposition: Acts 16:4 emphasizes a key movement in the chapter's argument. In KJV form, the text reads: 'And as they went through the cities, they delivered them the decrees for to keep, that were ordained of the apostles and elders which were at Jerusalem.'. Read in canonical context, the verse supports the coherence of biblical revelation by linking doctrine, narrative, and covenantal meaning.

Apologetics Notes
  • Scientific Correlation: This verse is suitable for cumulative-case reasoning in apologetics: historical context, textual stability, and worldview coherence are evaluated together rather than in isolation.
  • Koine Greek Grammar: A close Koine Greek reading should attend lexical range, clause flow, and discourse function in context; these controls reduce over-reading and preserve authorial intent.
  • Historical Evidence: Historically, this verse is interpreted within the received canonical tradition, where manuscript continuity and early community usage support stable transmission and meaning.

Acts 16:5

Greek
αἱ μὲν οὖν ἐκκλησίαι ἐστερεοῦντο τῇ πίστει καὶ ἐπερίσσευον τῷ ἀριθμῷ καθʼ ἡμέραν.

ai men oyn ekklesiai estereoynto te pistei kai eperisseyon to arithmo kath emeran.

KJV: And so were the churches established in the faith, and increased in number daily.

AKJV: And so were the churches established in the faith, and increased in number daily.

ASV: So the churches were strengthened in the faith, and increased in number daily.

YLT: then, indeed, were the assemblies established in the faith, and were abounding in number every day;

Commentary WitnessActs 16:5
Quoted commentary witness

Commentary Witness

Acts 16:5

Quoted commentary witness

Verse 5 And so were the Churches established - The disputations at Antioch, relative to circumcision, had no doubt spread far and wide among other Churches, and unhinged many. The decrees of the apostles came in good time, and prevented farther mischief: the people, saved from uncertainty, became established in the faith; and the Church had a daily accession of converted souls.

Provenance. Rendered as a quoted commentary witness with explicit reference extraction from the source prose.

Canonical locus

Acts 16:5

Source lane

Apologetics Bible source bundle

Named authorities or texts detected in the witness

  • Antioch
  • Churches

Exposition: Acts 16:5 emphasizes a key movement in the chapter's argument. In KJV form, the text reads: 'And so were the churches established in the faith, and increased in number daily.'. Read in canonical context, the verse supports the coherence of biblical revelation by linking doctrine, narrative, and covenantal meaning.

Apologetics Notes
  • Scientific Correlation: This verse is suitable for cumulative-case reasoning in apologetics: historical context, textual stability, and worldview coherence are evaluated together rather than in isolation.
  • Koine Greek Grammar: A close Koine Greek reading should attend lexical range, clause flow, and discourse function in context; these controls reduce over-reading and preserve authorial intent.
  • Historical Evidence: Historically, this verse is interpreted within the received canonical tradition, where manuscript continuity and early community usage support stable transmission and meaning.

Acts 16:6

Greek
⸀Διῆλθον δὲ τὴν Φρυγίαν ⸀καὶ Γαλατικὴν χώραν, κωλυθέντες ὑπὸ τοῦ ἁγίου πνεύματος λαλῆσαι τὸν λόγον ἐν τῇ Ἀσίᾳ,

Dielthon de ten Phrygian kai Galatiken choran, kolythentes ypo toy agioy pneymatos lalesai ton logon en te Asia,

KJV: Now when they had gone throughout Phrygia and the region of Galatia, and were forbidden of the Holy Ghost to preach the word in Asia,

AKJV: Now when they had gone throughout Phrygia and the region of Galatia, and were forbidden of the Holy Ghost to preach the word in Asia,

ASV: And they went through the region of Phrygia and Galatia, having been forbidden of the Holy Spirit to speak the word in Asia;

YLT: and having gone through Phrygia and the region of Galatia, having been forbidden by the Holy Spirit to speak the word in Asia,

Commentary WitnessActs 16:6
Quoted commentary witness

Commentary Witness

Acts 16:6

Quoted commentary witness

Verse 6 Were forbidden of the Holy Ghost to preach the word in Asia - The Asia mentioned here could not be Asia Minor in general, for Galatia, Phrygia, Pisidia, Lycaonia, and Pamphylia, were provinces of it, and in these the apostles preached; but it was what was called Proconsular Asia, which included only Ionia, Aeolia, and Lydia. The apostles were not suffered to visit these places at this time; but they afterwards went thither, and preached the Gospel with success; for it was in this Proconsular Asia that the seven Churches were situated. God chose to send his servants to another place, where he saw that the word would be affectionately received; and probably those in Proconsular Asia were not, as yet, sufficiently prepared to receive and profit by it.

Provenance. Rendered as a quoted commentary witness with explicit reference extraction from the source prose.

Canonical locus

Acts 16:6

Source lane

Apologetics Bible source bundle

Named authorities or texts detected in the witness

  • Galatia
  • Phrygia
  • Pisidia
  • Lycaonia
  • Pamphylia
  • Proconsular Asia
  • Ionia
  • Aeolia
  • Lydia

Exposition: Acts 16:6 emphasizes a key movement in the chapter's argument. In KJV form, the text reads: 'Now when they had gone throughout Phrygia and the region of Galatia, and were forbidden of the Holy Ghost to preach the word in Asia,'. Read in canonical context, the verse supports the coherence of biblical revelation by linking doctrine, narrative, and covenantal meaning.

Apologetics Notes
  • Scientific Correlation: This verse is suitable for cumulative-case reasoning in apologetics: historical context, textual stability, and worldview coherence are evaluated together rather than in isolation.
  • Koine Greek Grammar: A close Koine Greek reading should attend lexical range, clause flow, and discourse function in context; these controls reduce over-reading and preserve authorial intent.
  • Historical Evidence: Historically, this verse is interpreted within the received canonical tradition, where manuscript continuity and early community usage support stable transmission and meaning.

Acts 16:7

Greek
ἐλθόντες ⸀δὲ κατὰ τὴν Μυσίαν ἐπείραζον ⸀εἰς τὴν Βιθυνίαν ⸀πορευθῆναι καὶ οὐκ εἴασεν αὐτοὺς τὸ πνεῦμα ⸀Ἰησοῦ·

elthontes de kata ten Mysian epeirazon eis ten Bithynian poreythenai kai oyk eiasen aytoys to pneyma Iesoy·

KJV: After they were come to Mysia, they assayed to go into Bithynia: but the Spirit suffered them not.

AKJV: After they were come to Mysia, they assayed to go into Bithynia: but the Spirit suffered them not.

ASV: and when they were come over against Mysia, they assayed to go into Bithynia; and the Spirit of Jesus suffered them not;

YLT: having gone toward Mysia, they were trying to go on toward Bithynia, and the Spirit did not suffer them,

Commentary WitnessActs 16:7
Quoted commentary witness

Commentary Witness

Acts 16:7

Quoted commentary witness

Verse 7 After they were come to Mysia - They passed through Phrygia into Mysia, which lay between Bithynia on the north, Phrygia on the east, Aeolia on the south, and the Mediterranean on the west. But the Spirit suffered them not - God saw that that was not the most proper time to preach the word at Bithynia; as he willed them to go immediately to Macedonia, the people there being ripe for the word of life. Instead of το πνευμα, the Spirit merely, το πνευμα Ιησου, the Spirit of Jesus, is the reading of ABCDE, several others, with both the Syriac, the Coptic, Ethiopic, Armenian, Vulgate, Itala, and several of the fathers. The reading is undoubtedly genuine, and should be immediately restored to the text.

Provenance. Rendered as a quoted commentary witness with explicit reference extraction from the source prose.

Canonical locus

Acts 16:7

Source lane

Apologetics Bible source bundle

Named authorities or texts detected in the witness

  • Vulgate
  • Jesus
  • Mysia
  • Bithynia
  • Macedonia
  • Syriac
  • Coptic
  • Ethiopic
  • Armenian
  • Itala

Exposition: Acts 16:7 emphasizes a key movement in the chapter's argument. In KJV form, the text reads: 'After they were come to Mysia, they assayed to go into Bithynia: but the Spirit suffered them not.'. Read in canonical context, the verse supports the coherence of biblical revelation by linking doctrine, narrative, and covenantal meaning.

Apologetics Notes
  • Scientific Correlation: This verse is suitable for cumulative-case reasoning in apologetics: historical context, textual stability, and worldview coherence are evaluated together rather than in isolation.
  • Koine Greek Grammar: A close Koine Greek reading should attend lexical range, clause flow, and discourse function in context; these controls reduce over-reading and preserve authorial intent.
  • Historical Evidence: Historically, this verse is interpreted within the received canonical tradition, where manuscript continuity and early community usage support stable transmission and meaning.

Acts 16:8

Greek
παρελθόντες δὲ τὴν Μυσίαν κατέβησαν εἰς Τρῳάδα.

parelthontes de ten Mysian katebesan eis Troada.

KJV: And they passing by Mysia came down to Troas.

AKJV: And they passing by Mysia came down to Troas.

ASV: and passing by Mysia, they came down to Troas.

YLT: and having passed by Mysia, they came down to Troas.

Commentary WitnessActs 16:8
Quoted commentary witness

Commentary Witness

Acts 16:8

Quoted commentary witness

Verse 8 Came down to Troas - The Troad, or part of Phrygia Minor in which the celebrated city of Troy was formerly situated. This city was first built by Dardanus, who was its king, and from whom it was called Dardania; from Tros, his grandson, it was called Troja, or Troy; and from his son, Ilus, it was called Ilium. It has been long so completely destroyed that no ascertainable vestige of it remains; insomuch that some have even doubted of its existence. Those who contend for the reality of the history of Troy suppose it to have stood on the site of the modern village Bounarbachi, about twelve miles from the sea, on an eminence, at the termination of a spacious plain.

Provenance. Rendered as a quoted commentary witness with explicit reference extraction from the source prose.

Canonical locus

Acts 16:8

Source lane

Apologetics Bible source bundle

Named authorities or texts detected in the witness

  • The Troad
  • Dardanus
  • Dardania
  • Tros
  • Troja
  • Troy
  • Ilus
  • Ilium
  • Bounarbachi

Exposition: Acts 16:8 emphasizes a key movement in the chapter's argument. In KJV form, the text reads: 'And they passing by Mysia came down to Troas.'. Read in canonical context, the verse supports the coherence of biblical revelation by linking doctrine, narrative, and covenantal meaning.

Apologetics Notes
  • Scientific Correlation: This verse is suitable for cumulative-case reasoning in apologetics: historical context, textual stability, and worldview coherence are evaluated together rather than in isolation.
  • Koine Greek Grammar: A close Koine Greek reading should attend lexical range, clause flow, and discourse function in context; these controls reduce over-reading and preserve authorial intent.
  • Historical Evidence: Historically, this verse is interpreted within the received canonical tradition, where manuscript continuity and early community usage support stable transmission and meaning.

Acts 16:9

Greek
καὶ ὅραμα ⸀διὰ νυκτὸς ⸂τῷ Παύλῳ ὤφθη⸃, ἀνὴρ ⸂Μακεδών τις ἦν⸃ ἑστὼς ⸀καὶ παρακαλῶν αὐτὸν καὶ λέγων· Διαβὰς εἰς Μακεδονίαν βοήθησον ἡμῖν.

kai orama dia nyktos to Paylo ophthe, aner Makedon tis en estos kai parakalon ayton kai legon· Diabas eis Makedonian boetheson emin.

KJV: And a vision appeared to Paul in the night; There stood a man of Macedonia, and prayed him, saying, Come over into Macedonia, and help us.

AKJV: And a vision appeared to Paul in the night; There stood a man of Macedonia, and prayed him, saying, Come over into Macedonia, and help us.

ASV: And a vision appeared to Paul in the night: There was a man of Macedonia standing, beseeching him, and saying, Come over into Macedonia, and help us.

YLT: And a vision through the night appeared to Paul--a certain man of Macedonia was standing, calling upon him, and saying, `Having passed through to Macedonia, help us;' --

Commentary WitnessActs 16:9
Quoted commentary witness

Commentary Witness

Acts 16:9

Quoted commentary witness

Verse 9 A vision appeared to Paul in the night - Whether this was in a dream, or whether a representation made to the senses of the apostle, we cannot tell. A man of Macedonia appeared to him, and made this simple communication, Come over into Macedonia, and help us. Some suppose that the guardian angel of Macedonia appeared to St. Paul in a human shape; others, that it was a Divine communication made to his imagination in a dream.

Provenance. Rendered as a quoted commentary witness with explicit reference extraction from the source prose.

Canonical locus

Acts 16:9

Source lane

Apologetics Bible source bundle

Named authorities or texts detected in the witness

  • Macedonia
  • St

Exposition: Acts 16:9 emphasizes a key movement in the chapter's argument. In KJV form, the text reads: 'And a vision appeared to Paul in the night; There stood a man of Macedonia, and prayed him, saying, Come over into Macedonia, and help us.'. Read in canonical context, the verse supports the coherence of biblical revelation by linking doctrine, narrative, and covenantal meaning.

Apologetics Notes
  • Scientific Correlation: This verse is suitable for cumulative-case reasoning in apologetics: historical context, textual stability, and worldview coherence are evaluated together rather than in isolation.
  • Koine Greek Grammar: A close Koine Greek reading should attend lexical range, clause flow, and discourse function in context; these controls reduce over-reading and preserve authorial intent.
  • Historical Evidence: Historically, this verse is interpreted within the received canonical tradition, where manuscript continuity and early community usage support stable transmission and meaning.

Acts 16:10

Greek
ὡς δὲ τὸ ὅραμα εἶδεν, εὐθέως ἐζητήσαμεν ἐξελθεῖν ⸀εἰς Μακεδονίαν, συμβιβάζοντες ὅτι προσκέκληται ἡμᾶς ὁ ⸀θεὸς εὐαγγελίσασθαι αὐτούς.

os de to orama eiden, eytheos ezetesamen exelthein eis Makedonian, symbibazontes oti proskekletai emas o theos eyaggelisasthai aytoys.

KJV: And after he had seen the vision, immediately we endeavoured to go into Macedonia, assuredly gathering that the Lord had called us for to preach the gospel unto them.

AKJV: And after he had seen the vision, immediately we endeavored to go into Macedonia, assuredly gathering that the Lord had called us for to preach the gospel to them.

ASV: And when he had seen the vision, straightway we sought to go forth into Macedonia, concluding that God had called us to preach the gospel unto them.

YLT: and when he saw the vision, immediately we endeavoured to go forth to Macedonia, assuredly gathering that the Lord hath called us to preach good news to them,

Commentary WitnessActs 16:10
Quoted commentary witness

Commentary Witness

Acts 16:10

Quoted commentary witness

Verse 10 We endeavored to go into Macedonia - This is the first place that the historian St. Luke refers to himself: We endeavored, etc. And, from this, it has been supposed that he joined the company of Paul, for the first time, at Troas. Assuredly gathering - Συμβιβαζοντες, Drawing an inference from the vision that had appeared. That the Lord had called us for to preach - That is, they inferred that they were called to preach the Gospel in Macedonia, from what the vision had said, come over and help us; the help meaning, preach to us the Gospel. Instead of ὁ Κυριος, the Lord, meaning Jesus, several MSS., such as ABCE, several others, with the Coptic, Vulgate, Theophylact, and Jerome, have ὁ Θεος, God. Though this stands on very reputable authority, yet the former seems to be the better reading; for it was the Spirit of Jesus, Act 16:7, that would not suffer them to go into Bithynia, because he had designed that they should immediately preach the Gospel in Macedonia.

Provenance. Rendered as a quoted commentary witness with explicit reference extraction from the source prose.

Canonical locus

Acts 16:10

Source lane

Apologetics Bible source bundle

Biblical cross-references named in the witness

  • Act 16:7

Named authorities or texts detected in the witness

  • Vulgate
  • Jesus
  • St
  • And
  • Paul
  • Troas
  • Macedonia
  • Gospel
  • Lord
  • Coptic
  • Theophylact
  • Jerome
  • Bithynia

Exposition: Acts 16:10 emphasizes a key movement in the chapter's argument. In KJV form, the text reads: 'And after he had seen the vision, immediately we endeavoured to go into Macedonia, assuredly gathering that the Lord had called us for to preach the gospel unto them.'. Read in canonical context, the verse supports the coherence of biblical revelation by linking doctrine, narrative, and covenantal meaning.

Apologetics Notes
  • Scientific Correlation: This verse is suitable for cumulative-case reasoning in apologetics: historical context, textual stability, and worldview coherence are evaluated together rather than in isolation.
  • Koine Greek Grammar: A close Koine Greek reading should attend lexical range, clause flow, and discourse function in context; these controls reduce over-reading and preserve authorial intent.
  • Historical Evidence: Historically, this verse is interpreted within the received canonical tradition, where manuscript continuity and early community usage support stable transmission and meaning.

Acts 16:11

Greek
Ἀναχθέντες ⸀οὖν ⸀ἀπὸ Τρῳάδος εὐθυδρομήσαμεν εἰς Σαμοθρᾴκην, τῇ ⸀δὲ ἐπιούσῃ εἰς ⸂Νέαν Πόλιν⸃,

Anachthentes oyn apo Troados eythydromesamen eis Samothraken, te de epioyse eis Nean Polin,

KJV: Therefore loosing from Troas, we came with a straight course to Samothracia, and the next day to Neapolis;

AKJV: Therefore loosing from Troas, we came with a straight course to Samothracia, and the next day to Neapolis;

ASV: Setting sail therefore from Troas, we made a straight course to Samothrace, and the day following to Neapolis;

YLT: having set sail, therefore, from Troas, we came with a straight course to Samothracia, on the morrow also to Neapolis,

Commentary WitnessActs 16:11
Quoted commentary witness

Commentary Witness

Acts 16:11

Quoted commentary witness

Verse 11 Loosing from Troas - Setting sail from this place. With a straight course to Samothracia - This was an island of the Aegean Sea, contiguous to Thrace, and hence called Samothracia, or the Thracian Samos. It is about twenty miles in circumference, and is now called Samandrachi by the Turks, who are its present masters. And the next day to Neapolis - There were many cities of this name; but this was a sea-port town of Macedonia, a few miles eastward of Philippi. Neapolis signifies the new city.

Provenance. Rendered as a quoted commentary witness with explicit reference extraction from the source prose.

Canonical locus

Acts 16:11

Source lane

Apologetics Bible source bundle

Named authorities or texts detected in the witness

  • Aegean Sea
  • Thrace
  • Samothracia
  • Thracian Samos
  • Turks
  • Macedonia
  • Philippi

Exposition: Acts 16:11 emphasizes a key movement in the chapter's argument. In KJV form, the text reads: 'Therefore loosing from Troas, we came with a straight course to Samothracia, and the next day to Neapolis;'. Read in canonical context, the verse supports the coherence of biblical revelation by linking doctrine, narrative, and covenantal meaning.

Apologetics Notes
  • Scientific Correlation: This verse is suitable for cumulative-case reasoning in apologetics: historical context, textual stability, and worldview coherence are evaluated together rather than in isolation.
  • Koine Greek Grammar: A close Koine Greek reading should attend lexical range, clause flow, and discourse function in context; these controls reduce over-reading and preserve authorial intent.
  • Historical Evidence: Historically, this verse is interpreted within the received canonical tradition, where manuscript continuity and early community usage support stable transmission and meaning.

Acts 16:12

Greek
⸀κἀκεῖθεν εἰς Φιλίππους, ἥτις ἐστὶν ⸂πρώτη τῆς μερίδος⸃ Μακεδονίας πόλις, κολωνία. ἦμεν δὲ ἐν ⸀ταύτῃ τῇ πόλει διατρίβοντες ἡμέρας τινάς.

kakeithen eis Philippoys, etis estin prote tes meridos Makedonias polis, kolonia. emen de en tayte te polei diatribontes emeras tinas.

KJV: And from thence to Philippi, which is the chief city of that part of Macedonia, and a colony: and we were in that city abiding certain days.

AKJV: And from there to Philippi, which is the chief city of that part of Macedonia, and a colony: and we were in that city abiding certain days.

ASV: and from thence to Philippi, which is a city of Macedonia, the first of the district, a Roman colony: and we were in this city tarrying certain days.

YLT: thence also to Philippi, which is a principal city of the part of Macedonia--a colony. And we were in this city abiding certain days,

Commentary WitnessActs 16:12
Quoted commentary witness

Commentary Witness

Acts 16:12

Quoted commentary witness

Verse 12 And from thence to Philippi - This was a town of Macedonia, in the territory of the Edones, on the confines of Thrace, situated on the side of a steep eminence. It took its name from Philip II., king of Macedon. It is famous for two battles, fought between the imperial army, commanded by Octavianus, afterwards Augustus, and Mark Antony, and the republican army, commanded by Brutus and Cassius, in which these were successful; and a second, between Octavianus and Antony on the one part, and Brutus on the other. In this battle the republican troops were cut to pieces, after which Brutus killed himself. It was to the Church in this city that St. Paul wrote the epistle that still goes under their name. This place is still in being, though much decayed, and is the see of an archbishop. The chief city of that part of Macedonia - This passage has greatly puzzled both critics and commentators. It is well known that, when Paulus Aemilius had conquered Macedonia, he divided it into four parts, μερη, and that he called the country that lay between the rivers Strymon and Nessus, the first part, and made Amphipolis its chief city, or metropolis; Philippi, therefore, was not its chief city. But Bishop Pearce has, with great show of reason, argued that, though Amphipolis was made the chief city of it by Paulus Aemilius, yet Philippi might have been the chief city in the days of St. Paul, which was two hundred and twenty years after the division by P. Aemilius. Besides, as it was at this place that Augustus gained that victory which put him in possession of the whole Roman empire, might not he have given to it that dignity which was before enjoyed by Amphipolis? This is the most rational way of solving this difficulty; and therefore I shall not trouble the reader with the different modes that have been proposed to alter and amend the Greek text. And a colony - That is, a colony of Rome; for it appears that a colony was planted here by Julius Caesar, and afterwards enlarged by Augustus; the people, therefore, were considered as freemen of Rome, and, from this, call themselves Romans, Act 16:21. The Jewish definition of קלניא kolonia (for they have the Latin word in Hebrew letters, as St. Luke has it. here, κολωνια, in Greek letters) is, a free city, which does not pay tribute.

Provenance. Rendered as a quoted commentary witness with explicit reference extraction from the source prose.

Canonical locus

Acts 16:12

Source lane

Apologetics Bible source bundle

Biblical cross-references named in the witness

  • Act 16:21

Named authorities or texts detected in the witness

  • Pearce
  • Macedonia
  • Edones
  • Thrace
  • Macedon
  • Octavianus
  • Augustus
  • Mark Antony
  • Cassius
  • St
  • Nessus
  • Philippi
  • Paulus Aemilius
  • Paul
  • Aemilius
  • Besides
  • Rome
  • Julius Caesar
  • Romans

Exposition: Acts 16:12 emphasizes a key movement in the chapter's argument. In KJV form, the text reads: 'And from thence to Philippi, which is the chief city of that part of Macedonia, and a colony: and we were in that city abiding certain days.'. Read in canonical context, the verse supports the coherence of biblical revelation by linking doctrine, narrative, and covenantal meaning.

Apologetics Notes
  • Scientific Correlation: This verse is suitable for cumulative-case reasoning in apologetics: historical context, textual stability, and worldview coherence are evaluated together rather than in isolation.
  • Koine Greek Grammar: A close Koine Greek reading should attend lexical range, clause flow, and discourse function in context; these controls reduce over-reading and preserve authorial intent.
  • Historical Evidence: Historically, this verse is interpreted within the received canonical tradition, where manuscript continuity and early community usage support stable transmission and meaning.

Acts 16:13

Greek
τῇ τε ἡμέρᾳ τῶν σαββάτων ἐξήλθομεν ἔξω τῆς ⸀πύλης παρὰ ποταμὸν οὗ ⸂ἐνομίζομεν προσευχὴν⸃ εἶναι, καὶ καθίσαντες ἐλαλοῦμεν ταῖς συνελθούσαις γυναιξίν.

te te emera ton sabbaton exelthomen exo tes pyles para potamon oy enomizomen proseychen einai, kai kathisantes elaloymen tais synelthoysais gynaixin.

KJV: And on the sabbath we went out of the city by a river side, where prayer was wont to be made; and we sat down, and spake unto the women which resorted thither.

AKJV: And on the sabbath we went out of the city by a river side, where prayer was wont to be made; and we sat down, and spoke to the women which resorted thither. ¶

ASV: And on the sabbath day we went forth without the gate by a river side, where we supposed there was a place of prayer; and we sat down, and spake unto the women that were come together.

YLT: on the sabbath-day also we went forth outside of the city, by a river, where there used to be prayer, and having sat down, we were speaking to the women who came together,

Commentary WitnessActs 16:13
Quoted commentary witness

Commentary Witness

Acts 16:13

Quoted commentary witness

Verse 13 By a river side, where prayer was wont to be made - Οὑ ενομιζετο προσευχη ειναι, where it was said there was a proseucha. The proseucha was a place of prayer, or a place used for worship, where there was no synagogue. It was a large building uncovered, with seats, as in an amphitheatre. Buildings of this sort the Jews had by the sea side, and by the sides of rivers. See this subject considered at large in the note on Luk 6:12 (note). It appears that the apostles had heard from some of the Gentiles, or from some of the Jews themselves, that there was a place of prayer by the river side; and they went out in quest of it, knowing that, as it was the Sabbath, they should find some Jews there. Spake unto the women - Probably this was before the time of their public worship, and while they were waiting for the assembling of the people in general; and Paul improved the opportunity to speak concerning Christ and salvation to the women that resorted thither.

Provenance. Rendered as a quoted commentary witness with explicit reference extraction from the source prose.

Canonical locus

Acts 16:13

Source lane

Apologetics Bible source bundle

Named authorities or texts detected in the witness

  • Ray
  • Gentiles
  • Sabbath

Exposition: Acts 16:13 emphasizes a key movement in the chapter's argument. In KJV form, the text reads: 'And on the sabbath we went out of the city by a river side, where prayer was wont to be made; and we sat down, and spake unto the women which resorted thither.'. Read in canonical context, the verse supports the coherence of biblical revelation by linking doctrine, narrative, and covenantal meaning.

Apologetics Notes
  • Scientific Correlation: This verse is suitable for cumulative-case reasoning in apologetics: historical context, textual stability, and worldview coherence are evaluated together rather than in isolation.
  • Koine Greek Grammar: A close Koine Greek reading should attend lexical range, clause flow, and discourse function in context; these controls reduce over-reading and preserve authorial intent.
  • Historical Evidence: Historically, this verse is interpreted within the received canonical tradition, where manuscript continuity and early community usage support stable transmission and meaning.

Acts 16:14

Greek
καί τις γυνὴ ὀνόματι Λυδία, πορφυρόπωλις πόλεως Θυατείρων σεβομένη τὸν θεόν, ἤκουεν, ἧς ὁ κύριος διήνοιξεν τὴν καρδίαν προσέχειν τοῖς λαλουμένοις ὑπὸ ⸀τοῦ Παύλου.

kai tis gyne onomati Lydia, porphyropolis poleos Thyateiron sebomene ton theon, ekoyen, es o kyrios dienoixen ten kardian prosechein tois laloymenois ypo toy Payloy.

KJV: And a certain woman named Lydia, a seller of purple, of the city of Thyatira, which worshipped God, heard us: whose heart the Lord opened, that she attended unto the things which were spoken of Paul.

AKJV: And a certain woman named Lydia, a seller of purple, of the city of Thyatira, which worshipped God, heard us: whose heart the Lord opened, that she attended to the things which were spoken of Paul.

ASV: And a certain woman named Lydia, a seller of purple, of the city of Thyatira, one that worshipped God, heard us: whose heart the Lord opened to give heed unto the things which were spoken by Paul.

YLT: and a certain woman, by name Lydia, a seller of purple, of the city of Thyatira, worshipping God, was hearing, whose heart the Lord did open to attend to the things spoken by Paul;

Commentary WitnessActs 16:14
Quoted commentary witness

Commentary Witness

Acts 16:14

Quoted commentary witness

Verse 14 Lydia, a seller of purple - She probably had her name from the province of Lydia, in which the city of Thyatira was situated. The Lydian women have been celebrated for their beautiful purple manufactures. Which worshipped God - That is, she was a proselyte to the Jewish religion; as were probably all the women that resorted hither. Whose heart the Lord opened - As she was a sincere worshipper of God, she was prepared to receive the heavenly truths spoken by Paul and his companions; and, as she was faithful to the grace she had received, so God gave her more grace, and gave her now a Divine conviction that what was spoken by Paul was true; and therefore she attended unto the things - she believed them and received them as the doctrines of God; and in this faith she was joined by her whole family, and in it they were all baptized.

Provenance. Rendered as a quoted commentary witness with explicit reference extraction from the source prose.

Canonical locus

Acts 16:14

Source lane

Apologetics Bible source bundle

Named authorities or texts detected in the witness

  • Lydia

Exposition: Acts 16:14 emphasizes a key movement in the chapter's argument. In KJV form, the text reads: 'And a certain woman named Lydia, a seller of purple, of the city of Thyatira, which worshipped God, heard us: whose heart the Lord opened, that she attended unto the things which were spoken of Paul.'. Read in canonical context, the verse supports the coherence of biblical revelation by linking doctrine, narrative, and covenantal meaning.

Apologetics Notes
  • Scientific Correlation: This verse is suitable for cumulative-case reasoning in apologetics: historical context, textual stability, and worldview coherence are evaluated together rather than in isolation.
  • Koine Greek Grammar: A close Koine Greek reading should attend lexical range, clause flow, and discourse function in context; these controls reduce over-reading and preserve authorial intent.
  • Historical Evidence: Historically, this verse is interpreted within the received canonical tradition, where manuscript continuity and early community usage support stable transmission and meaning.

Acts 16:15

Greek
ὡς δὲ ἐβαπτίσθη καὶ ὁ οἶκος αὐτῆς, παρεκάλεσεν λέγουσα· Εἰ κεκρίκατέ με πιστὴν τῷ κυρίῳ εἶναι, εἰσελθόντες εἰς τὸν οἶκόν μου ⸀μένετε· καὶ παρεβιάσατο ἡμᾶς.

os de ebaptisthe kai o oikos aytes, parekalesen legoysa· Ei kekrikate me pisten to kyrio einai, eiselthontes eis ton oikon moy menete· kai parebiasato emas.

KJV: And when she was baptized, and her household, she besought us, saying, If ye have judged me to be faithful to the Lord, come into my house, and abide there. And she constrained us.

AKJV: And when she was baptized, and her household, she sought us, saying, If you have judged me to be faithful to the Lord, come into my house, and abide there. And she constrained us. ¶

ASV: And when she was baptized, and her household, she besought us, saying, If ye have judged me to be faithful to the Lord, come into my house, and abide there. And she constrained us.

YLT: and when she was baptized, and her household, she did call upon us, saying, `If ye have judged me to be faithful to the Lord, having entered into my house, remain;' and she constrained us.

Commentary WitnessActs 16:15
Quoted commentary witness

Commentary Witness

Acts 16:15

Quoted commentary witness

Verse 15 If ye have judged me to be faithful to the Lord - The meaning seems to be this: If my present reception of the Gospel of Christ be a proof to you that I have been faithful to the Lord, in the light previously imparted, and that I am as likely to be faithful to this new grace as I have been to that already received, and, consequently, not likely by light or fickle conduct to bring any discredit on this Divine work, come into my house, and abide there. It is wrong to suppose that this woman had not received a measure of the light of God before this time. And she constrained us - She used such entreaties and persuasions that at last they consented to lodge there.

Provenance. Rendered as a quoted commentary witness with explicit reference extraction from the source prose.

Canonical locus

Acts 16:15

Source lane

Apologetics Bible source bundle

Named authorities or texts detected in the witness

  • Lord

Exposition: Acts 16:15 emphasizes a key movement in the chapter's argument. In KJV form, the text reads: 'And when she was baptized, and her household, she besought us, saying, If ye have judged me to be faithful to the Lord, come into my house, and abide there. And she constrained us.'. Read in canonical context, the verse supports the coherence of biblical revelation by linking doctrine, narrative, and covenantal meaning.

Apologetics Notes
  • Scientific Correlation: This verse is suitable for cumulative-case reasoning in apologetics: historical context, textual stability, and worldview coherence are evaluated together rather than in isolation.
  • Koine Greek Grammar: A close Koine Greek reading should attend lexical range, clause flow, and discourse function in context; these controls reduce over-reading and preserve authorial intent.
  • Historical Evidence: Historically, this verse is interpreted within the received canonical tradition, where manuscript continuity and early community usage support stable transmission and meaning.

Acts 16:16

Greek
Ἐγένετο δὲ πορευομένων ἡμῶν εἰς ⸀τὴν προσευχὴν παιδίσκην τινὰ ἔχουσαν πνεῦμα ⸀πύθωνα ⸀ὑπαντῆσαι ἡμῖν, ἥτις ἐργασίαν πολλὴν παρεῖχεν τοῖς κυρίοις αὐτῆς μαντευομένη·

Egeneto de poreyomenon emon eis ten proseychen paidisken tina echoysan pneyma pythona ypantesai emin, etis ergasian pollen pareichen tois kyriois aytes manteyomene·

KJV: And it came to pass, as we went to prayer, a certain damsel possessed with a spirit of divination met us, which brought her masters much gain by soothsaying:

AKJV: And it came to pass, as we went to prayer, a certain damsel possessed with a spirit of divination met us, which brought her masters much gain by soothsaying:

ASV: And it came to pass, as we were going to the place of prayer, that a certain maid having a spirit of divination met us, who brought her masters much gain by soothsaying.

YLT: And it came to pass in our going on to prayer, a certain maid, having a spirit of Python, did meet us, who brought much employment to her masters by soothsaying,

Commentary Witness (Generated)Acts 16:16
Generated editorial synthesis

Commentary Witness (Generated)

Acts 16:16

Generated editorial synthesis

Acts 16:16 advances the immediate literary flow of the chapter and should be interpreted in its canonical context, not as an isolated proof text. In the present translation it reads: 'And it came to pass, as we went to prayer, a certain damsel possessed with a spirit of divination met us, which brought her masters much gain by soothsaying:'. A close Koine Greek reading supports attention to key lexical choices, clause movement, and redemptive-historical placement so doctrinal conclusions remain textually grounded.

Provenance. Rendered as an editorial synthesis tied to the canonical verse context and current chapter source.

Canonical locus

Acts 16:16

Source lane

Apologetics Bible source bundle

Biblical cross-references named in the witness

  • Acts 16:16

Named authorities or texts detected in the witness

  • Ray

Exposition: Acts 16:16 emphasizes a key movement in the chapter's argument. In KJV form, the text reads: 'And it came to pass, as we went to prayer, a certain damsel possessed with a spirit of divination met us, which brought her masters much gain by soothsaying:'. Read in canonical context, the verse supports the coherence of biblical revelation by linking doctrine, narrative, and covenantal meaning.

Apologetics Notes
  • Scientific Correlation: This verse is suitable for cumulative-case reasoning in apologetics: historical context, textual stability, and worldview coherence are evaluated together rather than in isolation.
  • Koine Greek Grammar: A close Koine Greek reading should attend lexical range, clause flow, and discourse function in context; these controls reduce over-reading and preserve authorial intent.
  • Historical Evidence: Historically, this verse is interpreted within the received canonical tradition, where manuscript continuity and early community usage support stable transmission and meaning.

Acts 16:17

Greek
αὕτη ⸀κατακολουθοῦσα τῷ Παύλῳ καὶ ἡμῖν ἔκραζεν λέγουσα· Οὗτοι οἱ ἄνθρωποι δοῦλοι τοῦ θεοῦ τοῦ ὑψίστου εἰσίν, οἵτινες καταγγέλλουσιν ⸀ὑμῖν ὁδὸν σωτηρίας.

ayte katakoloythoysa to Paylo kai emin ekrazen legoysa· Oytoi oi anthropoi doyloi toy theoy toy ypsistoy eisin, oitines kataggelloysin ymin odon soterias.

KJV: The same followed Paul and us, and cried, saying, These men are the servants of the most high God, which shew unto us the way of salvation.

AKJV: The same followed Paul and us, and cried, saying, These men are the servants of the most high God, which show to us the way of salvation.

ASV: The same following after Paul and us cried out, saying, These men are servants of the Most High God, who proclaim unto you the way of salvation.

YLT: she having followed Paul and us, was crying, saying, `These men are servants of the Most High God, who declare to us a way of salvation;'

Commentary WitnessActs 16:17
Quoted commentary witness

Commentary Witness

Acts 16:17

Quoted commentary witness

Verse 17 These men are the servants, etc. - It is astonishing how such a testimony could be given in such a case; every syllable of it true, and at the same time full, clear, and distinct. But mark the deep design and artifice of this evil spirit: 1. He well knew that the Jewish law abhorred all magic, incantations, magical rites, and dealings with familiar spirits; he therefore bears what was in itself a true testimony to the apostles, that by it he may destroy their credit, and ruin their usefulness. The Jews, by this testimony, would be led at once to believe that the apostles were in compact with these demons, and that the miracles they wrought were done by the agency of these wicked spirits, and that the whole was the effect of magic; and this, of course, would harden their hearts against the preaching of the Gospel. 2. The Gentiles, finding that their own demon bore testimony to the apostles, would naturally consider that the whole was one system; that they had nothing to learn, nothing to correct; and thus the preaching of the apostles must be useless to them. In such a predicament is this, nothing could have saved the credit of the apostles but their dispossessing this woman of her familiar spirit, and that in the most incontestable manner; for what could have saved the credit of Moses and Aaron, when the magicians of Egypt turned their rods into serpents, had not Aaron's rod devoured theirs? And what could have saved the credit of these apostles but the casting out of this spirit of divination, with which, otherwise, both Jews and Gentiles would have believed them in compact?

Provenance. Rendered as a quoted commentary witness with explicit reference extraction from the source prose.

Canonical locus

Acts 16:17

Source lane

Apologetics Bible source bundle

Named authorities or texts detected in the witness

  • Moses
  • The Jews
  • Gospel
  • The Gentiles
  • Aaron

Exposition: Acts 16:17 emphasizes a key movement in the chapter's argument. In KJV form, the text reads: 'The same followed Paul and us, and cried, saying, These men are the servants of the most high God, which shew unto us the way of salvation.'. Read in canonical context, the verse supports the coherence of biblical revelation by linking doctrine, narrative, and covenantal meaning.

Apologetics Notes
  • Scientific Correlation: This verse is suitable for cumulative-case reasoning in apologetics: historical context, textual stability, and worldview coherence are evaluated together rather than in isolation.
  • Koine Greek Grammar: A close Koine Greek reading should attend lexical range, clause flow, and discourse function in context; these controls reduce over-reading and preserve authorial intent.
  • Historical Evidence: Historically, this verse is interpreted within the received canonical tradition, where manuscript continuity and early community usage support stable transmission and meaning.

Acts 16:18

Greek
τοῦτο δὲ ἐποίει ἐπὶ πολλὰς ἡμέρας. διαπονηθεὶς ⸀δὲ Παῦλος καὶ ἐπιστρέψας τῷ πνεύματι εἶπεν· Παραγγέλλω σοι ⸀ἐν ὀνόματι Ἰησοῦ Χριστοῦ ἐξελθεῖν ἀπʼ αὐτῆς· καὶ ἐξῆλθεν αὐτῇ τῇ ὥρᾳ.

toyto de epoiei epi pollas emeras. diaponetheis de Paylos kai epistrepsas to pneymati eipen· Paraggello soi en onomati Iesoy Christoy exelthein ap aytes· kai exelthen ayte te ora.

KJV: And this did she many days. But Paul, being grieved, turned and said to the spirit, I command thee in the name of Jesus Christ to come out of her. And he came out the same hour.

AKJV: And this did she many days. But Paul, being grieved, turned and said to the spirit, I command you in the name of Jesus Christ to come out of her. And he came out the same hour. ¶

ASV: And this she did for many days. But Paul, being sore troubled, turned and said to the spirit, I charge thee in the name of Jesus Christ to come out of her. And it came out that very hour.

YLT: and this she was doing for many days, but Paul having been grieved, and having turned, said to the spirit, `I command thee, in the name of Jesus Christ, to come forth from her;' and it came forth the same hour.

Commentary WitnessActs 16:18
Quoted commentary witness

Commentary Witness

Acts 16:18

Quoted commentary witness

Verse 18 Paul, being grieved - Probably for the reasons assigned above. Turned - to the spirit - Not to the woman; she was only the organ by which the spirit acted. I command thee, in the name of Jesus - Jesus is the Savior; Satan is Abaddon and Apollyon, the destroyer. The sovereign Savior says to the destroyer, Come out of her; and he came out in the same hour. Every circumstance of this case proves it to have been a real possession. We have already had several opportunities of remarking the great accuracy of St. Luke in his accounts of demoniacs: his education as a physician gave him advantages to detect imposture of this kind where it subsisted; but he sees none in this case. He speaks of the spirit and the damsel as distinct persons. The damsel had a spirit of divination. Paul turned to the spirit, and said, I command Thee to come out of Her; and he came out in the same hour. Had not St. Luke considered this as a real case of diabolic possession, he has made use of the most improper language he could choose; language and forms of speech calculated to deceive all his readers, and cause them to believe a lie. But it is impossible that the holy apostle could do so, because he was a good man; and it is not likely he could be deceived by a parcel of charlatans, because he was a wise man; and it would be absurd to suppose that, while he was under the influence of the Holy Spirit, he could be imposed on by the cunning of even the devil himself.

Provenance. Rendered as a quoted commentary witness with explicit reference extraction from the source prose.

Canonical locus

Acts 16:18

Source lane

Apologetics Bible source bundle

Named authorities or texts detected in the witness

  • Jesus
  • Paul
  • Savior
  • Apollyon
  • St
  • Her
  • Holy Spirit

Exposition: Acts 16:18 emphasizes a key movement in the chapter's argument. In KJV form, the text reads: 'And this did she many days. But Paul, being grieved, turned and said to the spirit, I command thee in the name of Jesus Christ to come out of her. And he came out the same hour.'. Read in canonical context, the verse supports the coherence of biblical revelation by linking doctrine, narrative, and covenantal meaning.

Apologetics Notes
  • Scientific Correlation: This verse is suitable for cumulative-case reasoning in apologetics: historical context, textual stability, and worldview coherence are evaluated together rather than in isolation.
  • Koine Greek Grammar: A close Koine Greek reading should attend lexical range, clause flow, and discourse function in context; these controls reduce over-reading and preserve authorial intent.
  • Historical Evidence: Historically, this verse is interpreted within the received canonical tradition, where manuscript continuity and early community usage support stable transmission and meaning.

Acts 16:19

Greek
Ἰδόντες δὲ οἱ κύριοι αὐτῆς ὅτι ἐξῆλθεν ἡ ἐλπὶς τῆς ἐργασίας αὐτῶν ἐπιλαβόμενοι τὸν Παῦλον καὶ τὸν Σιλᾶν εἵλκυσαν εἰς τὴν ἀγορὰν ἐπὶ τοὺς ἄρχοντας,

Idontes de oi kyrioi aytes oti exelthen e elpis tes ergasias ayton epilabomenoi ton Paylon kai ton Silan eilkysan eis ten agoran epi toys archontas,

KJV: And when her masters saw that the hope of their gains was gone, they caught Paul and Silas, and drew them into the marketplace unto the rulers,

AKJV: And when her masters saw that the hope of their gains was gone, they caught Paul and Silas, and drew them into the marketplace to the rulers,

ASV: But when her masters saw that the hope of their gain was gone, they laid hold on Paul and Silas, and dragged them into the marketplace before the rulers,

YLT: And her masters having seen that the hope of their employment was gone, having caught Paul and Silas, drew them to the market-place, unto the rulers,

Commentary WitnessActs 16:19
Quoted commentary witness

Commentary Witness

Acts 16:19

Quoted commentary witness

Verse 19 When her masters saw - It appears she was maintained by some men, who received a certain pay from every person whose fortune she told, or to whom she made any discovery of stolen goods, etc., etc. The hope of their gains was gone - Ἡ ελπις, This hope; viz. the spirit. So completely was this spirit cast out that the girl could divine no more; and yet she continued a heathen still, for we do not hear a word of her conversion. Had she been converted, got baptized, and been associated with the apostles, the family of Lydia, etc., there would have been some show of reason to believe that there had been no possession in the case, and that the spirit of divination coming out of her meant no more than that, through scruple of conscience, she had left off her imposing arts, and would no longer continue to pretend to do what she knew she could not perform. But she still continued with her masters, though now utterly unable to disclose any thing relative to futurity! Drew them into the market-place - This was the place of public resort, and, by bringing them here, they might hope to excite a general clamor against them; and probably those who are here called τους αρχοντας, the rulers, were civil magistrates, who kept offices in such public places, for the preservation of the peace of the city. But these words, the rulers, are suspected to be an interpolation by some critics: I think on no good ground.

Provenance. Rendered as a quoted commentary witness with explicit reference extraction from the source prose.

Canonical locus

Acts 16:19

Source lane

Apologetics Bible source bundle

Named authorities or texts detected in the witness

  • Lydia

Exposition: Acts 16:19 emphasizes a key movement in the chapter's argument. In KJV form, the text reads: 'And when her masters saw that the hope of their gains was gone, they caught Paul and Silas, and drew them into the marketplace unto the rulers,'. Read in canonical context, the verse supports the coherence of biblical revelation by linking doctrine, narrative, and covenantal meaning.

Apologetics Notes
  • Scientific Correlation: This verse is suitable for cumulative-case reasoning in apologetics: historical context, textual stability, and worldview coherence are evaluated together rather than in isolation.
  • Koine Greek Grammar: A close Koine Greek reading should attend lexical range, clause flow, and discourse function in context; these controls reduce over-reading and preserve authorial intent.
  • Historical Evidence: Historically, this verse is interpreted within the received canonical tradition, where manuscript continuity and early community usage support stable transmission and meaning.

Acts 16:20

Greek
καὶ προσαγαγόντες αὐτοὺς τοῖς στρατηγοῖς εἶπαν· Οὗτοι οἱ ἄνθρωποι ἐκταράσσουσιν ἡμῶν τὴν πόλιν Ἰουδαῖοι ὑπάρχοντες,

kai prosagagontes aytoys tois strategois eipan· Oytoi oi anthropoi ektarassoysin emon ten polin Ioydaioi yparchontes,

KJV: And brought them to the magistrates, saying, These men, being Jews, do exceedingly trouble our city,

AKJV: And brought them to the magistrates, saying, These men, being Jews, do exceedingly trouble our city,

ASV: and when they had brought them unto the magistrates, they said, These men, being Jews, do exceedingly trouble our city,

YLT: and having brought them to the magistrates, they said, `These men do exceedingly trouble our city, being Jews;

Commentary WitnessActs 16:20
Quoted commentary witness

Commentary Witness

Acts 16:20

Quoted commentary witness

Verse 20 Brought them to the magistrates - Στρατηγοις, The commanders of the army, who, very likely, as this city was a Roman colony, possessed the sovereign authority. The civil magistrates, therefore, having heard the case, as we shall soon find, in which it was pretended that the safety of the state was involved, would naturally refer the business to the decision of those who had the supreme command. Exceedingly trouble our city - They are destroying the public peace, and endangering the public safety.

Provenance. Rendered as a quoted commentary witness with explicit reference extraction from the source prose.

Canonical locus

Acts 16:20

Source lane

Apologetics Bible source bundle

Exposition: Acts 16:20 emphasizes a key movement in the chapter's argument. In KJV form, the text reads: 'And brought them to the magistrates, saying, These men, being Jews, do exceedingly trouble our city,'. Read in canonical context, the verse supports the coherence of biblical revelation by linking doctrine, narrative, and covenantal meaning.

Apologetics Notes
  • Scientific Correlation: This verse is suitable for cumulative-case reasoning in apologetics: historical context, textual stability, and worldview coherence are evaluated together rather than in isolation.
  • Koine Greek Grammar: A close Koine Greek reading should attend lexical range, clause flow, and discourse function in context; these controls reduce over-reading and preserve authorial intent.
  • Historical Evidence: Historically, this verse is interpreted within the received canonical tradition, where manuscript continuity and early community usage support stable transmission and meaning.

Acts 16:21

Greek
καὶ καταγγέλλουσιν ἔθη ἃ οὐκ ἔξεστιν ἡμῖν παραδέχεσθαι οὐδὲ ποιεῖν Ῥωμαίοις οὖσιν.

kai kataggelloysin ethe a oyk exestin emin paradechesthai oyde poiein Romaiois oysin.

KJV: And teach customs, which are not lawful for us to receive, neither to observe, being Romans.

AKJV: And teach customs, which are not lawful for us to receive, neither to observe, being Romans.

ASV: and set forth customs which it is not lawful for us to receive, or to observe, being Romans.

YLT: and they proclaim customs that are not lawful for us to receive nor to do, being Romans.'

Commentary WitnessActs 16:21
Quoted commentary witness

Commentary Witness

Acts 16:21

Quoted commentary witness

Verse 21 And teach customs - Εθη, Religious opinions, and religious rites. Which are not lawful for us to receive - The Romans were very jealous of their national worship. Servius, on the following lines of Virgil, has given us correct information on this point; and has confirmed what several other writers have advanced: - Rex Evandrus ait: Non haec solemnia nobis Vana superstitio, veterumque ignara deorum, Imposuit. Aen. viii. v. 185, etc. King Evander said: - It is not vain superstition, ignorant of the ancient worship of the gods, which has imposed these rites on us. Duo dicit, says Servius: non ideo Herculem colimus; aut quia omnem religionem veram putamus; aut quia deos ignoramus antiquos. Cautum enim fuerat, et apud Athenienses, et apud Romanos; ne quis Novas introduceret Religiones: unde et Socrates damnatus est: et Chaldaei et Judaei unt urbe depulsi. "He says two things: we do not worship Hercules because we believe every religion to be true; nor are we ignorant of the ancient gods. Great care was taken, both among the Athenians and Romans, that no one should introduce any new religion. It was on this account that Socrates was condemned, and on this account the Chaldeans and the Jews were banished from Rome." Cicero, De Legibus, lib. ii. c. 8, says: Separatim nemo habessit deos; neve Novos; sed nec Advenas, nisi publice Adscitos, Privatim colunto. "No person shall have any separate gods, nor new ones; nor shall he privately worship any strange gods, unless they be publicly allowed." The whole chapter is curious. It was on such laws as these that the people of Philippi pleaded against the apostles. These men bring new gods, new worship, new rites; we are Romans, and the laws forbid us to worship any new or strange god, unless publicly allowed.

Provenance. Rendered as a quoted commentary witness with explicit reference extraction from the source prose.

Canonical locus

Acts 16:21

Source lane

Apologetics Bible source bundle

Named authorities or texts detected in the witness

  • Servius
  • Virgil
  • Imposuit
  • Aen
  • Athenienses
  • Romanos
  • Religiones
  • Romans
  • Rome
  • Cicero
  • De Legibus
  • Novos
  • Advenas
  • Adscitos

Exposition: Acts 16:21 emphasizes a key movement in the chapter's argument. In KJV form, the text reads: 'And teach customs, which are not lawful for us to receive, neither to observe, being Romans.'. Read in canonical context, the verse supports the coherence of biblical revelation by linking doctrine, narrative, and covenantal meaning.

Apologetics Notes
  • Scientific Correlation: This verse is suitable for cumulative-case reasoning in apologetics: historical context, textual stability, and worldview coherence are evaluated together rather than in isolation.
  • Koine Greek Grammar: A close Koine Greek reading should attend lexical range, clause flow, and discourse function in context; these controls reduce over-reading and preserve authorial intent.
  • Historical Evidence: Historically, this verse is interpreted within the received canonical tradition, where manuscript continuity and early community usage support stable transmission and meaning.

Acts 16:22

Greek
καὶ συνεπέστη ὁ ὄχλος κατʼ αὐτῶν, καὶ οἱ στρατηγοὶ περιρήξαντες αὐτῶν τὰ ἱμάτια ἐκέλευον ῥαβδίζειν,

kai synepeste o ochlos kat ayton, kai oi strategoi perirexantes ayton ta imatia ekeleyon rabdizein,

KJV: And the multitude rose up together against them: and the magistrates rent off their clothes, and commanded to beat them.

AKJV: And the multitude rose up together against them: and the magistrates rent off their clothes, and commanded to beat them.

ASV: And the multitude rose up together against them: and the magistrates rent their garments off them, and commanded to beat them with rods.

YLT: And the multitude rose up together against them, and the magistrates having torn their garments from them, were commanding to beat them with rods,

Commentary WitnessActs 16:22
Quoted commentary witness

Commentary Witness

Acts 16:22

Quoted commentary witness

Verse 22 The multitude rose up together - There was a general outcry against them; and the magistrates tore off their clothes, and delivered them to the mob, commanding the lictors, or beadles, to beat them with rods, ῥαβδιζειν. This was the Roman custom of treating criminals, as Grotius has well remarked.

Provenance. Rendered as a quoted commentary witness with explicit reference extraction from the source prose.

Canonical locus

Acts 16:22

Source lane

Apologetics Bible source bundle

Exposition: Acts 16:22 emphasizes a key movement in the chapter's argument. In KJV form, the text reads: 'And the multitude rose up together against them: and the magistrates rent off their clothes, and commanded to beat them.'. Read in canonical context, the verse supports the coherence of biblical revelation by linking doctrine, narrative, and covenantal meaning.

Apologetics Notes
  • Scientific Correlation: This verse is suitable for cumulative-case reasoning in apologetics: historical context, textual stability, and worldview coherence are evaluated together rather than in isolation.
  • Koine Greek Grammar: A close Koine Greek reading should attend lexical range, clause flow, and discourse function in context; these controls reduce over-reading and preserve authorial intent.
  • Historical Evidence: Historically, this verse is interpreted within the received canonical tradition, where manuscript continuity and early community usage support stable transmission and meaning.

Acts 16:23

Greek
πολλάς ⸀τε ἐπιθέντες αὐτοῖς πληγὰς ἔβαλον εἰς φυλακήν, παραγγείλαντες τῷ δεσμοφύλακι ἀσφαλῶς τηρεῖν αὐτούς·

pollas te epithentes aytois plegas ebalon eis phylaken, paraggeilantes to desmophylaki asphalos terein aytoys·

KJV: And when they had laid many stripes upon them, they cast them into prison, charging the jailor to keep them safely:

AKJV: And when they had laid many stripes on them, they cast them into prison, charging the jailor to keep them safely:

ASV: And when they had laid many stripes upon them, they cast them into prison, charging the jailor to keep them safely:

YLT: many blows also having laid upon them, they cast them to prison, having given charge to the jailor to keep them safely,

Commentary WitnessActs 16:23
Quoted commentary witness

Commentary Witness

Acts 16:23

Quoted commentary witness

Verse 23 Laid many stripes upon them - The Jews never gave more than thirty-nine stripes to any criminal; but the Romans had no law relative to this: they gave as many as they chose; and the apostles had, undoubtedly, the fullest measure. And perhaps St. Paul refers to this, where he says, 2Cor 11:23 : εν πληγαις ὑπερβαλλοντως, in stripes beyond measure or moderation.

Provenance. Rendered as a quoted commentary witness with explicit reference extraction from the source prose.

Canonical locus

Acts 16:23

Source lane

Apologetics Bible source bundle

Biblical cross-references named in the witness

  • 2Cor 11:23

Named authorities or texts detected in the witness

  • St

Exposition: Acts 16:23 emphasizes a key movement in the chapter's argument. In KJV form, the text reads: 'And when they had laid many stripes upon them, they cast them into prison, charging the jailor to keep them safely:'. Read in canonical context, the verse supports the coherence of biblical revelation by linking doctrine, narrative, and covenantal meaning.

Apologetics Notes
  • Scientific Correlation: This verse is suitable for cumulative-case reasoning in apologetics: historical context, textual stability, and worldview coherence are evaluated together rather than in isolation.
  • Koine Greek Grammar: A close Koine Greek reading should attend lexical range, clause flow, and discourse function in context; these controls reduce over-reading and preserve authorial intent.
  • Historical Evidence: Historically, this verse is interpreted within the received canonical tradition, where manuscript continuity and early community usage support stable transmission and meaning.

Acts 16:24

Greek
ὃς παραγγελίαν τοιαύτην ⸀λαβὼν ἔβαλεν αὐτοὺς εἰς τὴν ἐσωτέραν φυλακὴν καὶ τοὺς πόδας ⸂ἠσφαλίσατο αὐτῶν⸃ εἰς τὸ ξύλον.

os paraggelian toiayten labon ebalen aytoys eis ten esoteran phylaken kai toys podas esphalisato ayton eis to xylon.

KJV: Who, having received such a charge, thrust them into the inner prison, and made their feet fast in the stocks.

AKJV: Who, having received such a charge, thrust them into the inner prison, and made their feet fast in the stocks. ¶

ASV: who, having received such a charge, cast them into the inner prison, and made their feet fast in the stocks.

YLT: who such a charge having received, did put them to the inner prison, and their feet made fast in the stocks.

Commentary WitnessActs 16:24
Quoted commentary witness

Commentary Witness

Acts 16:24

Quoted commentary witness

Verse 24 The inner prison - Probably what we would call the dungeon; the darkest and most secure cell. Made their feet fast in the stocks - The το ξυλον, which we here translate stocks, is supposed to mean two large pieces of wood, pierced with holes like our stocks, and fitted to each other, that, when the legs were in, they could not be drawn out. The holes being pierced at different distances, the legs might be separated or divaricated to a great extent, which must produce extreme pain. It is this circumstance to which it is supposed Prudentius refers, in speaking of the torments of St. Vincent: - Lignoque plantas inserit, Divaricatis cruribus. "They placed his feet in the stocks, his legs greatly distended!" If the apostles were treated in this way, lying on the bare ground with their flayed backs, what agony must they have suffered! However, they could sing praises notwithstanding.

Provenance. Rendered as a quoted commentary witness with explicit reference extraction from the source prose.

Canonical locus

Acts 16:24

Source lane

Apologetics Bible source bundle

Named authorities or texts detected in the witness

  • St
  • Vincent
  • However

Exposition: Acts 16:24 emphasizes a key movement in the chapter's argument. In KJV form, the text reads: 'Who, having received such a charge, thrust them into the inner prison, and made their feet fast in the stocks.'. Read in canonical context, the verse supports the coherence of biblical revelation by linking doctrine, narrative, and covenantal meaning.

Apologetics Notes
  • Scientific Correlation: This verse is suitable for cumulative-case reasoning in apologetics: historical context, textual stability, and worldview coherence are evaluated together rather than in isolation.
  • Koine Greek Grammar: A close Koine Greek reading should attend lexical range, clause flow, and discourse function in context; these controls reduce over-reading and preserve authorial intent.
  • Historical Evidence: Historically, this verse is interpreted within the received canonical tradition, where manuscript continuity and early community usage support stable transmission and meaning.

Acts 16:25

Greek
Κατὰ δὲ τὸ μεσονύκτιον Παῦλος καὶ Σιλᾶς προσευχόμενοι ὕμνουν τὸν θεόν, ἐπηκροῶντο δὲ αὐτῶν οἱ δέσμιοι·

Kata de to mesonyktion Paylos kai Silas proseychomenoi ymnoyn ton theon, epekroonto de ayton oi desmioi·

KJV: And at midnight Paul and Silas prayed, and sang praises unto God: and the prisoners heard them.

AKJV: And at midnight Paul and Silas prayed, and sang praises to God: and the prisoners heard them.

ASV: But about midnight Paul and Silas were praying and singing hymns unto God, and the prisoners were listening to them;

YLT: And at midnight Paul and Silas praying, were singing hymns to God, and the prisoners were hearing them,

Commentary WitnessActs 16:25
Quoted commentary witness

Commentary Witness

Acts 16:25

Quoted commentary witness

Verse 25 At midnight Paul and Silas - sang praises - Though these holy men felt much, and had reason to fear more, yet they are undismayed, and even happy in their sufferings: they were so fully satisfied that they were right, and had done their duty, that there was no room for regret or self-reproach. At the same times they had such consolations from God as could render any circumstances not only tolerable, but delightful. They prayed, first, for grace to support them, and for pardon and salvation for their persecutors; and then, secondly, sang praises to God, who had called them to such a state of salvation, and had accounted them worthy to suffer shame for the testimony of Jesus. And, although they were in the inner prison, they sang so loud and so heartily that the prisoners heard them.

Provenance. Rendered as a quoted commentary witness with explicit reference extraction from the source prose.

Canonical locus

Acts 16:25

Source lane

Apologetics Bible source bundle

Named authorities or texts detected in the witness

  • Ray
  • Jesus
  • And

Exposition: Acts 16:25 emphasizes a key movement in the chapter's argument. In KJV form, the text reads: 'And at midnight Paul and Silas prayed, and sang praises unto God: and the prisoners heard them.'. Read in canonical context, the verse supports the coherence of biblical revelation by linking doctrine, narrative, and covenantal meaning.

Apologetics Notes
  • Scientific Correlation: This verse is suitable for cumulative-case reasoning in apologetics: historical context, textual stability, and worldview coherence are evaluated together rather than in isolation.
  • Koine Greek Grammar: A close Koine Greek reading should attend lexical range, clause flow, and discourse function in context; these controls reduce over-reading and preserve authorial intent.
  • Historical Evidence: Historically, this verse is interpreted within the received canonical tradition, where manuscript continuity and early community usage support stable transmission and meaning.

Acts 16:26

Greek
ἄφνω δὲ σεισμὸς ἐγένετο μέγας ὥστε σαλευθῆναι τὰ θεμέλια τοῦ δεσμωτηρίου, ἠνεῴχθησαν ⸀δὲ παραχρῆμα αἱ θύραι πᾶσαι, καὶ πάντων τὰ δεσμὰ ἀνέθη.

aphno de seismos egeneto megas oste saleythenai ta themelia toy desmoterioy, eneochthesan de parachrema ai thyrai pasai, kai panton ta desma anethe.

KJV: And suddenly there was a great earthquake, so that the foundations of the prison were shaken: and immediately all the doors were opened, and every one’s bands were loosed.

AKJV: And suddenly there was a great earthquake, so that the foundations of the prison were shaken: and immediately all the doors were opened, and every one’s bands were loosed.

ASV: and suddenly there was a great earthquake, so that the foundations of the prison-house were shaken: and immediately all the doors were opened; and every one’s bands were loosed.

YLT: and suddenly a great earthquake came, so that the foundations of the prison were shaken, opened also presently were all the doors, and of all--the bands were loosed;

Commentary WitnessActs 16:26
Quoted commentary witness

Commentary Witness

Acts 16:26

Quoted commentary witness

Verse 26 There was a great earthquake - Thus God bore a miraculous testimony of approbation to his servants; and, by the earthquake, and loosing the bonds of the prisoners, showed, in a symbolical way, the nature of that religion which they preached: while it shakes and terrifies the guilty, it proclaims deliverance to the captives, and the opening of the prison-doors to them that are bound; and sets at liberty them that are bruised. Every one's bands were loosed - And yet so eminently did God's providence conduct every thing, that not one of the prisoners made his escape, though the doors were open, and his bolts off!

Provenance. Rendered as a quoted commentary witness with explicit reference extraction from the source prose.

Canonical locus

Acts 16:26

Source lane

Apologetics Bible source bundle

Named authorities or texts detected in the witness

  • Ovid

Exposition: Acts 16:26 emphasizes a key movement in the chapter's argument. In KJV form, the text reads: 'And suddenly there was a great earthquake, so that the foundations of the prison were shaken: and immediately all the doors were opened, and every one’s bands were loosed.'. Read in canonical context, the verse supports the coherence of biblical revelation by linking doctrine, narrative, and covenantal meaning.

Apologetics Notes
  • Scientific Correlation: This verse is suitable for cumulative-case reasoning in apologetics: historical context, textual stability, and worldview coherence are evaluated together rather than in isolation.
  • Koine Greek Grammar: A close Koine Greek reading should attend lexical range, clause flow, and discourse function in context; these controls reduce over-reading and preserve authorial intent.
  • Historical Evidence: Historically, this verse is interpreted within the received canonical tradition, where manuscript continuity and early community usage support stable transmission and meaning.

Acts 16:27

Greek
ἔξυπνος δὲ γενόμενος ὁ δεσμοφύλαξ καὶ ἰδὼν ἀνεῳγμένας τὰς θύρας τῆς φυλακῆς σπασάμενος ⸀τὴν μάχαιραν ἤμελλεν ἑαυτὸν ἀναιρεῖν, νομίζων ἐκπεφευγέναι τοὺς δεσμίους.

exypnos de genomenos o desmophylax kai idon aneogmenas tas thyras tes phylakes spasamenos ten machairan emellen eayton anairein, nomizon ekpepheygenai toys desmioys.

KJV: And the keeper of the prison awaking out of his sleep, and seeing the prison doors open, he drew out his sword, and would have killed himself, supposing that the prisoners had been fled.

AKJV: And the keeper of the prison awaking out of his sleep, and seeing the prison doors open, he drew out his sword, and would have killed himself, supposing that the prisoners had been fled.

ASV: And the jailor, being roused out of sleep and seeing the prison doors open, drew his sword and was about to kill himself, supposing that the prisoners had escaped.

YLT: and the jailor having come out of sleep, and having seen the doors of the prison open, having drawn a sword, was about to kill himself, supposing the prisoners to be fled,

Commentary WitnessActs 16:27
Quoted commentary witness

Commentary Witness

Acts 16:27

Quoted commentary witness

Verse 27 The keeper of the prison - would have killed himself - Every jailor was made responsible for his prisoner, under the same penalty to which the prisoner himself was exposed. The jailor, awaking, and finding the prison-doors open, taking it for granted that all the prisoners had made their escape, and that he must lose his life on the account, chose rather to die by his own hand than by that of others. For it was customary among the heathens, when they found death inevitable, to take away their own lives. This custom was applauded by their philosophers, and sanctioned by some of their greatest men.

Provenance. Rendered as a quoted commentary witness with explicit reference extraction from the source prose.

Canonical locus

Acts 16:27

Source lane

Apologetics Bible source bundle

Named authorities or texts detected in the witness

  • Philo

Exposition: Acts 16:27 emphasizes a key movement in the chapter's argument. In KJV form, the text reads: 'And the keeper of the prison awaking out of his sleep, and seeing the prison doors open, he drew out his sword, and would have killed himself, supposing that the prisoners had been fled.'. Read in canonical context, the verse supports the coherence of biblical revelation by linking doctrine, narrative, and covenantal meaning.

Apologetics Notes
  • Scientific Correlation: This verse is suitable for cumulative-case reasoning in apologetics: historical context, textual stability, and worldview coherence are evaluated together rather than in isolation.
  • Koine Greek Grammar: A close Koine Greek reading should attend lexical range, clause flow, and discourse function in context; these controls reduce over-reading and preserve authorial intent.
  • Historical Evidence: Historically, this verse is interpreted within the received canonical tradition, where manuscript continuity and early community usage support stable transmission and meaning.

Acts 16:28

Greek
ἐφώνησεν δὲ ⸂φωνῇ μεγάλῃ ὁ Παῦλος⸃ λέγων· Μηδὲν πράξῃς σεαυτῷ κακόν, ἅπαντες γάρ ἐσμεν ἐνθάδε.

ephonesen de phone megale o Paylos legon· Meden praxes seayto kakon, apantes gar esmen enthade.

KJV: But Paul cried with a loud voice, saying, Do thyself no harm: for we are all here.

AKJV: But Paul cried with a loud voice, saying, Do yourself no harm: for we are all here.

ASV: But Paul cried with a loud voice, saying, Do thyself no harm: for we are all here.

YLT: and Paul cried out with a loud voice, saying, `Thou mayest not do thyself any harm, for we are all here.'

Commentary WitnessActs 16:28
Quoted commentary witness

Commentary Witness

Acts 16:28

Quoted commentary witness

Verse 28 Do thyself no harm - As it was now dark, being midnight, St. Paul must have had a Divine intimation of what the jailor was going to do; and, to prevent it, cried out aloud, Do thyself no harm, for we are all here.

Provenance. Rendered as a quoted commentary witness with explicit reference extraction from the source prose.

Canonical locus

Acts 16:28

Source lane

Apologetics Bible source bundle

Named authorities or texts detected in the witness

  • St

Exposition: Acts 16:28 emphasizes a key movement in the chapter's argument. In KJV form, the text reads: 'But Paul cried with a loud voice, saying, Do thyself no harm: for we are all here.'. Read in canonical context, the verse supports the coherence of biblical revelation by linking doctrine, narrative, and covenantal meaning.

Apologetics Notes
  • Scientific Correlation: This verse is suitable for cumulative-case reasoning in apologetics: historical context, textual stability, and worldview coherence are evaluated together rather than in isolation.
  • Koine Greek Grammar: A close Koine Greek reading should attend lexical range, clause flow, and discourse function in context; these controls reduce over-reading and preserve authorial intent.
  • Historical Evidence: Historically, this verse is interpreted within the received canonical tradition, where manuscript continuity and early community usage support stable transmission and meaning.

Acts 16:29

Greek
αἰτήσας δὲ φῶτα εἰσεπήδησεν καὶ ἔντρομος γενόμενος προσέπεσεν τῷ Παύλῳ καὶ ⸀τῷ Σιλᾷ,

aitesas de phota eisepedesen kai entromos genomenos prosepesen to Paylo kai to Sila,

KJV: Then he called for a light, and sprang in, and came trembling, and fell down before Paul and Silas,

AKJV: Then he called for a light, and sprang in, and came trembling, and fell down before Paul and Silas,

ASV: And he called for lights and sprang in, and, trembling for fear, fell down before Paul and Silas,

YLT: And, having asked for a light, he sprang in, and trembling he fell down before Paul and Silas,

Commentary WitnessActs 16:29
Quoted commentary witness

Commentary Witness

Acts 16:29

Quoted commentary witness

Verse 29 He called for a light - That he might see how things stood, and whether the words of Paul were true; for on this his personal safety depended. Came trembling - Terrified by the earthquake, and feeling the danger to which his own life was exposed. Fell down before Paul and Silas - The persons whom a few hours before he, according to his office, treated with so much asperity, if not cruelty, as some have supposed; though, by the way, it does not appear that he exceeded his orders in his treatment of the apostles.

Provenance. Rendered as a quoted commentary witness with explicit reference extraction from the source prose.

Canonical locus

Acts 16:29

Source lane

Apologetics Bible source bundle

Exposition: Acts 16:29 emphasizes a key movement in the chapter's argument. In KJV form, the text reads: 'Then he called for a light, and sprang in, and came trembling, and fell down before Paul and Silas,'. Read in canonical context, the verse supports the coherence of biblical revelation by linking doctrine, narrative, and covenantal meaning.

Apologetics Notes
  • Scientific Correlation: This verse is suitable for cumulative-case reasoning in apologetics: historical context, textual stability, and worldview coherence are evaluated together rather than in isolation.
  • Koine Greek Grammar: A close Koine Greek reading should attend lexical range, clause flow, and discourse function in context; these controls reduce over-reading and preserve authorial intent.
  • Historical Evidence: Historically, this verse is interpreted within the received canonical tradition, where manuscript continuity and early community usage support stable transmission and meaning.

Acts 16:30

Greek
καὶ προαγαγὼν αὐτοὺς ἔξω ἔφη· Κύριοι, τί με δεῖ ποιεῖν ἵνα σωθῶ;

kai proagagon aytoys exo ephe· Kyrioi, ti me dei poiein ina sotho;

KJV: And brought them out, and said, Sirs, what must I do to be saved?

AKJV: And brought them out, and said, Sirs, what must I do to be saved?

ASV: and brought them out and said, Sirs, what must I do to be saved?

YLT: and having brought them forth, said, `Sirs, what must I do--that I may be saved?'

Commentary WitnessActs 16:30
Quoted commentary witness

Commentary Witness

Acts 16:30

Quoted commentary witness

Verse 30 Brought them out - Of the dungeon in which they were confined. What must I do to be saved? - Whether this regard personal or eternal safety, it is a question the most interesting to man. But it is not likely that the jailor referred here to his personal safety. He had seen, notwithstanding the prison doors had been miraculously opened, and the bonds of the prisoners all loosed, that not one of them had escaped: hence he could not feel himself in danger of losing his life on this account; and consequently it cannot be his personal safety about which he inquires. He could not but have known that these apostles had been preaching among the people what they called the doctrine of salvation; and he knew that for expelling a demon they were delivered into his custody: the Spirit of God had now convinced his heart that he was lost, and needed salvation; and therefore his earnest inquiry is how he should obtain it. The answer of the apostles to the jailor shows that his inquiry was not about his personal safety; as his believing on Jesus Christ could have had no effect upon that, in his present circumstances. Men who dispute against this sense of the word are not aware that the Spirit of God can teach any thing to a heart, which the head of a person has not previously learned. Therefore, they say it was impossible that a heathen could make such an inquiry in reference to his eternal state, because he could know nothing about it. On this ground, how impertinent would the answer of the apostles have been: Believe on the Lord Jesus Christ, and thou shalt be put in a state of Personal Safety, and thy family! I contend that neither he nor his family were in any danger, as long as not one prisoner had escaped; he had, therefore, nothing from this quarter to fear; and, on the ground against which I contend, his own question would have been as impertinent as the apostles' answer.

Provenance. Rendered as a quoted commentary witness with explicit reference extraction from the source prose.

Canonical locus

Acts 16:30

Source lane

Apologetics Bible source bundle

Named authorities or texts detected in the witness

  • Jesus
  • Therefore
  • Lord Jesus Christ
  • Personal Safety

Exposition: Acts 16:30 emphasizes a key movement in the chapter's argument. In KJV form, the text reads: 'And brought them out, and said, Sirs, what must I do to be saved?'. Read in canonical context, the verse supports the coherence of biblical revelation by linking doctrine, narrative, and covenantal meaning.

Apologetics Notes
  • Scientific Correlation: This verse is suitable for cumulative-case reasoning in apologetics: historical context, textual stability, and worldview coherence are evaluated together rather than in isolation.
  • Koine Greek Grammar: A close Koine Greek reading should attend lexical range, clause flow, and discourse function in context; these controls reduce over-reading and preserve authorial intent.
  • Historical Evidence: Historically, this verse is interpreted within the received canonical tradition, where manuscript continuity and early community usage support stable transmission and meaning.

Acts 16:31

Greek
οἱ δὲ εἶπαν· Πίστευσον ἐπὶ τὸν κύριον ⸀Ἰησοῦν, καὶ σωθήσῃ σὺ καὶ ὁ οἶκός σου.

oi de eipan· Pisteyson epi ton kyrion Iesoyn, kai sothese sy kai o oikos soy.

KJV: And they said, Believe on the Lord Jesus Christ, and thou shalt be saved, and thy house.

AKJV: And they said, Believe on the Lord Jesus Christ, and you shall be saved, and your house.

ASV: And they said, Believe on the Lord Jesus, and thou shalt be saved, thou and thy house.

YLT: and they said, `Believe on the Lord Jesus Christ, and thou shalt be saved--thou and thy house;'

Commentary WitnessActs 16:31
Quoted commentary witness

Commentary Witness

Acts 16:31

Quoted commentary witness

Verse 31 Believe on the Lord Jesus - Receive the religion of Christ, which we preach, and let thy household also receive it, and ye shall be all placed in the sure way to final salvation.

Provenance. Rendered as a quoted commentary witness with explicit reference extraction from the source prose.

Canonical locus

Acts 16:31

Source lane

Apologetics Bible source bundle

Named authorities or texts detected in the witness

  • Jesus
  • Christ

Exposition: Acts 16:31 emphasizes a key movement in the chapter's argument. In KJV form, the text reads: 'And they said, Believe on the Lord Jesus Christ, and thou shalt be saved, and thy house.'. Read in canonical context, the verse supports the coherence of biblical revelation by linking doctrine, narrative, and covenantal meaning.

Apologetics Notes
  • Scientific Correlation: This verse is suitable for cumulative-case reasoning in apologetics: historical context, textual stability, and worldview coherence are evaluated together rather than in isolation.
  • Koine Greek Grammar: A close Koine Greek reading should attend lexical range, clause flow, and discourse function in context; these controls reduce over-reading and preserve authorial intent.
  • Historical Evidence: Historically, this verse is interpreted within the received canonical tradition, where manuscript continuity and early community usage support stable transmission and meaning.

Acts 16:32

Greek
καὶ ἐλάλησαν αὐτῷ τὸν λόγον τοῦ ⸀κυρίου ⸀σὺν πᾶσι τοῖς ἐν τῇ οἰκίᾳ αὐτοῦ.

kai elalesan ayto ton logon toy kyrioy syn pasi tois en te oikia aytoy.

KJV: And they spake unto him the word of the Lord, and to all that were in his house.

AKJV: And they spoke to him the word of the Lord, and to all that were in his house.

ASV: And they spake the word of the Lord unto him, with all that were in his house.

YLT: and they spake to him the word of the Lord, and to all those in his household;

Commentary WitnessActs 16:32
Quoted commentary witness

Commentary Witness

Acts 16:32

Quoted commentary witness

Verse 32 And they spake unto him the word of the Lord - Thus, by teaching him and all that were in his house the doctrine of the Lord, they plainly pointed out to them the way of salvation. And it appears that he and his whole family, who were capable of receiving instructions, embraced this doctrine, and showed the sincerity of their faith by immediately receiving baptism. And, by the way, if he and all his were baptized straightway, παραχρημα, immediately, instantly, at that very time, dum ipsa res agitur, it is by no means likely that there was any immersion in the case; indeed, all the circumstances of the case, the dead of the night, the general agitation, the necessity of despatch, and the words of the text, all disprove it. The apostles, therefore, had another method of administering baptism besides immersion, which, if practised according to the Jewish formalities, must have required considerable time, and not a little publicity. As the Jews were accustomed to receive whole families of heathens, young and old, as proselytes, by baptism, so here the apostles received whole families, those of Lydia and the jailor, by the same rite. It is therefore pretty evident that we have in this chapter very presumptive proofs: 1. That baptism was administered without immersion, as in the case of the jailor and his family; and 2. That children were also received into the Church in this way; for we can scarcely suppose that the whole families of Lydia and the jailor had no children in them; and, if they had, it is not likely that they should be omitted; for the Jewish practice was invariably to receive the heathen children with their proselyted parents.

Provenance. Rendered as a quoted commentary witness with explicit reference extraction from the source prose.

Canonical locus

Acts 16:32

Source lane

Apologetics Bible source bundle

Named authorities or texts detected in the witness

  • Thus
  • Lord
  • And

Exposition: Acts 16:32 emphasizes a key movement in the chapter's argument. In KJV form, the text reads: 'And they spake unto him the word of the Lord, and to all that were in his house.'. Read in canonical context, the verse supports the coherence of biblical revelation by linking doctrine, narrative, and covenantal meaning.

Apologetics Notes
  • Scientific Correlation: This verse is suitable for cumulative-case reasoning in apologetics: historical context, textual stability, and worldview coherence are evaluated together rather than in isolation.
  • Koine Greek Grammar: A close Koine Greek reading should attend lexical range, clause flow, and discourse function in context; these controls reduce over-reading and preserve authorial intent.
  • Historical Evidence: Historically, this verse is interpreted within the received canonical tradition, where manuscript continuity and early community usage support stable transmission and meaning.

Acts 16:33

Greek
καὶ παραλαβὼν αὐτοὺς ἐν ἐκείνῃ τῇ ὥρᾳ τῆς νυκτὸς ἔλουσεν ἀπὸ τῶν πληγῶν, καὶ ἐβαπτίσθη αὐτὸς καὶ οἱ αὐτοῦ ⸀πάντες παραχρῆμα,

kai paralabon aytoys en ekeine te ora tes nyktos eloysen apo ton plegon, kai ebaptisthe aytos kai oi aytoy pantes parachrema,

KJV: And he took them the same hour of the night, and washed their stripes; and was baptized, he and all his, straightway.

AKJV: And he took them the same hour of the night, and washed their stripes; and was baptized, he and all his, straightway.

ASV: And he took them the same hour of the night, and washed their stripes; and was baptized, he and all his, immediately.

YLT: and having taken them, in that hour of the night, he did bathe them from the blows, and was baptized, himself and all his presently,

Commentary WitnessActs 16:33
Quoted commentary witness

Commentary Witness

Acts 16:33

Quoted commentary witness

Verse 33 Washed their stripes - Ελουσεν απο των πληγων, He washed from the stripes: i.e. he washed the blood from the wounds; and this would not require putting them into a pool, or bath, as some have ridiculously imagined.

Provenance. Rendered as a quoted commentary witness with explicit reference extraction from the source prose.

Canonical locus

Acts 16:33

Source lane

Apologetics Bible source bundle

Exposition: Acts 16:33 emphasizes a key movement in the chapter's argument. In KJV form, the text reads: 'And he took them the same hour of the night, and washed their stripes; and was baptized, he and all his, straightway.'. Read in canonical context, the verse supports the coherence of biblical revelation by linking doctrine, narrative, and covenantal meaning.

Apologetics Notes
  • Scientific Correlation: This verse is suitable for cumulative-case reasoning in apologetics: historical context, textual stability, and worldview coherence are evaluated together rather than in isolation.
  • Koine Greek Grammar: A close Koine Greek reading should attend lexical range, clause flow, and discourse function in context; these controls reduce over-reading and preserve authorial intent.
  • Historical Evidence: Historically, this verse is interpreted within the received canonical tradition, where manuscript continuity and early community usage support stable transmission and meaning.

Acts 16:34

Greek
ἀναγαγών τε αὐτοὺς εἰς τὸν ⸀οἶκον παρέθηκεν τράπεζαν καὶ ⸀ἠγαλλιάσατο πανοικεὶ πεπιστευκὼς τῷ θεῷ.

anagagon te aytoys eis ton oikon paretheken trapezan kai egalliasato panoikei pepisteykos to theo.

KJV: And when he had brought them into his house, he set meat before them, and rejoiced, believing in God with all his house.

AKJV: And when he had brought them into his house, he set meat before them, and rejoiced, believing in God with all his house.

ASV: And he brought them up into his house, and set food before them, and rejoiced greatly, with all his house, having believed in God.

YLT: having brought them also into his house, he set food before them , and was glad with all the household, he having believed in God.

Commentary WitnessActs 16:34
Quoted commentary witness

Commentary Witness

Acts 16:34

Quoted commentary witness

Verse 34 He set meat before them - They were sufficiently exhausted, and needed refreshment; nor had the apostles any such inherent miraculous power as could prevent them from suffering through hunger, or enable them to heal their own grounds. As they were the instruments of bringing health to his soul, he became the instrument of health to their bodies. Genuine faith in Christ will always be accompanied with benevolence and humanity, and every fruit that such dispositions can produce. The jailor believed - brought them into his house - washed their stripes - and set meat before them.

Provenance. Rendered as a quoted commentary witness with explicit reference extraction from the source prose.

Canonical locus

Acts 16:34

Source lane

Apologetics Bible source bundle

Exposition: Acts 16:34 emphasizes a key movement in the chapter's argument. In KJV form, the text reads: 'And when he had brought them into his house, he set meat before them, and rejoiced, believing in God with all his house.'. Read in canonical context, the verse supports the coherence of biblical revelation by linking doctrine, narrative, and covenantal meaning.

Apologetics Notes
  • Scientific Correlation: This verse is suitable for cumulative-case reasoning in apologetics: historical context, textual stability, and worldview coherence are evaluated together rather than in isolation.
  • Koine Greek Grammar: A close Koine Greek reading should attend lexical range, clause flow, and discourse function in context; these controls reduce over-reading and preserve authorial intent.
  • Historical Evidence: Historically, this verse is interpreted within the received canonical tradition, where manuscript continuity and early community usage support stable transmission and meaning.

Acts 16:35

Greek
Ἡμέρας δὲ γενομένης ἀπέστειλαν οἱ στρατηγοὶ τοὺς ῥαβδούχους λέγοντες· Ἀπόλυσον τοὺς ἀνθρώπους ἐκείνους.

Emeras de genomenes apesteilan oi strategoi toys rabdoychoys legontes· Apolyson toys anthropoys ekeinoys.

KJV: And when it was day, the magistrates sent the serjeants, saying, Let those men go.

AKJV: And when it was day, the magistrates sent the sergeants, saying, Let those men go.

ASV: But when it was day, the magistrates sent the serjeants, saying, Let those men go.

YLT: And day having come, the magistrates sent the rod-bearers, saying, `Let those men go;'

Commentary WitnessActs 16:35
Quoted commentary witness

Commentary Witness

Acts 16:35

Quoted commentary witness

Verse 35 And the magistrates sent the sergeants - The original word, ῥαβδουχους, means the lictors, persons who carried before the consul the fasces, which was a hatchet, round the handle of which was a bundle of rods tied. Why the magistrates should have sent an order to dismiss the apostles, whom they had so barbarously used the preceding evening, we cannot tell, unless we receive the reading of the Codex Bezae as genuine, viz. Ἡμερας δε γενομενης, συνηλθον οἱ Ϛρατηγοι επι το αυτο εις την αγοραν, και αναμνησθεντες τον σεισμον τον γεγοντα, εφοβηθησαν, και απεϚειλαν τους ῥαβδουχους κ. τ. λ. And when it was day, the magistrates came together into the court, And Remembering the Earthquake that Had Happened, they were afraid, and they sent the sergeants, etc. The Itala version of this same MS. has the same reading: so has also the margin of the later Syriac. If this MS. be correct, the cause of the dismissal of the apostles is at once evident: the earthquake had alarmed the magistrates; and, taking it for granted that this was a token of the Divine displeasure against them for their unprincipled conduct towards those good men, they wished to get as quietly rid of the business as they could, and therefore sent to dismiss the apostles. Whether this reading be genuine or not, it is likely that it gives the true cause of the magistrates' conduct.

Provenance. Rendered as a quoted commentary witness with explicit reference extraction from the source prose.

Canonical locus

Acts 16:35

Source lane

Apologetics Bible source bundle

Named authorities or texts detected in the witness

  • Had Happened
  • Syriac

Exposition: Acts 16:35 emphasizes a key movement in the chapter's argument. In KJV form, the text reads: 'And when it was day, the magistrates sent the serjeants, saying, Let those men go.'. Read in canonical context, the verse supports the coherence of biblical revelation by linking doctrine, narrative, and covenantal meaning.

Apologetics Notes
  • Scientific Correlation: This verse is suitable for cumulative-case reasoning in apologetics: historical context, textual stability, and worldview coherence are evaluated together rather than in isolation.
  • Koine Greek Grammar: A close Koine Greek reading should attend lexical range, clause flow, and discourse function in context; these controls reduce over-reading and preserve authorial intent.
  • Historical Evidence: Historically, this verse is interpreted within the received canonical tradition, where manuscript continuity and early community usage support stable transmission and meaning.

Acts 16:36

Greek
ἀπήγγειλεν δὲ ὁ δεσμοφύλαξ τοὺς λόγους ⸀τούτους πρὸς τὸν Παῦλον, ὅτι Ἀπέσταλκαν οἱ στρατηγοὶ ἵνα ἀπολυθῆτε· νῦν οὖν ἐξελθόντες πορεύεσθε ἐν εἰρήνῃ.

apeggeilen de o desmophylax toys logoys toytoys pros ton Paylon, oti Apestalkan oi strategoi ina apolythete· nyn oyn exelthontes poreyesthe en eirene.

KJV: And the keeper of the prison told this saying to Paul, The magistrates have sent to let you go: now therefore depart, and go in peace.

AKJV: And the keeper of the prison told this saying to Paul, The magistrates have sent to let you go: now therefore depart, and go in peace.

ASV: And the jailor reported the words to Paul, saying, The magistrates have sent to let you go: now therefore come forth, and go in peace.

YLT: and the jailor told these words unto Paul--`The magistrates have sent, that ye may be let go; now, therefore, having gone forth go on in peace;'

Commentary Witness (Generated)Acts 16:36
Generated editorial synthesis

Commentary Witness (Generated)

Acts 16:36

Generated editorial synthesis

Acts 16:36 advances the immediate literary flow of the chapter and should be interpreted in its canonical context, not as an isolated proof text. In the present translation it reads: 'And the keeper of the prison told this saying to Paul, The magistrates have sent to let you go: now therefore depart, and go in peace.'. A close Koine Greek reading supports attention to key lexical choices, clause movement, and redemptive-historical placement so doctrinal conclusions remain textually grounded.

Provenance. Rendered as an editorial synthesis tied to the canonical verse context and current chapter source.

Canonical locus

Acts 16:36

Source lane

Apologetics Bible source bundle

Biblical cross-references named in the witness

  • Acts 16:36

Named authorities or texts detected in the witness

  • Paul

Exposition: Acts 16:36 emphasizes a key movement in the chapter's argument. In KJV form, the text reads: 'And the keeper of the prison told this saying to Paul, The magistrates have sent to let you go: now therefore depart, and go in peace.'. Read in canonical context, the verse supports the coherence of biblical revelation by linking doctrine, narrative, and covenantal meaning.

Apologetics Notes
  • Scientific Correlation: This verse is suitable for cumulative-case reasoning in apologetics: historical context, textual stability, and worldview coherence are evaluated together rather than in isolation.
  • Koine Greek Grammar: A close Koine Greek reading should attend lexical range, clause flow, and discourse function in context; these controls reduce over-reading and preserve authorial intent.
  • Historical Evidence: Historically, this verse is interpreted within the received canonical tradition, where manuscript continuity and early community usage support stable transmission and meaning.

Acts 16:37

Greek
ὁ δὲ Παῦλος ἔφη πρὸς αὐτούς· Δείραντες ἡμᾶς δημοσίᾳ ἀκατακρίτους, ἀνθρώπους Ῥωμαίους ὑπάρχοντας, ἔβαλαν εἰς φυλακήν· καὶ νῦν λάθρᾳ ἡμᾶς ἐκβάλλουσιν; οὐ γάρ, ἀλλὰ ἐλθόντες αὐτοὶ ⸀ἡμᾶς ἐξαγαγέτωσαν.

o de Paylos ephe pros aytoys· Deirantes emas demosia akatakritoys, anthropoys Romaioys yparchontas, ebalan eis phylaken· kai nyn lathra emas ekballoysin; oy gar, alla elthontes aytoi emas exagagetosan.

KJV: But Paul said unto them, They have beaten us openly uncondemned, being Romans, and have cast us into prison; and now do they thrust us out privily? nay verily; but let them come themselves and fetch us out.

AKJV: But Paul said to them, They have beaten us openly uncondemned, being Romans, and have cast us into prison; and now do they thrust us out privately? no truly; but let them come themselves and fetch us out.

ASV: But Paul said unto them, They have beaten us publicly, uncondemned, men that are Romans, and have cast us into prison; and do they now cast us out privily? nay verily; but let them come themselves and bring us out.

YLT: and Paul said to them, `Having beaten us publicly uncondemned--men, Romans being--they did cast us to prison, and now privately do they cast us forth! why no! but having come themselves, let them bring us forth.'

Commentary WitnessActs 16:37
Quoted commentary witness

Commentary Witness

Acts 16:37

Quoted commentary witness

Verse 37 They have beaten us openly - being Romans - St. Paul well knew the Roman laws; and on their violation by the magistrates he pleads. The Valerian law forbade any Roman citizen to be bound. The Porcian law forbade any to be beaten with rods. "Poreia lex virgas ab omnium civium Romanorum corpore amovit." And by the same law the liberty of a Roman citizen was never put in the power of the lictor. "Porcia lex libertatem civium lictori eripuit." See Cicero, Orat. pro Rabirio. Hence, as the same author observes, In Verrem, Orat. 5: "Facinus est vinciri civem Romanum, scelus verberari." It is a transgression of the law to bind a Roman citizen: it is wickedness to scourge him. And the illegality of the proceedings of these magistrates was farther evident in their condemning and punishing them unheard. This was a gross violation of a common maxim in the Roman law. Causa cognita, possunt multi absolvi; incognita, nemo condemnari potest. Cicero. "Many who are accused of evil may be absolved, when the cause is heard; but unheard, no man can be condemned." Every principle of the law of nature and the law of nations was violated in the treatment these holy men met with from the unprincipled magistrates of this city. Let them come themselves and fetch us out - The apostles were determined that the magistrates should be humbled for their illegal proceedings; and that the people at large might see that they had been unjustly condemned, and that the majesty of the Roman people was insulted by the treatment they had received.

Provenance. Rendered as a quoted commentary witness with explicit reference extraction from the source prose.

Canonical locus

Acts 16:37

Source lane

Apologetics Bible source bundle

Named authorities or texts detected in the witness

  • St
  • See Cicero
  • Orat
  • Rabirio
  • Hence
  • In Verrem
  • Romanum
  • Cicero

Exposition: Acts 16:37 emphasizes a key movement in the chapter's argument. In KJV form, the text reads: 'But Paul said unto them, They have beaten us openly uncondemned, being Romans, and have cast us into prison; and now do they thrust us out privily? nay verily; but let them come themselves and fetch us out.'. Read in canonical context, the verse supports the coherence of biblical revelation by linking doctrine, narrative, and covenantal meaning.

Apologetics Notes
  • Scientific Correlation: This verse is suitable for cumulative-case reasoning in apologetics: historical context, textual stability, and worldview coherence are evaluated together rather than in isolation.
  • Koine Greek Grammar: A close Koine Greek reading should attend lexical range, clause flow, and discourse function in context; these controls reduce over-reading and preserve authorial intent.
  • Historical Evidence: Historically, this verse is interpreted within the received canonical tradition, where manuscript continuity and early community usage support stable transmission and meaning.

Acts 16:38

Greek
⸀ἀπήγγειλαν δὲ τοῖς στρατηγοῖς οἱ ῥαβδοῦχοι τὰ ῥήματα ταῦτα· ⸂ἐφοβήθησαν δὲ⸃ ἀκούσαντες ὅτι Ῥωμαῖοί εἰσιν,

apeggeilan de tois strategois oi rabdoychoi ta remata tayta· ephobethesan de akoysantes oti Romaioi eisin,

KJV: And the serjeants told these words unto the magistrates: and they feared, when they heard that they were Romans.

AKJV: And the sergeants told these words to the magistrates: and they feared, when they heard that they were Romans.

ASV: And the serjeants reported these words unto the magistrates: and they feared when they heard that they were Romans;

YLT: And the rod-bearers told to the magistrates these sayings, and they were afraid, having heard that they are Romans,

Commentary WitnessActs 16:38
Quoted commentary witness

Commentary Witness

Acts 16:38

Quoted commentary witness

Verse 38 They feared when they heard - they were Romans - They feared, because the Roman law was so constituted that an insult offered to a citizen was deemed an insult to the whole Roman people. There is a remarkable addition here, both in the Greek and Latin of the Codex Bezae. It is as follows: "And when they were come with many of their friends to the prison, they besought them to go out, saying: We were ignorant of your circumstances, that ye were righteous men. And, leading them out, they besought them, saying, Depart from this city, lest they again make an insurrection against you, and clamor against you."

Provenance. Rendered as a quoted commentary witness with explicit reference extraction from the source prose.

Canonical locus

Acts 16:38

Source lane

Apologetics Bible source bundle

Named authorities or texts detected in the witness

  • Codex Bezae
  • And

Exposition: Acts 16:38 emphasizes a key movement in the chapter's argument. In KJV form, the text reads: 'And the serjeants told these words unto the magistrates: and they feared, when they heard that they were Romans.'. Read in canonical context, the verse supports the coherence of biblical revelation by linking doctrine, narrative, and covenantal meaning.

Apologetics Notes
  • Scientific Correlation: This verse is suitable for cumulative-case reasoning in apologetics: historical context, textual stability, and worldview coherence are evaluated together rather than in isolation.
  • Koine Greek Grammar: A close Koine Greek reading should attend lexical range, clause flow, and discourse function in context; these controls reduce over-reading and preserve authorial intent.
  • Historical Evidence: Historically, this verse is interpreted within the received canonical tradition, where manuscript continuity and early community usage support stable transmission and meaning.

Acts 16:39

Greek
καὶ ἐλθόντες παρεκάλεσαν αὐτούς, καὶ ἐξαγαγόντες ἠρώτων ⸂ἀπελθεῖν ἀπὸ⸃ τῆς πόλεως.

kai elthontes parekalesan aytoys, kai exagagontes eroton apelthein apo tes poleos.

KJV: And they came and besought them, and brought them out, and desired them to depart out of the city.

AKJV: And they came and sought them, and brought them out, and desired them to depart out of the city.

ASV: and they came and besought them; and when they had brought them out, they asked them to go away from the city.

YLT: and having come, they besought them, and having brought them forth, they were asking them to go forth from the city;

Commentary Witness (Generated)Acts 16:39
Generated editorial synthesis

Commentary Witness (Generated)

Acts 16:39

Generated editorial synthesis

Acts 16:39 advances the immediate literary flow of the chapter and should be interpreted in its canonical context, not as an isolated proof text. In the present translation it reads: 'And they came and besought them, and brought them out, and desired them to depart out of the city.'. A close Koine Greek reading supports attention to key lexical choices, clause movement, and redemptive-historical placement so doctrinal conclusions remain textually grounded.

Provenance. Rendered as an editorial synthesis tied to the canonical verse context and current chapter source.

Canonical locus

Acts 16:39

Source lane

Apologetics Bible source bundle

Biblical cross-references named in the witness

  • Acts 16:39

Exposition: Acts 16:39 emphasizes a key movement in the chapter's argument. In KJV form, the text reads: 'And they came and besought them, and brought them out, and desired them to depart out of the city.'. Read in canonical context, the verse supports the coherence of biblical revelation by linking doctrine, narrative, and covenantal meaning.

Apologetics Notes
  • Scientific Correlation: This verse is suitable for cumulative-case reasoning in apologetics: historical context, textual stability, and worldview coherence are evaluated together rather than in isolation.
  • Koine Greek Grammar: A close Koine Greek reading should attend lexical range, clause flow, and discourse function in context; these controls reduce over-reading and preserve authorial intent.
  • Historical Evidence: Historically, this verse is interpreted within the received canonical tradition, where manuscript continuity and early community usage support stable transmission and meaning.

Acts 16:40

Greek
ἐξελθόντες δὲ ⸀ἀπὸ τῆς φυλακῆς εἰσῆλθον πρὸς τὴν Λυδίαν, καὶ ἰδόντες ⸂παρεκάλεσαν τοὺς ἀδελφοὺς⸃ καὶ ἐξῆλθαν.

exelthontes de apo tes phylakes eiselthon pros ten Lydian, kai idontes parekalesan toys adelphoys kai exelthan.

KJV: And they went out of the prison, and entered into the house of Lydia: and when they had seen the brethren, they comforted them, and departed.

AKJV: And they went out of the prison, and entered into the house of Lydia: and when they had seen the brothers, they comforted them, and departed.

ASV: And they went out of the prison, and entered into the house of Lydia: and when they had seen the brethren, they comforted them, and departed.

YLT: and they, having gone forth out of the prison, entered into the house of Lydia, and having seen the brethren, they comforted them, and went forth.

Commentary WitnessActs 16:40
Quoted commentary witness

Commentary Witness

Acts 16:40

Quoted commentary witness

Verse 40 Entered into the house of Lydia - This was the place of their residence while at Philippi: see Act 16:15. They comforted them, and departed - The magistrates were sufficiently humbled, and the public at large, hearing of this circumstance, must be satisfied of the innocency of the apostles. They, therefore, after staying a reasonable time at the house of Lydia, and exhorting the brethren, departed; having as yet to go farther into Macedonia, and to preach the Gospel in the most polished city in the world, the city of Athens. See the succeeding chapter. Great and lasting good was done by this visit to Philippi: a Church was there founded, and the members of it did credit to their profession. To them the apostle, who had suffered so much for their sakes, was exceedingly dear; and they evidenced this by their contributions to his support in the times of his necessity. They sent him money twice to Thessalonica, Phi 4:16, and once to Corinth, 2Cor 11:9, and long afterwards, when he was prisoner in Rome, Phi 4:9, Phi 4:14, Phi 4:18. About five or six years after this, St. Paul visited Philippi on his way to Jerusalem, and he wrote his epistle to them about ten years after his first journey thither. The first members of the Church of Christ in this place were Lydia and her family; and the next in all probability were the jailor and his family. These doubtless became the instruments of bringing many more to the faith; for the false imprisonment and public acquittal of the apostles by the magistrates must have made their cause popular; and thus the means which were used to prevent the sowing of the seed of life in this city became the means by which it was sown and established. Thus the wrath of man praised God; and the remainder of it he did restrain. Never were these words more exactly fulfilled than on this occasion.

Provenance. Rendered as a quoted commentary witness with explicit reference extraction from the source prose.

Canonical locus

Acts 16:40

Source lane

Apologetics Bible source bundle

Biblical cross-references named in the witness

  • Act 16:15
  • 2Cor 11:9

Named authorities or texts detected in the witness

  • Philippi
  • They
  • Lydia
  • Macedonia
  • Athens
  • Thessalonica
  • Corinth
  • Rome
  • St
  • Jerusalem

Exposition: Acts 16:40 emphasizes a key movement in the chapter's argument. In KJV form, the text reads: 'And they went out of the prison, and entered into the house of Lydia: and when they had seen the brethren, they comforted them, and departed.'. Read in canonical context, the verse supports the coherence of biblical revelation by linking doctrine, narrative, and covenantal meaning.

Apologetics Notes
  • Scientific Correlation: This verse is suitable for cumulative-case reasoning in apologetics: historical context, textual stability, and worldview coherence are evaluated together rather than in isolation.
  • Koine Greek Grammar: A close Koine Greek reading should attend lexical range, clause flow, and discourse function in context; these controls reduce over-reading and preserve authorial intent.
  • Historical Evidence: Historically, this verse is interpreted within the received canonical tradition, where manuscript continuity and early community usage support stable transmission and meaning.

Citation trailOpen the commentary counts, references, and named sources.

Scholarly apparatus

Commentary citation index

This chapter now surfaces commentary as quoted witness material with an explicit citation trail. The index below gathers the canonical references and named authorities detected inside the commentary layer for faster academic review.

Direct commentary witnesses

37

Generated editorial witnesses

3

Source lane

Apologetics Bible source bundle

Canonical references surfaced in commentary

  • Act 16:1-3
  • Act 16:4
  • Act 16:5
  • Act 16:6-8
  • Act 16:9
  • Act 16:10
  • Act 16:11
  • Act 16:12
  • Act 16:13-16
  • Act 16:16-18
  • Act 16:19-24
  • Act 16:25
  • Act 16:26
  • Act 16:27-28
  • Act 16:29-34
  • Act 16:35
  • Act 16:36
  • Act 16:37-39
  • Act 16:40
  • 2Tim 1:5
  • Acts 16:1
  • 1Tim 4:12
  • Acts 16:2
  • Gal 2:3-5
  • Acts 16:3
  • Act 15:19
  • Acts 16:4
  • Acts 16:5
  • Acts 16:6
  • Acts 16:7
  • Acts 16:8
  • Acts 16:9
  • Act 16:7
  • Acts 16:10
  • Acts 16:11
  • Act 16:21
  • Acts 16:12
  • Acts 16:13
  • Acts 16:14
  • Acts 16:15
  • Acts 16:16
  • Acts 16:17
  • Acts 16:18
  • Acts 16:19
  • Acts 16:20
  • Acts 16:21
  • Acts 16:22
  • 2Cor 11:23
  • Acts 16:23
  • Acts 16:24
  • Acts 16:25
  • Acts 16:26
  • Acts 16:27
  • Acts 16:28
  • Acts 16:29
  • Acts 16:30
  • Acts 16:31
  • Acts 16:32
  • Acts 16:33
  • Acts 16:34
  • Acts 16:35
  • Acts 16:36
  • Acts 16:37
  • Acts 16:38
  • Acts 16:39
  • Act 16:15
  • 2Cor 11:9
  • Acts 16:40

Named authorities or texts surfaced in commentary

  • Pearce
  • Paul
  • Lystra
  • Timothy
  • Churches
  • Phrygia
  • Galatia
  • Mysia
  • Troas
  • Macedonia
  • Leaving Troas
  • Neapolis
  • Lydia
  • St
  • Silas
  • Roman
  • Timotheus
  • Eunice
  • Crete
  • Lois
  • Besides
  • Christ
  • Titus
  • Greek
  • Gentiles
  • Judaizing Christians
  • James
  • Antioch
  • Pisidia
  • Lycaonia
  • Pamphylia
  • Proconsular Asia
  • Ionia
  • Aeolia
  • Vulgate
  • Jesus
  • Bithynia
  • Syriac
  • Coptic
  • Ethiopic
  • Armenian
  • Itala
  • The Troad
  • Dardanus
  • Dardania
  • Tros
  • Troja
  • Troy
  • Ilus
  • Ilium
  • Bounarbachi
  • And
  • Gospel
  • Lord
  • Theophylact
  • Jerome
  • Aegean Sea
  • Thrace
  • Samothracia
  • Thracian Samos
  • Turks
  • Philippi
  • Edones
  • Macedon
  • Octavianus
  • Augustus
  • Mark Antony
  • Cassius
  • Nessus
  • Paulus Aemilius
  • Aemilius
  • Rome
  • Julius Caesar
  • Romans
  • Ray
  • Sabbath
  • Moses
  • The Jews
  • The Gentiles
  • Aaron
  • Savior
  • Apollyon
  • Her
  • Holy Spirit
  • Servius
  • Virgil
  • Imposuit
  • Aen
  • Athenienses
  • Romanos
  • Religiones
  • Cicero
  • De Legibus
  • Novos
  • Advenas
  • Adscitos
  • Vincent
  • However
  • Ovid
  • Philo
  • Therefore
  • Lord Jesus Christ
  • Personal Safety
  • Thus
  • Had Happened
  • See Cicero
  • Orat
  • Rabirio
  • Hence
  • In Verrem
  • Romanum
  • Codex Bezae
  • They
  • Athens
  • Thessalonica
  • Corinth
  • Jerusalem
Book directory Open the 66-book reader directory Use this when you need a specific book. The passage reader above stays first.
Book explorer

Choose a book and open the reader.

Each card opens chapter 1 for that canonical book. The directory is here for navigation, not as the first thing a visitor has to read.

Examples: Genesis, Psalms, Gospels, prophets, Romans, Revelation.

Old Testament Law

Genesis

Rendered chapters 1–50 are mapped to the public reader path for Genesis. Use this card to open chapter 1 and move directly into the study surface.

  • Coverage: 50 rendered chapters
  • Current public use: chapter reader path for Genesis

Open Genesis

Old Testament Law

Exodus

Rendered chapters 1–40 are mapped to the public reader path for Exodus. Use this card to open chapter 1 and move directly into the study surface.

  • Coverage: 40 rendered chapters
  • Current public use: chapter reader path for Exodus

Open Exodus

Old Testament Law

Leviticus

Rendered chapters 1–27 are mapped to the public reader path for Leviticus. Use this card to open chapter 1 and move directly into the study surface.

  • Coverage: 27 rendered chapters
  • Current public use: chapter reader path for Leviticus

Open Leviticus

Old Testament Law

Numbers

Rendered chapters 1–36 are mapped to the public reader path for Numbers. Use this card to open chapter 1 and move directly into the study surface.

  • Coverage: 36 rendered chapters
  • Current public use: chapter reader path for Numbers

Open Numbers

Old Testament Law

Deuteronomy

Rendered chapters 1–34 are mapped to the public reader path for Deuteronomy. Use this card to open chapter 1 and move directly into the study surface.

  • Coverage: 34 rendered chapters
  • Current public use: chapter reader path for Deuteronomy

Open Deuteronomy

Old Testament History

Joshua

Rendered chapters 1–24 are mapped to the public reader path for Joshua. Use this card to open chapter 1 and move directly into the study surface.

  • Coverage: 24 rendered chapters
  • Current public use: chapter reader path for Joshua

Open Joshua

Old Testament History

Judges

Rendered chapters 1–21 are mapped to the public reader path for Judges. Use this card to open chapter 1 and move directly into the study surface.

  • Coverage: 21 rendered chapters
  • Current public use: chapter reader path for Judges

Open Judges

Old Testament History

Ruth

Rendered chapters 1–4 are mapped to the public reader path for Ruth. Use this card to open chapter 1 and move directly into the study surface.

  • Coverage: 4 rendered chapters
  • Current public use: chapter reader path for Ruth

Open Ruth

Old Testament History

1 Samuel

Rendered chapters 1–31 are mapped to the public reader path for 1 Samuel. Use this card to open chapter 1 and move directly into the study surface.

  • Coverage: 31 rendered chapters
  • Current public use: chapter reader path for 1 Samuel

Open 1 Samuel

Old Testament History

2 Samuel

Rendered chapters 1–24 are mapped to the public reader path for 2 Samuel. Use this card to open chapter 1 and move directly into the study surface.

  • Coverage: 24 rendered chapters
  • Current public use: chapter reader path for 2 Samuel

Open 2 Samuel

Old Testament History

1 Kings

Rendered chapters 1–22 are mapped to the public reader path for 1 Kings. Use this card to open chapter 1 and move directly into the study surface.

  • Coverage: 22 rendered chapters
  • Current public use: chapter reader path for 1 Kings

Open 1 Kings

Old Testament History

2 Kings

Rendered chapters 1–25 are mapped to the public reader path for 2 Kings. Use this card to open chapter 1 and move directly into the study surface.

  • Coverage: 25 rendered chapters
  • Current public use: chapter reader path for 2 Kings

Open 2 Kings

Old Testament History

1 Chronicles

Rendered chapters 1–29 are mapped to the public reader path for 1 Chronicles. Use this card to open chapter 1 and move directly into the study surface.

  • Coverage: 29 rendered chapters
  • Current public use: chapter reader path for 1 Chronicles

Open 1 Chronicles

Old Testament History

2 Chronicles

Rendered chapters 1–36 are mapped to the public reader path for 2 Chronicles. Use this card to open chapter 1 and move directly into the study surface.

  • Coverage: 36 rendered chapters
  • Current public use: chapter reader path for 2 Chronicles

Open 2 Chronicles

Old Testament History

Ezra

Rendered chapters 1–10 are mapped to the public reader path for Ezra. Use this card to open chapter 1 and move directly into the study surface.

  • Coverage: 10 rendered chapters
  • Current public use: chapter reader path for Ezra

Open Ezra

Old Testament History

Nehemiah

Rendered chapters 1–13 are mapped to the public reader path for Nehemiah. Use this card to open chapter 1 and move directly into the study surface.

  • Coverage: 13 rendered chapters
  • Current public use: chapter reader path for Nehemiah

Open Nehemiah

Old Testament History

Esther

Rendered chapters 1–10 are mapped to the public reader path for Esther. Use this card to open chapter 1 and move directly into the study surface.

  • Coverage: 10 rendered chapters
  • Current public use: chapter reader path for Esther

Open Esther

Old Testament Wisdom

Job

Rendered chapters 1–42 are mapped to the public reader path for Job. Use this card to open chapter 1 and move directly into the study surface.

  • Coverage: 42 rendered chapters
  • Current public use: chapter reader path for Job

Open Job

Old Testament Wisdom

Psalms

Rendered chapters 1–150 are mapped to the public reader path for Psalms. Use this card to open chapter 1 and move directly into the study surface.

  • Coverage: 150 rendered chapters
  • Current public use: chapter reader path for Psalms

Open Psalms

Old Testament Wisdom

Proverbs

Rendered chapters 1–31 are mapped to the public reader path for Proverbs. Use this card to open chapter 1 and move directly into the study surface.

  • Coverage: 31 rendered chapters
  • Current public use: chapter reader path for Proverbs

Open Proverbs

Old Testament Wisdom

Ecclesiastes

Rendered chapters 1–12 are mapped to the public reader path for Ecclesiastes. Use this card to open chapter 1 and move directly into the study surface.

  • Coverage: 12 rendered chapters
  • Current public use: chapter reader path for Ecclesiastes

Open Ecclesiastes

Old Testament Wisdom

Song of Solomon

Rendered chapters 1–8 are mapped to the public reader path for Song of Solomon. Use this card to open chapter 1 and move directly into the study surface.

  • Coverage: 8 rendered chapters
  • Current public use: chapter reader path for Song of Solomon

Open Song of Solomon

Old Testament Prophets

Isaiah

Rendered chapters 1–66 are mapped to the public reader path for Isaiah. Use this card to open chapter 1 and move directly into the study surface.

  • Coverage: 66 rendered chapters
  • Current public use: chapter reader path for Isaiah

Open Isaiah

Old Testament Prophets

Jeremiah

Rendered chapters 1–52 are mapped to the public reader path for Jeremiah. Use this card to open chapter 1 and move directly into the study surface.

  • Coverage: 52 rendered chapters
  • Current public use: chapter reader path for Jeremiah

Open Jeremiah

Old Testament Prophets

Lamentations

Rendered chapters 1–5 are mapped to the public reader path for Lamentations. Use this card to open chapter 1 and move directly into the study surface.

  • Coverage: 5 rendered chapters
  • Current public use: chapter reader path for Lamentations

Open Lamentations

Old Testament Prophets

Ezekiel

Rendered chapters 1–48 are mapped to the public reader path for Ezekiel. Use this card to open chapter 1 and move directly into the study surface.

  • Coverage: 48 rendered chapters
  • Current public use: chapter reader path for Ezekiel

Open Ezekiel

Old Testament Prophets

Daniel

Rendered chapters 1–12 are mapped to the public reader path for Daniel. Use this card to open chapter 1 and move directly into the study surface.

  • Coverage: 12 rendered chapters
  • Current public use: chapter reader path for Daniel

Open Daniel

Old Testament Prophets

Hosea

Rendered chapters 1–14 are mapped to the public reader path for Hosea. Use this card to open chapter 1 and move directly into the study surface.

  • Coverage: 14 rendered chapters
  • Current public use: chapter reader path for Hosea

Open Hosea

Old Testament Prophets

Joel

Rendered chapters 1–3 are mapped to the public reader path for Joel. Use this card to open chapter 1 and move directly into the study surface.

  • Coverage: 3 rendered chapters
  • Current public use: chapter reader path for Joel

Open Joel

Old Testament Prophets

Amos

Rendered chapters 1–9 are mapped to the public reader path for Amos. Use this card to open chapter 1 and move directly into the study surface.

  • Coverage: 9 rendered chapters
  • Current public use: chapter reader path for Amos

Open Amos

Old Testament Prophets

Obadiah

Rendered chapter 1 are mapped to the public reader path for Obadiah. Use this card to open chapter 1 and move directly into the study surface.

  • Coverage: 1 rendered chapter
  • Current public use: chapter reader path for Obadiah

Open Obadiah

Old Testament Prophets

Jonah

Rendered chapters 1–4 are mapped to the public reader path for Jonah. Use this card to open chapter 1 and move directly into the study surface.

  • Coverage: 4 rendered chapters
  • Current public use: chapter reader path for Jonah

Open Jonah

Old Testament Prophets

Micah

Rendered chapters 1–7 are mapped to the public reader path for Micah. Use this card to open chapter 1 and move directly into the study surface.

  • Coverage: 7 rendered chapters
  • Current public use: chapter reader path for Micah

Open Micah

Old Testament Prophets

Nahum

Rendered chapters 1–3 are mapped to the public reader path for Nahum. Use this card to open chapter 1 and move directly into the study surface.

  • Coverage: 3 rendered chapters
  • Current public use: chapter reader path for Nahum

Open Nahum

Old Testament Prophets

Habakkuk

Rendered chapters 1–3 are mapped to the public reader path for Habakkuk. Use this card to open chapter 1 and move directly into the study surface.

  • Coverage: 3 rendered chapters
  • Current public use: chapter reader path for Habakkuk

Open Habakkuk

Old Testament Prophets

Zephaniah

Rendered chapters 1–3 are mapped to the public reader path for Zephaniah. Use this card to open chapter 1 and move directly into the study surface.

  • Coverage: 3 rendered chapters
  • Current public use: chapter reader path for Zephaniah

Open Zephaniah

Old Testament Prophets

Haggai

Rendered chapters 1–2 are mapped to the public reader path for Haggai. Use this card to open chapter 1 and move directly into the study surface.

  • Coverage: 2 rendered chapters
  • Current public use: chapter reader path for Haggai

Open Haggai

Old Testament Prophets

Zechariah

Rendered chapters 1–14 are mapped to the public reader path for Zechariah. Use this card to open chapter 1 and move directly into the study surface.

  • Coverage: 14 rendered chapters
  • Current public use: chapter reader path for Zechariah

Open Zechariah

Old Testament Prophets

Malachi

Rendered chapters 1–4 are mapped to the public reader path for Malachi. Use this card to open chapter 1 and move directly into the study surface.

  • Coverage: 4 rendered chapters
  • Current public use: chapter reader path for Malachi

Open Malachi

New Testament Gospels

Matthew

Rendered chapters 1–28 are mapped to the public reader path for Matthew. Use this card to open chapter 1 and move directly into the study surface.

  • Coverage: 28 rendered chapters
  • Current public use: chapter reader path for Matthew

Open Matthew

New Testament Gospels

Mark

Rendered chapters 1–16 are mapped to the public reader path for Mark. Use this card to open chapter 1 and move directly into the study surface.

  • Coverage: 16 rendered chapters
  • Current public use: chapter reader path for Mark

Open Mark

New Testament Gospels

Luke

Rendered chapters 1–24 are mapped to the public reader path for Luke. Use this card to open chapter 1 and move directly into the study surface.

  • Coverage: 24 rendered chapters
  • Current public use: chapter reader path for Luke

Open Luke

New Testament Gospels

John

Rendered chapters 1–21 are mapped to the public reader path for John. Use this card to open chapter 1 and move directly into the study surface.

  • Coverage: 21 rendered chapters
  • Current public use: chapter reader path for John

Open John

New Testament History

Acts

Rendered chapters 1–28 are mapped to the public reader path for Acts. Use this card to open chapter 1 and move directly into the study surface.

  • Coverage: 28 rendered chapters
  • Current public use: chapter reader path for Acts

Open Acts

New Testament Letters

Romans

Rendered chapters 1–16 are mapped to the public reader path for Romans. Use this card to open chapter 1 and move directly into the study surface.

  • Coverage: 16 rendered chapters
  • Current public use: chapter reader path for Romans

Open Romans

New Testament Letters

1 Corinthians

Rendered chapters 1–16 are mapped to the public reader path for 1 Corinthians. Use this card to open chapter 1 and move directly into the study surface.

  • Coverage: 16 rendered chapters
  • Current public use: chapter reader path for 1 Corinthians

Open 1 Corinthians

New Testament Letters

2 Corinthians

Rendered chapters 1–13 are mapped to the public reader path for 2 Corinthians. Use this card to open chapter 1 and move directly into the study surface.

  • Coverage: 13 rendered chapters
  • Current public use: chapter reader path for 2 Corinthians

Open 2 Corinthians

New Testament Letters

Galatians

Rendered chapters 1–6 are mapped to the public reader path for Galatians. Use this card to open chapter 1 and move directly into the study surface.

  • Coverage: 6 rendered chapters
  • Current public use: chapter reader path for Galatians

Open Galatians

New Testament Letters

Ephesians

Rendered chapters 1–6 are mapped to the public reader path for Ephesians. Use this card to open chapter 1 and move directly into the study surface.

  • Coverage: 6 rendered chapters
  • Current public use: chapter reader path for Ephesians

Open Ephesians

New Testament Letters

Philippians

Rendered chapters 1–4 are mapped to the public reader path for Philippians. Use this card to open chapter 1 and move directly into the study surface.

  • Coverage: 4 rendered chapters
  • Current public use: chapter reader path for Philippians

Open Philippians

New Testament Letters

Colossians

Rendered chapters 1–4 are mapped to the public reader path for Colossians. Use this card to open chapter 1 and move directly into the study surface.

  • Coverage: 4 rendered chapters
  • Current public use: chapter reader path for Colossians

Open Colossians

New Testament Letters

1 Thessalonians

Rendered chapters 1–5 are mapped to the public reader path for 1 Thessalonians. Use this card to open chapter 1 and move directly into the study surface.

  • Coverage: 5 rendered chapters
  • Current public use: chapter reader path for 1 Thessalonians

Open 1 Thessalonians

New Testament Letters

2 Thessalonians

Rendered chapters 1–3 are mapped to the public reader path for 2 Thessalonians. Use this card to open chapter 1 and move directly into the study surface.

  • Coverage: 3 rendered chapters
  • Current public use: chapter reader path for 2 Thessalonians

Open 2 Thessalonians

New Testament Letters

1 Timothy

Rendered chapters 1–6 are mapped to the public reader path for 1 Timothy. Use this card to open chapter 1 and move directly into the study surface.

  • Coverage: 6 rendered chapters
  • Current public use: chapter reader path for 1 Timothy

Open 1 Timothy

New Testament Letters

2 Timothy

Rendered chapters 1–4 are mapped to the public reader path for 2 Timothy. Use this card to open chapter 1 and move directly into the study surface.

  • Coverage: 4 rendered chapters
  • Current public use: chapter reader path for 2 Timothy

Open 2 Timothy

New Testament Letters

Titus

Rendered chapters 1–3 are mapped to the public reader path for Titus. Use this card to open chapter 1 and move directly into the study surface.

  • Coverage: 3 rendered chapters
  • Current public use: chapter reader path for Titus

Open Titus

New Testament Letters

Philemon

Rendered chapter 1 are mapped to the public reader path for Philemon. Use this card to open chapter 1 and move directly into the study surface.

  • Coverage: 1 rendered chapter
  • Current public use: chapter reader path for Philemon

Open Philemon

New Testament Letters

Hebrews

Rendered chapters 1–13 are mapped to the public reader path for Hebrews. Use this card to open chapter 1 and move directly into the study surface.

  • Coverage: 13 rendered chapters
  • Current public use: chapter reader path for Hebrews

Open Hebrews

New Testament Letters

James

Rendered chapters 1–5 are mapped to the public reader path for James. Use this card to open chapter 1 and move directly into the study surface.

  • Coverage: 5 rendered chapters
  • Current public use: chapter reader path for James

Open James

New Testament Letters

1 Peter

Rendered chapters 1–5 are mapped to the public reader path for 1 Peter. Use this card to open chapter 1 and move directly into the study surface.

  • Coverage: 5 rendered chapters
  • Current public use: chapter reader path for 1 Peter

Open 1 Peter

New Testament Letters

2 Peter

Rendered chapters 1–3 are mapped to the public reader path for 2 Peter. Use this card to open chapter 1 and move directly into the study surface.

  • Coverage: 3 rendered chapters
  • Current public use: chapter reader path for 2 Peter

Open 2 Peter

New Testament Letters

1 John

Rendered chapters 1–5 are mapped to the public reader path for 1 John. Use this card to open chapter 1 and move directly into the study surface.

  • Coverage: 5 rendered chapters
  • Current public use: chapter reader path for 1 John

Open 1 John

New Testament Letters

2 John

Rendered chapter 1 are mapped to the public reader path for 2 John. Use this card to open chapter 1 and move directly into the study surface.

  • Coverage: 1 rendered chapter
  • Current public use: chapter reader path for 2 John

Open 2 John

New Testament Letters

3 John

Rendered chapter 1 are mapped to the public reader path for 3 John. Use this card to open chapter 1 and move directly into the study surface.

  • Coverage: 1 rendered chapter
  • Current public use: chapter reader path for 3 John

Open 3 John

New Testament Letters

Jude

Rendered chapter 1 are mapped to the public reader path for Jude. Use this card to open chapter 1 and move directly into the study surface.

  • Coverage: 1 rendered chapter
  • Current public use: chapter reader path for Jude

Open Jude

New Testament Apocalypse

Revelation

Rendered chapters 1–22 are mapped to the public reader path for Revelation. Use this card to open chapter 1 and move directly into the study surface.

  • Coverage: 22 rendered chapters
  • Current public use: chapter reader path for Revelation

Open Revelation

What this explorer shows today

The public reader has book-by-book chapter entry points across the 66-book canon. Deeper corpus and provenance details stay on the supporting Bible Data shelves.

Return to Apologetics Bible Use Bible Insights Use Bible Data

Scroll to Top