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Published chapter Reader summary first Acts live Chapter 28 of 28 31 verse waypoints 31 commentary witnesses

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Acts 28 — Acts 28

Connected primary witness
  • Connected ID: Acts_28
  • Primary Witness Text: And when they were escaped, then they knew that the island was called Melita. And the barbarous people shewed us no little kindness: for they kindled a fire, and received us every one, because of the present rain, and because of the cold. And when Paul had gathered a bundle of sticks, and laid them on the fire, there came a viper out of the heat, and fastened on his hand. And when the barbarians saw the venomous beast hang on his hand, they said among themselves, No doubt this man is a murderer, whom, though he hath escaped the sea, yet vengeance suffereth not to live. And he shook off the beast into the fire, and felt no harm. Howbeit they looked when he should have swollen, or fallen down dead suddenly: but after they had looked a great while, and saw no harm come to him, they changed their minds, and said that he was a god. In the same quarters were possessions of the chief man of the island, whose name was Publius; who received us, and lodged us three days courteously. And it came to pass, that the father of Publius lay sick of a fever and of a bloody flux: to whom Paul entered in, and prayed, and laid his hands on him, and healed him. So when this was done, others also, which had diseases in the island, came, and were healed: Who also honoured us with many honours; and when we departed, they laded us with such things as were necessary. And after three months we departed in a ship of Alexandria, which had wintered in the isle, whose sign was Castor and Pollux. And landing...

Connected dataset overlay
  • Connected ID: Acts_28
  • Chapter Blob Preview: And when they were escaped, then they knew that the island was called Melita. And the barbarous people shewed us no little kindness: for they kindled a fire, and received us every one, because of the present rain, and because of the cold. And when Paul had gathered a bundle of sticks, and laid them on the fire, there came a viper out of the heat, and fastened on his hand. And w...

Chapter frameStart here before opening notes.

Chapter frame

Acts (c. AD 62) is the pivot-document of redemptive history: the Spirit-empowered proclamation of the risen Christ from Jerusalem to Rome. As the second volume of Luke's work, it provides the historical framework for all the NT epistles.

Luke's accuracy in Acts receives substantial archaeological confirmation via the work of William Ramsay, who set out to disprove Acts and was converted by its precision — titles, place names, sea routes, civic procedures — all matching 1st-century realia. Paul's missionary journeys are among the most historically verifiable movements in ancient biography.


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Verse-by-verse study lane

Acts 28:1

Greek
Καὶ διασωθέντες τότε ⸀ἐπέγνωμεν ὅτι ⸀Μελίτη ἡ νῆσος καλεῖται.

Kai diasothentes tote epegnomen oti Melite e nesos kaleitai.

KJV: And when they were escaped, then they knew that the island was called Melita.

AKJV: And when they were escaped, then they knew that the island was called Melita.

ASV: And when we were escaped, then we knew that the island was called Melita.

YLT: And having been saved, then they knew that the island is called Melita,

Commentary WitnessActs 28:1
Quoted commentary witness

Commentary Witness

Acts 28:1

Quoted commentary witness

St. Paul, and the rest of the crew, getting safely ashore, find that the island on which they were shipwrecked is called Melita, Act 28:1. They are received with great hospitality by the inhabitants, Act 28:2. A viper comes out of the bundle of sticks, laid on the fire, and seizes on Paul's hand, Act 28:3. The people, seeing this, suppose him to be a murderer, and thus pursued by Divine vengeance, Act 28:4. Having shook it off his hand, without receiving any damage, they change their minds, and suppose him to be a god, Act 28:5, Act 28:6. Publius, the governor of the island, receives them courteously, and Paul miraculously heals his father, who was ill of a fever, etc., Act 28:7, Act 28:8. He heals several others also, who honor them much, and give them presents, Act 28:9, Act 28:10. After three months' stay, they embark in a ship of Alexandria, land at Syracuse, stay there three days, sail thence, pass the straits of Rhegium, and land at Puteoli; find some Christians there, tarry seven days, and set forward for Rome, Act 28:11-14. They are met at Appii Forum by some Christians, and Paul is greatly encouraged, Act 28:15. They come to Rome, and Julius delivers his prisoners to the captain of the guard, who permits Paul to dwell by himself only attended by the soldier that kept him, Act 28:16. Paul calls the chief Jews together, and states his case to them, Act 28:17-20. They desire to hear him concerning the faith of Christ, Act 28:21, Act 28:22; and, having appointed unto him a day, he expounds to them the kingdom of Christ, Act 28:23. Some believe, and some disbelieve; and Paul informs them that, because of their unbelief and disobedience, the salvation of God is sent to the Gentiles, Act 28:24-29. Paul dwells two years in his own hired house, preaching the kingdom of God, Act 28:30, Act 28:31. Verse 1 They knew that the island was called Melita - There were two islands of this name: one in the Adriatic Gulf, or Gulf of Venice, on the coast of Illyricum, and near to Epidaurus; the other in the Mediterranean Sea, between Sicily and Africa, and now called Malta. It is about fifty miles from the coast of Sicily; twenty miles long, and twelve miles in its greatest breadth; and about sixty miles in circumference. It is one immense rock of white, soft freestone, with about one foot depth of earth on an average, and most of this has been brought from Sicily! It produces cotton, excellent fruits, and fine honey; from which it appears the island originally had its name; for μελι, meli, and in the genitive case, μελιτος, melitos, signifies honey. Others suppose that it derived its name from the Phoenicians, who established a colony in it, and made it a place of refuge, when they extended their traffic to the ocean, because it was furnished with excellent harbours: (on the E. and W. shores): hence, in their tongue, it would be called מליטה Meliteh, escape or refuge, from מלט malat, to escape. The Phaeacians were probably the first inhabitants of this island: they were expelled by the Phoenicians; the Phoenicians by the Greeks; the Greeks by the Carthaginians; the Carthaginians by the Romans, who possessed it in the time of the apostle; the Romans by the Goths; the Goths by the Saracens; the Saracens by the Sicilians, under Roger, earl of Sicily, in 1190. Charles V., emperor of Germany, took possession of it by his conquest of Naples and Sicily; and he gave it in 1525 to the knights of Rhodes, who are also called the knights of St. John of Jerusalem. In 1798, this island surrendered to the French, under Bonaparte, and in 1800, after a blockade of two years, the island being reduced by famine, surrendered to the British, under whose dominion it still remains (1814.) Every thing considered, there can be little doubt that this is the Melita at which St. Paul was wrecked, and not at that other island in the Adriatic, or Venitian Gulf, as high up northward as Illyricum. The following reasons make this greatly evident: 1. Tradition has unvaryingly asserted this as the place of the apostle's shipwreck. 2. The island in the Venitian Gulf, in favor of which Mr. Bryant so learnedly contends, is totally out of the track in which the euroclydon must have driven the vessel. 3. It is said, in Act 28:11, that another ship of Alexandria, bound, as we must suppose, for Italy, and very probably carrying wheat thither, as St. Paul's vessel did, (Act 27:38), had been driven out of its course of sailing, by stress of weather, up to the Illyricum Melita, and had been for that cause obliged to winter in the isle. Now this is a supposition which, as I think, is too much of a supposition to be made. 4. In St. Paul's voyage to Italy from Melita, on board the Alexandrian ship that had wintered there, he and his companions landed at Syracuse, Act 28:12, Act 28:13, and from thence went to Rhegium. But if it had been the Illyrican Melita, the proper course of the ship would have been, first to Rhegium, before it reached Syracuse, and needed not to have gone to Syracuse at all; whereas, in a voyage from the present Malta to Italy, it was necessary to reach Syracuse, in Sicily, before the ship could arrive at Rhegium in Italy. See the map; and see Bp. Pearce, from whom I have extracted the two last arguments. That Malta was possessed by the Phoenicians, before the Romans conquered it, Bochart has largely proved; and indeed the language to the present day, notwithstanding all the political vicissitudes through which the island has passed, bears sufficient evidence of its Punic origin. In the year 1761, near a place called Ben Ghisa, in this island, a sepulchral cave was discovered, in which was a square stone with an inscription in Punic or Phoenician characters, on which Sir Wm. Drummond has written a learned essay, (London, Valpy, 1810, 4to.), which he supposes marks the burial place, at least of the ashes, of the famous Carthaginian general, Hannibal. I shall give this inscription in Samaritan characters, as being the present form of the ancient Punic, with Sir Wm. Drummond's translation: - Chadar Beth olam kabar Chanibaal Nakeh becaleth haveh, rach - m daeh Amos beshuth Chanib - aal ben Bar-melec. "The inner chamber of the sanctuary of the sepulchre of Hannibal, Illustrious in the consummation of calamity. He was beloved; The people lament, when arrayed In order of battle, Hannibal the son of Bar-Melec." As this is a curious piece, and one of the largest remains of the Punic language now in existence, and as it helps to ascertain the ancient inhabitants of this island, I thought it not improper to insert it here. For the illustration of this and several other points of Punic antiquity, I must refer the curious reader to the essay itself.

Provenance. Rendered as a quoted commentary witness with explicit reference extraction from the source prose.

Canonical locus

Acts 28:1

Source lane

Apologetics Bible source bundle

Biblical cross-references named in the witness

  • Act 28:1
  • Act 28:2
  • Act 28:3
  • Act 28:4
  • Act 28:5
  • Act 28:6
  • Act 28:7
  • Act 28:8
  • Act 28:9
  • Act 28:10
  • Act 28:11-14
  • Act 28:15
  • Act 28:16
  • Act 28:17-20
  • Act 28:21
  • Act 28:22
  • Act 28:23
  • Act 28:24-29
  • Act 28:30
  • Act 28:31
  • Act 28:11
  • Act 27:38
  • Act 28:12
  • Act 28:13

Named authorities or texts detected in the witness

  • Pearce
  • Bochart
  • Ray
  • St
  • Paul
  • Melita
  • Publius
  • Alexandria
  • Syracuse
  • Rhegium
  • Puteoli
  • Rome
  • Christians
  • Christ
  • Gentiles
  • Adriatic Gulf
  • Venice
  • Illyricum
  • Epidaurus
  • Mediterranean Sea
  • Africa
  • Malta
  • Sicily
  • Phoenicians
  • Meliteh
  • Greeks
  • Carthaginians
  • Romans
  • Goths
  • Saracens
  • Sicilians
  • Roger
  • Germany
  • Rhodes
  • Jerusalem
  • French
  • Bonaparte
  • British
  • Adriatic
  • Venitian Gulf
  • Mr
  • Italy
  • Illyricum Melita
  • In St
  • Illyrican Melita
  • Bp
  • Ben Ghisa
  • Sir Wm
  • London
  • Valpy
  • Hannibal
  • Punic
  • Melec

Exposition: Acts 28:1 emphasizes a key movement in the chapter's argument. In KJV form, the text reads: 'And when they were escaped, then they knew that the island was called Melita.'. Read in canonical context, the verse supports the coherence of biblical revelation by linking doctrine, narrative, and covenantal meaning.

Apologetics Notes
  • Scientific Correlation: This verse is suitable for cumulative-case reasoning in apologetics: historical context, textual stability, and worldview coherence are evaluated together rather than in isolation.
  • Koine Greek Grammar: A close Koine Greek reading should attend lexical range, clause flow, and discourse function in context; these controls reduce over-reading and preserve authorial intent.
  • Historical Evidence: Historically, this verse is interpreted within the received canonical tradition, where manuscript continuity and early community usage support stable transmission and meaning.

Acts 28:2

Greek
οἵ ⸀τε βάρβαροι παρεῖχον οὐ τὴν τυχοῦσαν φιλανθρωπίαν ἡμῖν, ⸀ἅψαντες γὰρ πυρὰν προσελάβοντο πάντας ἡμᾶς διὰ τὸν ὑετὸν τὸν ἐφεστῶτα καὶ διὰ τὸ ψῦχος.

oi te barbaroi pareichon oy ten tychoysan philanthropian emin, apsantes gar pyran proselabonto pantas emas dia ton yeton ton ephestota kai dia to psychos.

KJV: And the barbarous people shewed us no little kindness: for they kindled a fire, and received us every one, because of the present rain, and because of the cold.

AKJV: And the barbarous people showed us no little kindness: for they kindled a fire, and received us every one, because of the present rain, and because of the cold.

ASV: And the barbarians showed us no common kindness: for they kindled a fire, and received us all, because of the present rain, and because of the cold.

YLT: and the foreigners were shewing us no ordinary kindness, for having kindled a fire, they received us all, because of the pressing rain, and because of the cold;

Commentary WitnessActs 28:2
Quoted commentary witness

Commentary Witness

Acts 28:2

Quoted commentary witness

Verse 2 The barbarous people - We have already seen that this island was peopled by the Phoenicians, or Carthaginians, as Bochart has proved, Phaleg. chap. xxvi.; and their ancient language was no doubt in use among them at that time, though mingled with some Greek and Latin terms; and this language must have been unintelligible to the Romans and the Greeks. With these, as well as with other nations, it was customary to call those βαρβαροι, barbarians, whose language they did not understand. St. Paul himself speaks after this manner in 1Cor 14:11 : If I know not the meaning of the voice, I shall be unto him that speaketh a Barbarian, and he that speaketh shall be a Barbarian unto me. Thus Herodotus also, lib. ii. 158, says, βαρβαρους παντας Αιγυπτιοι καλεουσι τους μη σφι ὁμογλωσσους· The Egyptians call all those Barbarians who have not the same language with themselves. And Ovid, when among the Getes, says, in Trist. ver. 10: - Barbarus hic ego sum, quia non Intelligor ulli. "Here I am a barbarian, for no person understands me." Various etymologies have been given of this word. I think that of Bp. Pearce the best. The Greeks who traded with the Phoenicians, formed this word from their observing that the Phoenicians were generally called by the name of their parent, with the word בר bar, prefixed to that name; as we find in the New Testament men called Bar-Jesus, Bar-Tholomeus, Bar-Jonas, Bar-Timeus, etc. Hence the Greeks called them βαρ-βαροι, meaning the men who are called Bar Bar, or have no other names than what begin with Bar. And because the Greeks did not understand the language of the Phoenicians, their first, and the Romans in imitation of them, gave the name of Barbarians to all such as talked in a language to which they were strangers." No other etymology need be attempted; this is its own proof; and the Bar-melec in the preceding epitaph is, at least, collateral evidence. The word barbarian is therefore no term of reproach in itself; and was not so used by ancient authors, however fashionable it may be to use it so now. Because of the present rain and - of the cold - This must have been sometime in October; and, when we consider the time of the year, the tempestuousness of the weather, and their escaping to shore on planks, spars, etc., wet of course to the skin, they must have been very cold, and have needed all the kindness that these well disposed people showed them. In some parts of Christianized Europe, the inhabitants would have attended on the beach, and knocked the survivors on the head, that they might convert the wreck to their own use! This barbarous people did not act in this way: they joined hands with God to make these sufferers live.

Provenance. Rendered as a quoted commentary witness with explicit reference extraction from the source prose.

Canonical locus

Acts 28:2

Source lane

Apologetics Bible source bundle

Biblical cross-references named in the witness

  • 1Cor 14:11

Named authorities or texts detected in the witness

  • Ovid
  • Pearce
  • Bochart
  • Jesus
  • Phoenicians
  • Carthaginians
  • Phaleg
  • Greeks
  • St
  • Barbarian
  • And Ovid
  • Getes
  • Trist
  • Bp
  • Tholomeus
  • Jonas
  • Timeus
  • Bar Bar
  • Bar
  • October
  • Christianized Europe

Exposition: Acts 28:2 emphasizes a key movement in the chapter's argument. In KJV form, the text reads: 'And the barbarous people shewed us no little kindness: for they kindled a fire, and received us every one, because of the present rain, and because of the cold.'. Read in canonical context, the verse supports the coherence of biblical revelation by linking doctrine, narrative, and covenantal meaning.

Apologetics Notes
  • Scientific Correlation: This verse is suitable for cumulative-case reasoning in apologetics: historical context, textual stability, and worldview coherence are evaluated together rather than in isolation.
  • Koine Greek Grammar: A close Koine Greek reading should attend lexical range, clause flow, and discourse function in context; these controls reduce over-reading and preserve authorial intent.
  • Historical Evidence: Historically, this verse is interpreted within the received canonical tradition, where manuscript continuity and early community usage support stable transmission and meaning.

Acts 28:3

Greek
συστρέψαντος δὲ τοῦ Παύλου φρυγάνων ⸀τι πλῆθος καὶ ἐπιθέντος ἐπὶ τὴν πυράν, ἔχιδνα ⸀ἀπὸ τῆς θέρμης ⸀ἐξελθοῦσα καθῆψε τῆς χειρὸς αὐτοῦ.

systrepsantos de toy Payloy phryganon ti plethos kai epithentos epi ten pyran, echidna apo tes thermes exelthoysa kathepse tes cheiros aytoy.

KJV: And when Paul had gathered a bundle of sticks, and laid them on the fire, there came a viper out of the heat, and fastened on his hand.

AKJV: And when Paul had gathered a bundle of sticks, and laid them on the fire, there came a viper out of the heat, and fastened on his hand.

ASV: But when Paul had gathered a bundle of sticks and laid them on the fire, a viper came out by reason of the heat, and fastened on his hand.

YLT: but Paul having gathered together a quantity of sticks, and having laid them upon the fire, a viper--out of the heat having come--did fasten on his hand.

Commentary WitnessActs 28:3
Quoted commentary witness

Commentary Witness

Acts 28:3

Quoted commentary witness

Verse 3 There came a viper out of the heat - We may naturally suppose that there had been fuel laid before on the fire, and that the viper was in this fuel, and that it had been revived by the heat; and, when St. Paul laid his bundle on the fire, the viper was then in a state to lay hold on his hand.

Provenance. Rendered as a quoted commentary witness with explicit reference extraction from the source prose.

Canonical locus

Acts 28:3

Source lane

Apologetics Bible source bundle

Named authorities or texts detected in the witness

  • St

Exposition: Acts 28:3 emphasizes a key movement in the chapter's argument. In KJV form, the text reads: 'And when Paul had gathered a bundle of sticks, and laid them on the fire, there came a viper out of the heat, and fastened on his hand.'. Read in canonical context, the verse supports the coherence of biblical revelation by linking doctrine, narrative, and covenantal meaning.

Apologetics Notes
  • Scientific Correlation: This verse is suitable for cumulative-case reasoning in apologetics: historical context, textual stability, and worldview coherence are evaluated together rather than in isolation.
  • Koine Greek Grammar: A close Koine Greek reading should attend lexical range, clause flow, and discourse function in context; these controls reduce over-reading and preserve authorial intent.
  • Historical Evidence: Historically, this verse is interpreted within the received canonical tradition, where manuscript continuity and early community usage support stable transmission and meaning.

Acts 28:4

Greek
ὡς δὲ εἶδον οἱ βάρβαροι κρεμάμενον τὸ θηρίον ἐκ τῆς χειρὸς αὐτοῦ, ⸂πρὸς ἀλλήλους ἔλεγον⸃· Πάντως φονεύς ἐστιν ὁ ἄνθρωπος οὗτος ὃν διασωθέντα ἐκ τῆς θαλάσσης ἡ δίκη ζῆν οὐκ εἴασεν.

os de eidon oi barbaroi kremamenon to therion ek tes cheiros aytoy, pros alleloys elegon· Pantos phoneys estin o anthropos oytos on diasothenta ek tes thalasses e dike zen oyk eiasen.

KJV: And when the barbarians saw the venomous beast hang on his hand, they said among themselves, No doubt this man is a murderer, whom, though he hath escaped the sea, yet vengeance suffereth not to live.

AKJV: And when the barbarians saw the venomous beast hang on his hand, they said among themselves, No doubt this man is a murderer, whom, though he has escaped the sea, yet vengeance suffers not to live.

ASV: And when the barbarians saw the venomous creature hanging from his hand, they said one to another, No doubt this man is a murderer, whom, though he hath escaped from the sea, yet Justice hath not suffered to live.

YLT: And when the foreigners saw the beast hanging from his hand, they said unto one another, `Certainly this man is a murderer, whom, having been saved out of the sea, the justice did not suffer to live;'

Commentary WitnessActs 28:4
Quoted commentary witness

Commentary Witness

Acts 28:4

Quoted commentary witness

Verse 4 The venomous beast - Το θηριον, The venomous animal; for θηρια is a general name among the Greek writers for serpents, vipers, scorpions, wasps, and such like creatures. Though the viper fastened on Paul's hand, it does not appear that it really bit him; but the Maltese supposed that it had, because they saw it fasten on his hand. Vengeance suffereth not to live - These heathens had a general knowledge of retributive justice; and they thought that the stinging of the serpent was a proof that Paul was a murderer. There is a passage in Bamidbar Rabba, fol. 239, that casts some light on this place. "Although the Sanhedrin is ceased, yet are not the four deaths ceased. For he that deserves stoning either falls from his house, or a wild beast tears and devours him. He that deserves burning either falls into the fire, or a serpent bites him. He that deserves cutting of with the sword is either betrayed into the power of a heathen kingdom, or the robbers break in upon him. He that deserves strangling is either suffocated in the water, or dies of a quinsy." See Lightfoot. As these people were heathens, it is not likely that they had any correct notion of the justice of the true God; and therefore it is most probable that they used the word δικη, not to express the quality or attribute of any being, but the goddess Dik, or vindictive Justice, herself, who is represented as punishing the iniquities of men. Hesiod makes a goddess of what the Maltese called Δικη, or Justice: - Η δε τε παρθενος εϚι ΔΙΚΗ, Διος εκγεγαυια, Κυδνη τ' αιδοιη τε θεοις, οἱ Ολυμπον εχουσιν· Και ρ' ὁποτ' αν τις μιν βλαπτῃ σκολιως ονοταζων. Αυτικα παρ Διΐ πατρι καθεζομενη Κρονιωνι Γηρυετ' ανθρωπων αδικον νοον· Hesiod. Opera, ver. 254. Justice, unspotted maid, derived from Jove, Renown'd and reverenced by the gods above: When mortals violate her sacred laws, When judges hear the bribe and not the cause, Close by her parent god, behold her stand, And urge the punishment their sins demand. Coke.

Provenance. Rendered as a quoted commentary witness with explicit reference extraction from the source prose.

Canonical locus

Acts 28:4

Source lane

Apologetics Bible source bundle

Named authorities or texts detected in the witness

  • Ray
  • Bamidbar Rabba
  • See Lightfoot
  • Dik
  • Justice
  • Hesiod
  • Opera
  • Jove
  • Coke

Exposition: Acts 28:4 emphasizes a key movement in the chapter's argument. In KJV form, the text reads: 'And when the barbarians saw the venomous beast hang on his hand, they said among themselves, No doubt this man is a murderer, whom, though he hath escaped the sea, yet vengeance suffereth not to live.'. Read in canonical context, the verse supports the coherence of biblical revelation by linking doctrine, narrative, and covenantal meaning.

Apologetics Notes
  • Scientific Correlation: This verse is suitable for cumulative-case reasoning in apologetics: historical context, textual stability, and worldview coherence are evaluated together rather than in isolation.
  • Koine Greek Grammar: A close Koine Greek reading should attend lexical range, clause flow, and discourse function in context; these controls reduce over-reading and preserve authorial intent.
  • Historical Evidence: Historically, this verse is interpreted within the received canonical tradition, where manuscript continuity and early community usage support stable transmission and meaning.

Acts 28:5

Greek
ὁ μὲν οὖν ἀποτινάξας τὸ θηρίον εἰς τὸ πῦρ ἔπαθεν οὐδὲν κακόν·

o men oyn apotinaxas to therion eis to pyr epathen oyden kakon·

KJV: And he shook off the beast into the fire, and felt no harm.

AKJV: And he shook off the beast into the fire, and felt no harm.

ASV: Howbeit he shook off the creature into the fire, and took no harm.

YLT: he then, indeed, having shaken off the beast into the fire, suffered no evil,

Commentary WitnessActs 28:5
Quoted commentary witness

Commentary Witness

Acts 28:5

Quoted commentary witness

Verse 5 Shook off the beast into the fire, and felt no harm - This is a presumptive evidence that the viper did not bite St. Paul: it fastened on his hand, but had no power to injure him.

Provenance. Rendered as a quoted commentary witness with explicit reference extraction from the source prose.

Canonical locus

Acts 28:5

Source lane

Apologetics Bible source bundle

Named authorities or texts detected in the witness

  • St
  • Paul

Exposition: Acts 28:5 emphasizes a key movement in the chapter's argument. In KJV form, the text reads: 'And he shook off the beast into the fire, and felt no harm.'. Read in canonical context, the verse supports the coherence of biblical revelation by linking doctrine, narrative, and covenantal meaning.

Apologetics Notes
  • Scientific Correlation: This verse is suitable for cumulative-case reasoning in apologetics: historical context, textual stability, and worldview coherence are evaluated together rather than in isolation.
  • Koine Greek Grammar: A close Koine Greek reading should attend lexical range, clause flow, and discourse function in context; these controls reduce over-reading and preserve authorial intent.
  • Historical Evidence: Historically, this verse is interpreted within the received canonical tradition, where manuscript continuity and early community usage support stable transmission and meaning.

Acts 28:6

Greek
οἱ δὲ προσεδόκων αὐτὸν μέλλειν πίμπρασθαι ἢ καταπίπτειν ἄφνω νεκρόν. ἐπὶ πολὺ δὲ αὐτῶν προσδοκώντων καὶ θεωρούντων μηδὲν ἄτοπον εἰς αὐτὸν γινόμενον, ⸀μεταβαλόμενοι ἔλεγον ⸂αὐτὸν εἶναι θεόν⸃.

oi de prosedokon ayton mellein pimprasthai e katapiptein aphno nekron. epi poly de ayton prosdokonton kai theoroynton meden atopon eis ayton ginomenon, metabalomenoi elegon ayton einai theon.

KJV: Howbeit they looked when he should have swollen, or fallen down dead suddenly: but after they had looked a great while, and saw no harm come to him, they changed their minds, and said that he was a god.

AKJV: However, they looked when he should have swollen, or fallen down dead suddenly: but after they had looked a great while, and saw no harm come to him, they changed their minds, and said that he was a god.

ASV: But they expected that he would have swollen, or fallen down dead suddenly: but when they were long in expectation and beheld nothing amiss come to him, they changed their minds, and said that he was a god.

YLT: and they were expecting him to be about to be inflamed, or to fall down suddenly dead, and they, expecting it a long time, and seeing nothing uncommon happening to him, changing their minds, said he was a god.

Commentary WitnessActs 28:6
Quoted commentary witness

Commentary Witness

Acts 28:6

Quoted commentary witness

Verse 6 When he should have swollen - Πιμπρασθαι, When he should have been inflamed: by means of an acrid poison introduced into the blood, it is soon coagulated; and, in consequence, the extremities of the vessels become obstructed, strong inflammation takes place, and all the parts become most painfully swollen. Lucan, ix. v. 791, gives a terrible account of this effect of the bite of a serpent: - - illi rubor igneus ora Succendit, tenditque cutem, pereunte figura Miscens cuncta tumor jam toto corpore major: Humanumque egressa modum super omnia membra Efflatur sanies late tollente veneno. Ipse latet penitus, congesto corpore mersus; Nec lorica tenet distenti corporis auctum. And straight a sudden flame began to spread, And paint his visage with a glowing red. With swift expansion swells the bloated skin, Nought but an undistinguished mass is seen; While the fair human form lies lost within, The puffy poison spreads and heaves around, Till all the man is in the monster drown'd. Rowe. See other ensamples, in the notes on Num 21:6 (note). Said that he was a god - As Hercules was one of the gods of the Phoenicians, and was worshipped in Malta under the epithet of Αλεξικακος, the dispeller of evil, they probably thought that Paul was Hercules; and the more so, because Hercules was famous for having destroyed, in his youth, two serpents that attacked him in his cradle.

Provenance. Rendered as a quoted commentary witness with explicit reference extraction from the source prose.

Canonical locus

Acts 28:6

Source lane

Apologetics Bible source bundle

Biblical cross-references named in the witness

  • Num 21:6

Named authorities or texts detected in the witness

  • Lucan
  • Succendit
  • Rowe
  • Phoenicians
  • Hercules

Exposition: Acts 28:6 emphasizes a key movement in the chapter's argument. In KJV form, the text reads: 'Howbeit they looked when he should have swollen, or fallen down dead suddenly: but after they had looked a great while, and saw no harm come to him, they changed their minds, and said that he was a god.'. Read in canonical context, the verse supports the coherence of biblical revelation by linking doctrine, narrative, and covenantal meaning.

Apologetics Notes
  • Scientific Correlation: This verse is suitable for cumulative-case reasoning in apologetics: historical context, textual stability, and worldview coherence are evaluated together rather than in isolation.
  • Koine Greek Grammar: A close Koine Greek reading should attend lexical range, clause flow, and discourse function in context; these controls reduce over-reading and preserve authorial intent.
  • Historical Evidence: Historically, this verse is interpreted within the received canonical tradition, where manuscript continuity and early community usage support stable transmission and meaning.

Acts 28:7

Greek
Ἐν δὲ τοῖς περὶ τὸν τόπον ἐκεῖνον ὑπῆρχεν χωρία τῷ πρώτῳ τῆς νήσου ὀνόματι Ποπλίῳ, ὃς ἀναδεξάμενος ἡμᾶς ⸂τρεῖς ἡμέρας⸃ φιλοφρόνως ἐξένισεν.

En de tois peri ton topon ekeinon yperchen choria to proto tes nesoy onomati Poplio, os anadexamenos emas treis emeras philophronos exenisen.

KJV: In the same quarters were possessions of the chief man of the island, whose name was Publius; who received us, and lodged us three days courteously.

AKJV: In the same quarters were possessions of the chief man of the island, whose name was Publius; who received us, and lodged us three days courteously.

ASV: Now in the neighborhood of that place were lands belonging to the chief man of the island, named Publius; who received us, and entertained us three days courteously.

YLT: And in the neighbourhood of that place were lands of the principal man of the island, by name Publius, who, having received us, three days did courteously lodge us ;

Commentary WitnessActs 28:7
Quoted commentary witness

Commentary Witness

Acts 28:7

Quoted commentary witness

Verse 7 The chief man of the island - The term πρωτος, Chief, used hereby St. Luke, was the ancient title of the governor of this island, as is evident from an inscription found in Malta, which runs thus: - Λ. Κ. υἱος, κυρ. ἱππευς. ῥωμ. πρωτος Μελιταιων· Lucius Caius, son of Quirinus, a Roman knight, Chief of the Melitese. See Bochart, Phaleg. and Chan. vol. i. chap. 498, etc., and Grotius. This title is another proof of the accuracy of St. Luke, who uses the very epithet by which the Roman governor of that island was distinguished.

Provenance. Rendered as a quoted commentary witness with explicit reference extraction from the source prose.

Canonical locus

Acts 28:7

Source lane

Apologetics Bible source bundle

Named authorities or texts detected in the witness

  • Bochart
  • Chief
  • St
  • Luke
  • Malta
  • Lucius Caius
  • Quirinus
  • Melitese
  • See Bochart
  • Phaleg
  • Chan
  • Grotius

Exposition: Acts 28:7 emphasizes a key movement in the chapter's argument. In KJV form, the text reads: 'In the same quarters were possessions of the chief man of the island, whose name was Publius; who received us, and lodged us three days courteously.'. Read in canonical context, the verse supports the coherence of biblical revelation by linking doctrine, narrative, and covenantal meaning.

Apologetics Notes
  • Scientific Correlation: This verse is suitable for cumulative-case reasoning in apologetics: historical context, textual stability, and worldview coherence are evaluated together rather than in isolation.
  • Koine Greek Grammar: A close Koine Greek reading should attend lexical range, clause flow, and discourse function in context; these controls reduce over-reading and preserve authorial intent.
  • Historical Evidence: Historically, this verse is interpreted within the received canonical tradition, where manuscript continuity and early community usage support stable transmission and meaning.

Acts 28:8

Greek
ἐγένετο δὲ τὸν πατέρα τοῦ Ποπλίου πυρετοῖς καὶ ⸀δυσεντερίῳ συνεχόμενον κατακεῖσθαι, πρὸς ὃν ὁ Παῦλος εἰσελθὼν καὶ προσευξάμενος ἐπιθεὶς τὰς χεῖρας αὐτῷ ἰάσατο αὐτόν.

egeneto de ton patera toy Poplioy pyretois kai dysenterio synechomenon katakeisthai, pros on o Paylos eiselthon kai proseyxamenos epitheis tas cheiras ayto iasato ayton.

KJV: And it came to pass, that the father of Publius lay sick of a fever and of a bloody flux: to whom Paul entered in, and prayed, and laid his hands on him, and healed him.

AKJV: And it came to pass, that the father of Publius lay sick of a fever and of a bloody flux: to whom Paul entered in, and prayed, and laid his hands on him, and healed him.

ASV: And it was so, that the father of Publius lay sick of fever and dysentery: unto whom Paul entered in, and prayed, and laying his hands on him healed him.

YLT: and it came to pass, the father of Publius with feverish heats and dysentery pressed, was laid, unto whom Paul having entered, and having prayed, having laid his hands on him, healed him;

Commentary WitnessActs 28:8
Quoted commentary witness

Commentary Witness

Acts 28:8

Quoted commentary witness

Verse 8 The father of Publius lay sick - Πυρετοις και δυσεντεριᾳ; Of a fever and dysentery; perhaps a cholera morbus. Paul - prayed - That God would exert his power; and laid his hands on him, as the means which God ordinarily used to convey the energy of the Holy Spirit, and healed him; God having conveyed the healing power by this means. In such a disorder as that mentioned here by St. Luke, where the bowels were in a state of inflammation, and a general fever aiding the dysentery in its work of death, nothing less than a miracle could have made an instantaneous cure in the patient. Such a cure was wrought, and even the heathens saw that it was the hand of God.

Provenance. Rendered as a quoted commentary witness with explicit reference extraction from the source prose.

Canonical locus

Acts 28:8

Source lane

Apologetics Bible source bundle

Named authorities or texts detected in the witness

  • Ray
  • Holy Spirit
  • St
  • Luke

Exposition: Acts 28:8 emphasizes a key movement in the chapter's argument. In KJV form, the text reads: 'And it came to pass, that the father of Publius lay sick of a fever and of a bloody flux: to whom Paul entered in, and prayed, and laid his hands on him, and healed him.'. Read in canonical context, the verse supports the coherence of biblical revelation by linking doctrine, narrative, and covenantal meaning.

Apologetics Notes
  • Scientific Correlation: This verse is suitable for cumulative-case reasoning in apologetics: historical context, textual stability, and worldview coherence are evaluated together rather than in isolation.
  • Koine Greek Grammar: A close Koine Greek reading should attend lexical range, clause flow, and discourse function in context; these controls reduce over-reading and preserve authorial intent.
  • Historical Evidence: Historically, this verse is interpreted within the received canonical tradition, where manuscript continuity and early community usage support stable transmission and meaning.

Acts 28:9

Greek
τούτου ⸀δὲ γενομένου καὶ οἱ λοιποὶ οἱ ⸂ἐν τῇ νήσῳ ἔχοντες ἀσθενείας⸃ προσήρχοντο καὶ ἐθεραπεύοντο,

toytoy de genomenoy kai oi loipoi oi en te neso echontes astheneias proserchonto kai etherapeyonto,

KJV: So when this was done, others also, which had diseases in the island, came, and were healed:

AKJV: So when this was done, others also, which had diseases in the island, came, and were healed:

ASV: And when this was done, the rest also that had diseases in the island came, and were cured:

YLT: this, therefore, being done, the others also in the island having infirmities were coming and were healed;

Commentary WitnessActs 28:9
Quoted commentary witness

Commentary Witness

Acts 28:9

Quoted commentary witness

Verse 9 Others - which had diseases - Luke was a physician; yet we do not find him engaging in these cures. As a medical man, he might have been of use to the father of Publius; but he is not even consulted on the occasion. Paul enters in to him, prays for him, lays his hands on him, and he is healed. The other diseased persons who are mentioned in this verse were doubtless healed in the same way.

Provenance. Rendered as a quoted commentary witness with explicit reference extraction from the source prose.

Canonical locus

Acts 28:9

Source lane

Apologetics Bible source bundle

Named authorities or texts detected in the witness

  • Ray
  • Publius

Exposition: Acts 28:9 emphasizes a key movement in the chapter's argument. In KJV form, the text reads: 'So when this was done, others also, which had diseases in the island, came, and were healed:'. Read in canonical context, the verse supports the coherence of biblical revelation by linking doctrine, narrative, and covenantal meaning.

Apologetics Notes
  • Scientific Correlation: This verse is suitable for cumulative-case reasoning in apologetics: historical context, textual stability, and worldview coherence are evaluated together rather than in isolation.
  • Koine Greek Grammar: A close Koine Greek reading should attend lexical range, clause flow, and discourse function in context; these controls reduce over-reading and preserve authorial intent.
  • Historical Evidence: Historically, this verse is interpreted within the received canonical tradition, where manuscript continuity and early community usage support stable transmission and meaning.

Acts 28:10

Greek
οἳ καὶ πολλαῖς τιμαῖς ἐτίμησαν ἡμᾶς καὶ ἀναγομένοις ἐπέθεντο τὰ πρὸς ⸂τὰς χρείας⸃.

oi kai pollais timais etimesan emas kai anagomenois epethento ta pros tas chreias.

KJV: Who also honoured us with many honours; and when we departed, they laded us with such things as were necessary.

AKJV: Who also honored us with many honors; and when we departed, they laded us with such things as were necessary.

ASV: who also honored us with many honors; and when we sailed, they put on board such things as we needed.

YLT: who also with many honours did honour us, and we setting sail--they were lading us with the things that were necessary.

Commentary WitnessActs 28:10
Quoted commentary witness

Commentary Witness

Acts 28:10

Quoted commentary witness

Verse 10 Honoured us with many honors - The word τιμη, as Bishop Pearce has remarked, is often used to signify a pecuniary recompense, or present. The Greek word seems to be thus used in 1Tim 5:17. Let the elders which rule well be accounted worthy of double Honor, τιμης, which St. Chrysostom, on the place, explains thus: την των αναγκαιων χορηγιαν· a supplying them with all necessary things. Diodorus Siculus, and Xenophon, used the word in the same way. In the sense of a pecuniary recompense, or price, paid for any thing, the word τιμη is met with in 1Cor 6:20; and 1Cor 7:23. And in the Septuagint, Num 22:17; compared with Num 22:18; Psa 8:5; and Psa 49:12; Pro 3:9. Bp. Pearce. Such things as were necessary - They had before given them many presents, and now they gave them a good sea stock; all that was necessary for their passage.

Provenance. Rendered as a quoted commentary witness with explicit reference extraction from the source prose.

Canonical locus

Acts 28:10

Source lane

Apologetics Bible source bundle

Biblical cross-references named in the witness

  • 1Tim 5:17
  • 1Cor 6:20
  • 1Cor 7:23
  • Num 22:17
  • Num 22:18

Named authorities or texts detected in the witness

  • Pearce
  • Septuagint
  • Honor
  • St
  • Chrysostom
  • Diodorus Siculus
  • Xenophon
  • Bp

Exposition: Acts 28:10 emphasizes a key movement in the chapter's argument. In KJV form, the text reads: 'Who also honoured us with many honours; and when we departed, they laded us with such things as were necessary.'. Read in canonical context, the verse supports the coherence of biblical revelation by linking doctrine, narrative, and covenantal meaning.

Apologetics Notes
  • Scientific Correlation: This verse is suitable for cumulative-case reasoning in apologetics: historical context, textual stability, and worldview coherence are evaluated together rather than in isolation.
  • Koine Greek Grammar: A close Koine Greek reading should attend lexical range, clause flow, and discourse function in context; these controls reduce over-reading and preserve authorial intent.
  • Historical Evidence: Historically, this verse is interpreted within the received canonical tradition, where manuscript continuity and early community usage support stable transmission and meaning.

Acts 28:11

Greek
Μετὰ δὲ τρεῖς μῆνας ⸀ἀνήχθημεν ἐν πλοίῳ παρακεχειμακότι ἐν τῇ νήσῳ Ἀλεξανδρίνῳ, παρασήμῳ Διοσκούροις.

Meta de treis menas anechthemen en ploio parakecheimakoti en te neso Alexandrino, parasemo Dioskoyrois.

KJV: And after three months we departed in a ship of Alexandria, which had wintered in the isle, whose sign was Castor and Pollux.

AKJV: And after three months we departed in a ship of Alexandria, which had wintered in the isle, whose sign was Castor and Pollux.

ASV: And after three months we set sail in a ship of Alexandria which had wintered in the island, whose sign was The Twin Brothers.

YLT: And after three months, we set sail in a ship (that had wintered in the isle) of Alexandria, with the sign Dioscuri,

Commentary WitnessActs 28:11
Quoted commentary witness

Commentary Witness

Acts 28:11

Quoted commentary witness

Verse 11 After three months - Supposing that they had reached Malta about the end of October, as we have already seen, then it appears that they left it about the end of January, or the beginning of February; and, though in the depth of winter, not the worst time for sailing, even in those seas, the wind being then generally more steady; and, on the whole, the passage more safe. Whose sign was Castor and Pollux - These were two fabulous semi-deities, reported to be the sons of Jupiter and Leda, who were afterwards translated to the heavens, and made the constellation called Gemini, or the Twins. This constellation was deemed propitious to mariners; and, as it was customary to have the images of their gods both on the head and stern of their ships, we may suppose that this Alexandrian ship had these on either her prow or stern, and that these gave name to the ship. We, who profess to be a Christian people, follow the same heathen custom: we have our ships called the Castor, the Jupiter, the Minerva, the Leda, (the mother of Castor and Pollux), with a multitude of other demon gods and goddesses; so that, were ancient Romans or Grecians to visit our navy, they would be led to suppose that, after the lapse of more than 2000 years, their old religion had continued unaltered! Virgil speaks of a vessel called the Tiger. Aeneid, x. ver. 166: - Massicus aerata princeps secat aequora Tigri. "Massicus, chief, cuts the waves in the brazen-beaked Tiger." Of another called the Chimera. Aen. v. ver. 118, 223: - Ingentemque Gyas ingenti mole Chimaeram. "Gyas the vast Chimera's bulk commands." And of another called the Centaur. Aen. v. ver. 122, 155, 157: - - Centauro invehitur magna. "Sergestus, in the great Centaur, took the leading place." Besides these names, they had their tutelary gods in the ship, from whom they expected succor; and sometimes they had their images on the stern; and when they got safely to the end of their voyage, they were accustomed to crown these images with garlands: thus Virgil, Geor. i. ver. 304: - Puppibus et laeti naute imposuere Coronas. "The joyous sailors place garlands on their sterns." Several ancient fables appear to have arisen out of the names of ships. Jupiter is fabled to have carried off Europa, across the sea, in the shape of a bull; and to have carried away Ganymede, in the shape of an eagle. That is, these persons were carried away, one in a ship called Taurus, or Bull; and the other in one denominated Aquila, the Eagle. Why not Taurus, as well as Tigris? and why not Aquila, as well as Chimera? - which names did belong to ships, as we find from the above quotations.

Provenance. Rendered as a quoted commentary witness with explicit reference extraction from the source prose.

Canonical locus

Acts 28:11

Source lane

Apologetics Bible source bundle

Named authorities or texts detected in the witness

  • October
  • January
  • February
  • Leda
  • Gemini
  • Twins
  • We
  • Castor
  • Jupiter
  • Minerva
  • Tiger
  • Aeneid
  • Tigri
  • Massicus
  • Chimera
  • Aen
  • Chimaeram
  • Centaur
  • Sergestus
  • Virgil
  • Geor
  • Coronas
  • Europa
  • Ganymede
  • Taurus
  • Bull
  • Aquila
  • Eagle

Exposition: Acts 28:11 emphasizes a key movement in the chapter's argument. In KJV form, the text reads: 'And after three months we departed in a ship of Alexandria, which had wintered in the isle, whose sign was Castor and Pollux.'. Read in canonical context, the verse supports the coherence of biblical revelation by linking doctrine, narrative, and covenantal meaning.

Apologetics Notes
  • Scientific Correlation: This verse is suitable for cumulative-case reasoning in apologetics: historical context, textual stability, and worldview coherence are evaluated together rather than in isolation.
  • Koine Greek Grammar: A close Koine Greek reading should attend lexical range, clause flow, and discourse function in context; these controls reduce over-reading and preserve authorial intent.
  • Historical Evidence: Historically, this verse is interpreted within the received canonical tradition, where manuscript continuity and early community usage support stable transmission and meaning.

Acts 28:12

Greek
καὶ καταχθέντες εἰς Συρακούσας ἐπεμείναμεν ἡμέρας τρεῖς,

kai katachthentes eis Syrakoysas epemeinamen emeras treis,

KJV: And landing at Syracuse, we tarried there three days.

AKJV: And landing at Syracuse, we tarried there three days.

ASV: And touching at Syracuse, we tarried there three days.

YLT: and having landed at Syracuse, we remained three days,

Commentary WitnessActs 28:12
Quoted commentary witness

Commentary Witness

Acts 28:12

Quoted commentary witness

Verse 12 Landing at Syracuse - In order to go to Rome from Malta, their readiest course was to keep pretty close to the eastern coast of Sicily, in order to pass through the straits of Rhegium and get into the Tyrrhenian Sea. Syracuse is one of the most famous cities of antiquity: it is the capital of the island of Sicily, and was built about 730 years before the Christian era. It lies 72 miles S. by E. of Messina, and about 112 of Palermo. Long. 15. 30'. W., lat. 37. 17'. N. In its ancient state, it was about 22 English miles in circumference; and was highly celebrated for the martial spirit of its inhabitants. This was the birthplace of the illustrious Archimedes; who, when the city was besieged by the Romans, under Marcellus, about 212 years before Christ, defended the place with his powerful engines against all the valor and power of the assailants. He beat their galleys to pieces by huge stones projected from his machines; and by hooks, chains, and levers, from the walls, weighed the ships out of the water, and, whirling them round, dashed them in pieces against each other, or sunk them to the bottom: several also, he is said to have destroyed by his burning glasses. When the city was taken by treachery, Archimedes was found intensely engaged in the demonstration of a problem. A Roman soldier coming up, and presenting his dagger to his throat, he cried, "Stop, soldier, or thou wilt spoil my diagram!" The brute was unmoved, and murdered him on the spot. This city was almost totally destroyed by an earthquake in 1693: its present population amounts to but about 18,000. Christianity, in some form or other, has existed here ever since St. Paul spent the three days in it, mentioned in the text.

Provenance. Rendered as a quoted commentary witness with explicit reference extraction from the source prose.

Canonical locus

Acts 28:12

Source lane

Apologetics Bible source bundle

Named authorities or texts detected in the witness

  • Malta
  • Sicily
  • Tyrrhenian Sea
  • Messina
  • Palermo
  • Long
  • Archimedes
  • Romans
  • Marcellus
  • Christ
  • Stop
  • Christianity
  • St

Exposition: Acts 28:12 emphasizes a key movement in the chapter's argument. In KJV form, the text reads: 'And landing at Syracuse, we tarried there three days.'. Read in canonical context, the verse supports the coherence of biblical revelation by linking doctrine, narrative, and covenantal meaning.

Apologetics Notes
  • Scientific Correlation: This verse is suitable for cumulative-case reasoning in apologetics: historical context, textual stability, and worldview coherence are evaluated together rather than in isolation.
  • Koine Greek Grammar: A close Koine Greek reading should attend lexical range, clause flow, and discourse function in context; these controls reduce over-reading and preserve authorial intent.
  • Historical Evidence: Historically, this verse is interpreted within the received canonical tradition, where manuscript continuity and early community usage support stable transmission and meaning.

Acts 28:13

Greek
ὅθεν ⸀περιελόντες κατηντήσαμεν εἰς Ῥήγιον. καὶ μετὰ μίαν ἡμέραν ἐπιγενομένου νότου δευτεραῖοι ἤλθομεν εἰς Ποτιόλους,

othen perielontes katentesamen eis Region. kai meta mian emeran epigenomenoy notoy deyteraioi elthomen eis Potioloys,

KJV: And from thence we fetched a compass, and came to Rhegium: and after one day the south wind blew, and we came the next day to Puteoli:

AKJV: And from there we fetched a compass, and came to Rhegium: and after one day the south wind blew, and we came the next day to Puteoli:

ASV: And from thence we made a circuit, and arrived at Rhegium: and after one day a south wind sprang up, and on the second day we came to Puteoli;

YLT: thence having gone round, we came to Rhegium, and after one day, a south wind having sprung up, the second day we came to Puteoli;

Commentary WitnessActs 28:13
Quoted commentary witness

Commentary Witness

Acts 28:13

Quoted commentary witness

Verse 13 We fetched a compass - Ὁθεν περιελθοντες, Whence we coasted about. This will appear evident, when the coast of Sicily is viewed on any correct map, of a tolerably large scale. Rhegium - A city and promontory in Calabria, in Italy, opposite to Sicily. It is now called Reggio. It had its name, Ῥηγιον, Rhegium, from the Greek Ῥηγνυμι, to break off; because it appears to have been broken off from Sicily. The south wind blew - This was the fairest wind they could have from Syracuse, to reach the straits of Rhegium. The next day to Puteoli - This place, now commonly called Pozzuoli, is an ancient town of Naples in the Terra di Lavoro; and is supposed to have been founded by the Samians, about 470 years before Christ. Within this city are several warm baths, very highly celebrated; and from these, and its springs in general, it seems to have had its ancient name Puteoli, from Putei, wells or pits; though some derive it from putor, a stench, or bad smell, because of the sulphureous exhalations from its warm waters. Varro gives both these etymologies, lib. iv. de Ling. Lat. cap. 5. It is famous for its temple of Jupiter Serapis, which is built, not according to the Grecian or Roman manner, but according to the Asiatic. Near this place are the remains of Cicero's villa, which are of great extent. The town contains, at present, about 10,000 inhabitants. Long. 14. 40'. E., lat. 41. 50'. N.

Provenance. Rendered as a quoted commentary witness with explicit reference extraction from the source prose.

Canonical locus

Acts 28:13

Source lane

Apologetics Bible source bundle

Named authorities or texts detected in the witness

  • Calabria
  • Italy
  • Sicily
  • Reggio
  • Rhegium
  • Syracuse
  • Pozzuoli
  • Lavoro
  • Samians
  • Christ
  • Puteoli
  • Putei
  • Ling
  • Lat
  • Jupiter Serapis
  • Asiatic
  • Long

Exposition: Acts 28:13 emphasizes a key movement in the chapter's argument. In KJV form, the text reads: 'And from thence we fetched a compass, and came to Rhegium: and after one day the south wind blew, and we came the next day to Puteoli:'. Read in canonical context, the verse supports the coherence of biblical revelation by linking doctrine, narrative, and covenantal meaning.

Apologetics Notes
  • Scientific Correlation: This verse is suitable for cumulative-case reasoning in apologetics: historical context, textual stability, and worldview coherence are evaluated together rather than in isolation.
  • Koine Greek Grammar: A close Koine Greek reading should attend lexical range, clause flow, and discourse function in context; these controls reduce over-reading and preserve authorial intent.
  • Historical Evidence: Historically, this verse is interpreted within the received canonical tradition, where manuscript continuity and early community usage support stable transmission and meaning.

Acts 28:14

Greek
οὗ εὑρόντες ἀδελφοὺς παρεκλήθημεν ⸀παρʼ αὐτοῖς ἐπιμεῖναι ἡμέρας ἑπτά· καὶ οὕτως εἰς τὴν Ῥώμην ἤλθαμεν.

oy eyrontes adelphoys pareklethemen par aytois epimeinai emeras epta· kai oytos eis ten Romen elthamen.

KJV: Where we found brethren, and were desired to tarry with them seven days: and so we went toward Rome.

AKJV: Where we found brothers, and were desired to tarry with them seven days: and so we went toward Rome.

ASV: where we found brethren, and were entreated to tarry with them seven days: and so we came to Rome.

YLT: where, having found brethren, we were called upon to remain with them seven days, and thus to Rome we came;

Commentary WitnessActs 28:14
Quoted commentary witness

Commentary Witness

Acts 28:14

Quoted commentary witness

Verse 14 Where we found brethren - That is, Christians; for there had been many in Italy converted to the faith of Christ, some considerable time before this, as appears from St. Paul's epistle to the Romans, written some years before this voyage. We went toward Rome - One of the most celebrated cities in the universe, the capital of Italy, and once of the whole world; situated on the river Tiber, 410 miles SSE. of Vienna; 600 SE. of Paris; 730 E. by N. of Madrid; 760 W. of Constantinople; and 780 SE. of London. Long. 12. 55'. E., lat. 41. 54'. N. This famous city was founded by Romulus, at the end of the seventh Olympiad, a.m. 3251; of the flood, 1595; and 753 years before the Christian era. The history of this city must be sought for in works written expressly on the subject, of which there are many. Modern Rome is greatly inferior to ancient Rome in every respect. Its population, taken in 1709, amounted to 138,569 souls only; among whom were 40 bishops, 2686 priests, 3359 monks, 1814 nuns, 893 courtezans, between 8 and 9000 Jews, and 14 Moors. This city, which once tyrannized over the world by its arms, and over the whole Christian world by its popes, is now reduced to a very low state among the governments of Europe, by whom it is supported, for it has no power sufficient for its own defense.

Provenance. Rendered as a quoted commentary witness with explicit reference extraction from the source prose.

Canonical locus

Acts 28:14

Source lane

Apologetics Bible source bundle

Named authorities or texts detected in the witness

  • Christians
  • Christ
  • St
  • Romans
  • Italy
  • Tiber
  • Vienna
  • Paris
  • Madrid
  • Constantinople
  • London
  • Long
  • Romulus
  • Olympiad
  • Jews
  • Moors
  • Europe

Exposition: Acts 28:14 emphasizes a key movement in the chapter's argument. In KJV form, the text reads: 'Where we found brethren, and were desired to tarry with them seven days: and so we went toward Rome.'. Read in canonical context, the verse supports the coherence of biblical revelation by linking doctrine, narrative, and covenantal meaning.

Apologetics Notes
  • Scientific Correlation: This verse is suitable for cumulative-case reasoning in apologetics: historical context, textual stability, and worldview coherence are evaluated together rather than in isolation.
  • Koine Greek Grammar: A close Koine Greek reading should attend lexical range, clause flow, and discourse function in context; these controls reduce over-reading and preserve authorial intent.
  • Historical Evidence: Historically, this verse is interpreted within the received canonical tradition, where manuscript continuity and early community usage support stable transmission and meaning.

Acts 28:15

Greek
κἀκεῖθεν οἱ ἀδελφοὶ ἀκούσαντες τὰ περὶ ἡμῶν ⸀ἦλθαν εἰς ἀπάντησιν ἡμῖν ἄχρι Ἀππίου Φόρου καὶ Τριῶν Ταβερνῶν, οὓς ἰδὼν ὁ Παῦλος εὐχαριστήσας τῷ θεῷ ἔλαβε θάρσος.

kakeithen oi adelphoi akoysantes ta peri emon elthan eis apantesin emin achri Appioy Phoroy kai Trion Tabernon, oys idon o Paylos eycharistesas to theo elabe tharsos.

KJV: And from thence, when the brethren heard of us, they came to meet us as far as Appii forum, and The three taverns: whom when Paul saw, he thanked God, and took courage.

AKJV: And from there, when the brothers heard of us, they came to meet us as far as Appii forum, and The three taverns: whom when Paul saw, he thanked God, and took courage.

ASV: And from thence the brethren, when they heard of us, came to meet us as far as The Market of Appius and The Three Taverns; whom when Paul saw, he thanked God, and took courage.

YLT: and thence, the brethren having heard the things concerning us, came forth to meet us, unto Appii Forum, and Three Taverns--whom Paul having seen, having given thanks to God, took courage.

Commentary WitnessActs 28:15
Quoted commentary witness

Commentary Witness

Acts 28:15

Quoted commentary witness

Verse 15 When the brethren heard of us - By whom the Gospel was planted at Rome is not known: it does not appear that any apostle was employed in this work. It was probably carried thither by some of those who were converted to God at the day of pentecost; for there were then at Jerusalem, not only devout men, proselytes to the Jewish religion, from every nation under heaven, Act 2:5, but there were strangers of Rome also, Act 2:10. And it in most reasonable to believe, as we know of no other origin, that it was by these Christianity was planted at Rome. As far as Appii Forum - About 52 miles from Rome; a long way to come on purpose to meet the apostle! The Appii Forum, or Market of Appius, was a town on the Appian way, a road paved from Rome to Campania, by the consul Appius Claudius. It was near the sea, and was a famous resort for sailors, peddlers, etc. Horace, lib. i. Satyr. 5, ver. 3, mentions this place on his journey from Rome to Brundusium: - - Inde Forum Appi Differtum nautis, cauponibus atgue malignis. "To Forum Appii thence we steer, a place Stuff'd with rank boatmen, and with vintners base." This town is now called Caesarilla de S. Maria. And the Three Taverns - This was another place on the same road, and about 33 miles from Rome. Some of the Roman Christians had come as far as Appii Forum: others, to the Three Taverns. Bp. Pearce remarks, there are some ruins in that place which are now called Tre Taverne; and this place Cicero mentions in his epistles to Atticus, lib. ii. 11. Ab Appi Foro hora quarta: dederam aliam paulo ante in Tribus Tabernis. "Dated at ten in the morning, from Appii Forum. I sent off another (epistle) a little before, from the Three Taverns." Zosimus, lib. 2, mentions τρια καπηλεια, the three taverns, or victualling houses, where the Emperor Severus was strangled by the treason of Maximinus Herculeus, and his son Maxentius. See Lightfoot. The word taberna, from trabs, a beam, signifies any building formed of timber; such as those we call booths, sheds, etc., which are formed of beams, planks, boards, and the like; and therefore me may consider it as implying, either a temporary residence, or some mean building, such as a cottage, etc. And in this sense Horace evidently uses it, Carm. lib. i. Od. iv. ver. 13: - Pallida mors aequo pulsat pede pauperum tabernas Regumque turres. "With equal pace, impartial Fate Knocks at the palace as the cottage gate." Francis. This place, at first, was probably a place for booths or sheds, three of which were remarkable; other houses became associated with them in process of time, and the whole place denominated Tres Tabernae, from the three first remarkable booths set up there. It appears to have been a large town in the fourth century, as Optatus mentions Felix a Tribus Tabernis, Felix of the Three Taverns, as one of the Christian bishops. Thanked God, and took courage - He had longed to see Rome; (see Rom 1:9-15); and, finding himself brought through so many calamities, and now so near the place that he was met by a part of that Church to which, some years before, he had written an epistle, he gave thanks to God, who had preserved him, and took fresh courage, in the prospect of bearing there a testimony for his Lord and Master.

Provenance. Rendered as a quoted commentary witness with explicit reference extraction from the source prose.

Canonical locus

Acts 28:15

Source lane

Apologetics Bible source bundle

Biblical cross-references named in the witness

  • Act 2:5
  • Act 2:10
  • Rom 1:9-15

Named authorities or texts detected in the witness

  • Pearce
  • Jerusalem
  • Rome
  • The Appii Forum
  • Appius
  • Campania
  • Appius Claudius
  • Horace
  • Satyr
  • Brundusium
  • Maria
  • Appii Forum
  • Three Taverns
  • Bp
  • Tre Taverne
  • Atticus
  • Tribus Tabernis
  • Zosimus
  • Maximinus Herculeus
  • Maxentius
  • See Lightfoot
  • Carm
  • Od
  • Francis
  • Tres Tabernae
  • Thanked God
  • Master

Exposition: Acts 28:15 emphasizes a key movement in the chapter's argument. In KJV form, the text reads: 'And from thence, when the brethren heard of us, they came to meet us as far as Appii forum, and The three taverns: whom when Paul saw, he thanked God, and took courage.'. Read in canonical context, the verse supports the coherence of biblical revelation by linking doctrine, narrative, and covenantal meaning.

Apologetics Notes
  • Scientific Correlation: This verse is suitable for cumulative-case reasoning in apologetics: historical context, textual stability, and worldview coherence are evaluated together rather than in isolation.
  • Koine Greek Grammar: A close Koine Greek reading should attend lexical range, clause flow, and discourse function in context; these controls reduce over-reading and preserve authorial intent.
  • Historical Evidence: Historically, this verse is interpreted within the received canonical tradition, where manuscript continuity and early community usage support stable transmission and meaning.

Acts 28:16

Greek
Ὅτε δὲ ⸀εἰσήλθομεν εἰς Ῥώμην, ⸂ἐπετράπη τῷ Παύλῳ⸃ μένειν καθʼ ἑαυτὸν σὺν τῷ φυλάσσοντι αὐτὸν στρατιώτῃ.

Ote de eiselthomen eis Romen, epetrape to Paylo menein kath eayton syn to phylassonti ayton stratiote.

KJV: And when we came to Rome, the centurion delivered the prisoners to the captain of the guard: but Paul was suffered to dwell by himself with a soldier that kept him.

AKJV: And when we came to Rome, the centurion delivered the prisoners to the captain of the guard: but Paul was suffered to dwell by himself with a soldier that kept him.

ASV: And when we entered into Rome, Paul was suffered to abide by himself with the soldier that guarded him.

YLT: And when we came to Rome, the centurion delivered up the prisoners to the captain of the barrack, but Paul was suffered to remain by himself, with the soldier guarding him.

Commentary WitnessActs 28:16
Quoted commentary witness

Commentary Witness

Acts 28:16

Quoted commentary witness

Verse 16 The captain of the guard - Στρατοπεδαρχῃ. This word properly means the commander of a camp; but it signifies the prefect, or commander of the pretorian cohorts, or emperor's guards. Tacitus (Annal. lib. iv. cap. 2) informs us that, in the reign of Tiberius, Sejanus, who was then prefect of these troops, did, in order to accomplish his ambitious designs, cause them to be assembled from their quarters in the city, and stationed in a fortified camp near it; so that their commander is with peculiar propriety styled by St. Luke στρατοπεδαρχης, the commander of the camp. For the arrival of St. Paul at Rome was in the seventh year of Nero; and it is certain, from Suetonius, (in Tiber. cap. 37), that the custom of keeping the pretorian soldiers in a camp, near the city, was retained by the emperors succeeding Tiberius; for the historian observes that Claudius, at his accession to the empire, was received into the camp, in castra delatus est, namely, of the pretorian cohorts; and so Tacitus says of Nero, An. lib. xii. cap. 69, that on the same occasions illatus castris, he was brought into the camp. Dr. Doddridge observes that it was customary for prisoners who were brought to Rome to be delivered to this officer, who had the charge of the state prisoners, as appears from the instance of Agrippa, who was taken into custody by Macro, the pretorian prefect, who succeeded Sejanus; (Joseph. Ant. lib. xviii. cap. 7. sec. 6); and from Trajan's order to Pliny, when two were in commission, Plin. lib. x. ep. 65. Vinctus mitti ad praefectos praetorii mei debet: he should be sent bound to the prefects of my guards. The person who now had that office was the noted Afranius Burrhus; but both before and after him it was held by two: Tacit. An. lib. xii. sec. 42; lib. xiv. sec. 51. See Parkhurst. Burrhus was a principal instrument in raising Nero to the throne; and had considerable influence in repressing many of the vicious inclinations of that bad prince. With many others, he was put to death by the inhuman Nero. Burrhus is praised by the historians for moderation and love of justice. His treatment of St. Paul is no mean proof of this. Calmet. With a soldier that kept him - That is, the soldier to whom he was chained, as has been related before, Act 12:6.

Provenance. Rendered as a quoted commentary witness with explicit reference extraction from the source prose.

Canonical locus

Acts 28:16

Source lane

Apologetics Bible source bundle

Biblical cross-references named in the witness

  • Act 12:6

Named authorities or texts detected in the witness

  • Annal
  • Tiberius
  • Sejanus
  • St
  • Nero
  • Suetonius
  • Tiber
  • Claudius
  • An
  • Dr
  • Agrippa
  • Macro
  • Joseph
  • Ant
  • Pliny
  • Plin
  • Afranius Burrhus
  • Tacit
  • See Parkhurst
  • Calmet

Exposition: Acts 28:16 emphasizes a key movement in the chapter's argument. In KJV form, the text reads: 'And when we came to Rome, the centurion delivered the prisoners to the captain of the guard: but Paul was suffered to dwell by himself with a soldier that kept him.'. Read in canonical context, the verse supports the coherence of biblical revelation by linking doctrine, narrative, and covenantal meaning.

Apologetics Notes
  • Scientific Correlation: This verse is suitable for cumulative-case reasoning in apologetics: historical context, textual stability, and worldview coherence are evaluated together rather than in isolation.
  • Koine Greek Grammar: A close Koine Greek reading should attend lexical range, clause flow, and discourse function in context; these controls reduce over-reading and preserve authorial intent.
  • Historical Evidence: Historically, this verse is interpreted within the received canonical tradition, where manuscript continuity and early community usage support stable transmission and meaning.

Acts 28:17

Greek
Ἐγένετο δὲ μετὰ ἡμέρας τρεῖς συγκαλέσασθαι ⸀αὐτὸν τοὺς ὄντας τῶν Ἰουδαίων πρώτους· συνελθόντων δὲ αὐτῶν ἔλεγεν πρὸς αὐτούς· ⸂Ἐγώ, ἄνδρες ἀδελφοί⸃, οὐδὲν ἐναντίον ποιήσας τῷ λαῷ ἢ τοῖς ἔθεσι τοῖς πατρῴοις δέσμιος ἐξ Ἱεροσολύμων παρεδόθην εἰς τὰς χεῖρας τῶν Ῥωμαίων,

Egeneto de meta emeras treis sygkalesasthai ayton toys ontas ton Ioydaion protoys· synelthonton de ayton elegen pros aytoys· Ego, andres adelphoi, oyden enantion poiesas to lao e tois ethesi tois patroois desmios ex Ierosolymon paredothen eis tas cheiras ton Romaion,

KJV: And it came to pass, that after three days Paul called the chief of the Jews together: and when they were come together, he said unto them, Men and brethren, though I have committed nothing against the people, or customs of our fathers, yet was I delivered prisoner from Jerusalem into the hands of the Romans.

AKJV: And it came to pass, that after three days Paul called the chief of the Jews together: and when they were come together, he said to them, Men and brothers, though I have committed nothing against the people, or customs of our fathers, yet was I delivered prisoner from Jerusalem into the hands of the Romans.

ASV: And it came to pass, that after three days he called together those that were the chief of the Jews: and when they were come together, he said unto them, I, brethren, though I had done nothing against the people, or the customs of our fathers, yet was delivered prisoner from Jerusalem into the hands of the Romans:

YLT: And it came to pass after three days, Paul called together those who are the principal men of the Jews, and they having come together, he said unto them: `Men, brethren, I--having done nothing contrary to the people, or to the customs of the fathers--a prisoner from Jerusalem, was delivered up to the hands of the Romans;

Commentary WitnessActs 28:17
Quoted commentary witness

Commentary Witness

Acts 28:17

Quoted commentary witness

Verse 17 Paul called the chief of the Jews together - We have already seen, in Act 18:2, that Claudius had commanded all Jews to depart from Rome; see the note there: but it seems they were permitted to return very soon; and, from this verse, it appears that there were then chiefs, probably of synagogues, dwelling at Rome. I have committed nothing - Lest they should have heard and received malicious reports against him, he thought it best to state his own case.

Provenance. Rendered as a quoted commentary witness with explicit reference extraction from the source prose.

Canonical locus

Acts 28:17

Source lane

Apologetics Bible source bundle

Biblical cross-references named in the witness

  • Act 18:2

Named authorities or texts detected in the witness

  • Rome

Exposition: Acts 28:17 emphasizes a key movement in the chapter's argument. In KJV form, the text reads: 'And it came to pass, that after three days Paul called the chief of the Jews together: and when they were come together, he said unto them, Men and brethren, though I have committed nothing against the people, or cust...'. Read in canonical context, the verse supports the coherence of biblical revelation by linking doctrine, narrative, and covenantal meaning.

Apologetics Notes
  • Scientific Correlation: This verse is suitable for cumulative-case reasoning in apologetics: historical context, textual stability, and worldview coherence are evaluated together rather than in isolation.
  • Koine Greek Grammar: A close Koine Greek reading should attend lexical range, clause flow, and discourse function in context; these controls reduce over-reading and preserve authorial intent.
  • Historical Evidence: Historically, this verse is interpreted within the received canonical tradition, where manuscript continuity and early community usage support stable transmission and meaning.

Acts 28:18

Greek
οἵτινες ἀνακρίναντές με ἐβούλοντο ἀπολῦσαι διὰ τὸ μηδεμίαν αἰτίαν θανάτου ὑπάρχειν ἐν ἐμοί·

oitines anakrinantes me eboylonto apolysai dia to medemian aitian thanatoy yparchein en emoi·

KJV: Who, when they had examined me, would have let me go, because there was no cause of death in me.

AKJV: Who, when they had examined me, would have let me go, because there was no cause of death in me.

ASV: who, when they had examined me, desired to set me at liberty, because there was no cause of death in me.

YLT: who, having examined me, were wishing to release me , because of their being no cause of death in me,

Commentary Witness (Generated)Acts 28:18
Generated editorial synthesis

Commentary Witness (Generated)

Acts 28:18

Generated editorial synthesis

Acts 28:18 advances the immediate literary flow of the chapter and should be interpreted in its canonical context, not as an isolated proof text. In the present translation it reads: 'Who, when they had examined me, would have let me go, because there was no cause of death in me.'. A close Koine Greek reading supports attention to key lexical choices, clause movement, and redemptive-historical placement so doctrinal conclusions remain textually grounded.

Provenance. Rendered as an editorial synthesis tied to the canonical verse context and current chapter source.

Canonical locus

Acts 28:18

Source lane

Apologetics Bible source bundle

Biblical cross-references named in the witness

  • Acts 28:18

Named authorities or texts detected in the witness

  • Who

Exposition: Acts 28:18 emphasizes a key movement in the chapter's argument. In KJV form, the text reads: 'Who, when they had examined me, would have let me go, because there was no cause of death in me.'. Read in canonical context, the verse supports the coherence of biblical revelation by linking doctrine, narrative, and covenantal meaning.

Apologetics Notes
  • Scientific Correlation: This verse is suitable for cumulative-case reasoning in apologetics: historical context, textual stability, and worldview coherence are evaluated together rather than in isolation.
  • Koine Greek Grammar: A close Koine Greek reading should attend lexical range, clause flow, and discourse function in context; these controls reduce over-reading and preserve authorial intent.
  • Historical Evidence: Historically, this verse is interpreted within the received canonical tradition, where manuscript continuity and early community usage support stable transmission and meaning.

Acts 28:19

Greek
ἀντιλεγόντων δὲ τῶν Ἰουδαίων ἠναγκάσθην ἐπικαλέσασθαι Καίσαρα, οὐχ ὡς τοῦ ἔθνους μου ἔχων τι ⸀κατηγορεῖν.

antilegonton de ton Ioydaion enagkasthen epikalesasthai Kaisara, oych os toy ethnoys moy echon ti kategorein.

KJV: But when the Jews spake against it, I was constrained to appeal unto Cesar; not that I had ought to accuse my nation of.

AKJV: But when the Jews spoke against it, I was constrained to appeal to Caesar; not that I had something to accuse my nation of.

ASV: But when the Jews spake against it, I was constrained to appeal unto Cæsar; not that I had aught whereof to accuse my nation.

YLT: and the Jews having spoken against it , I was constrained to appeal unto Caesar--not as having anything to accuse my nation of;

Commentary Witness (Generated)Acts 28:19
Generated editorial synthesis

Commentary Witness (Generated)

Acts 28:19

Generated editorial synthesis

Acts 28:19 advances the immediate literary flow of the chapter and should be interpreted in its canonical context, not as an isolated proof text. In the present translation it reads: 'But when the Jews spake against it, I was constrained to appeal unto Cesar; not that I had ought to accuse my nation of.'. A close Koine Greek reading supports attention to key lexical choices, clause movement, and redemptive-historical placement so doctrinal conclusions remain textually grounded.

Provenance. Rendered as an editorial synthesis tied to the canonical verse context and current chapter source.

Canonical locus

Acts 28:19

Source lane

Apologetics Bible source bundle

Biblical cross-references named in the witness

  • Acts 28:19

Named authorities or texts detected in the witness

  • Cesar

Exposition: Acts 28:19 emphasizes a key movement in the chapter's argument. In KJV form, the text reads: 'But when the Jews spake against it, I was constrained to appeal unto Cesar; not that I had ought to accuse my nation of.'. Read in canonical context, the verse supports the coherence of biblical revelation by linking doctrine, narrative, and covenantal meaning.

Apologetics Notes
  • Scientific Correlation: This verse is suitable for cumulative-case reasoning in apologetics: historical context, textual stability, and worldview coherence are evaluated together rather than in isolation.
  • Koine Greek Grammar: A close Koine Greek reading should attend lexical range, clause flow, and discourse function in context; these controls reduce over-reading and preserve authorial intent.
  • Historical Evidence: Historically, this verse is interpreted within the received canonical tradition, where manuscript continuity and early community usage support stable transmission and meaning.

Acts 28:20

Greek
διὰ ταύτην οὖν τὴν αἰτίαν παρεκάλεσα ὑμᾶς ἰδεῖν καὶ προσλαλῆσαι, ἕνεκεν γὰρ τῆς ἐλπίδος τοῦ Ἰσραὴλ τὴν ἅλυσιν ταύτην περίκειμαι.

dia tayten oyn ten aitian parekalesa ymas idein kai proslalesai, eneken gar tes elpidos toy Israel ten alysin tayten perikeimai.

KJV: For this cause therefore have I called for you, to see you, and to speak with you: because that for the hope of Israel I am bound with this chain.

AKJV: For this cause therefore have I called for you, to see you, and to speak with you: because that for the hope of Israel I am bound with this chain.

ASV: For this cause therefore did I entreat you to see and to speak with me: for because of the hope of Israel I am bound with this chain.

YLT: for this cause, therefore, I called for you to see and to speak with you , for because of the hope of Israel with this chain I am bound.'

Commentary WitnessActs 28:20
Quoted commentary witness

Commentary Witness

Acts 28:20

Quoted commentary witness

Verse 20 For the hope of Israel I am bound, etc. - As if he had said: This, and this alone, is the cause of my being delivered into the hands of the Romans; I have proclaimed Jesus as the Messiah; have maintained that though he was crucified by the Jews, yet he rose again from the dead; and, through him, I have preached the general resurrection of mankind: this all Israel professes to hope for; and yet it is on this account that the Jews persecute me. Both the Messiah and the resurrection might be said to be the hope of Israel; and it is hard to tell which of them is here meant: see Act 13:6; Act 24:15, Act 24:21; Act 26:6. It is certain that, although the Jews believed in the general resurrection, yet they did not credit it in the manner in which Paul preached it; for he laid the foundation of the general resurrection on the resurrection of Christ.

Provenance. Rendered as a quoted commentary witness with explicit reference extraction from the source prose.

Canonical locus

Acts 28:20

Source lane

Apologetics Bible source bundle

Biblical cross-references named in the witness

  • Act 13:6
  • Act 24:15
  • Act 24:21
  • Act 26:6

Named authorities or texts detected in the witness

  • Jesus
  • This
  • Romans
  • Messiah
  • Jews
  • Israel
  • Christ

Exposition: Acts 28:20 emphasizes a key movement in the chapter's argument. In KJV form, the text reads: 'For this cause therefore have I called for you, to see you, and to speak with you: because that for the hope of Israel I am bound with this chain.'. Read in canonical context, the verse supports the coherence of biblical revelation by linking doctrine, narrative, and covenantal meaning.

Apologetics Notes
  • Scientific Correlation: This verse is suitable for cumulative-case reasoning in apologetics: historical context, textual stability, and worldview coherence are evaluated together rather than in isolation.
  • Koine Greek Grammar: A close Koine Greek reading should attend lexical range, clause flow, and discourse function in context; these controls reduce over-reading and preserve authorial intent.
  • Historical Evidence: Historically, this verse is interpreted within the received canonical tradition, where manuscript continuity and early community usage support stable transmission and meaning.

Acts 28:21

Greek
οἱ δὲ πρὸς αὐτὸν εἶπαν· Ἡμεῖς οὔτε γράμματα περὶ σοῦ ἐδεξάμεθα ἀπὸ τῆς Ἰουδαίας, οὔτε παραγενόμενός τις τῶν ἀδελφῶν ἀπήγγειλεν ἢ ἐλάλησέν τι περὶ σοῦ πονηρόν.

oi de pros ayton eipan· Emeis oyte grammata peri soy edexametha apo tes Ioydaias, oyte paragenomenos tis ton adelphon apeggeilen e elalesen ti peri soy poneron.

KJV: And they said unto him, We neither received letters out of Judea concerning thee, neither any of the brethren that came shewed or spake any harm of thee.

AKJV: And they said to him, We neither received letters out of Judaea concerning you, neither any of the brothers that came showed or spoke any harm of you.

ASV: And they said unto him, We neither received letters from Judæa concerning thee, nor did any of the brethren come hither and report or speak any harm of thee.

YLT: And they said unto him, `We did neither receive letters concerning thee from Judea, nor did any one who came of the brethren declare or speak any evil concerning thee,

Commentary WitnessActs 28:21
Quoted commentary witness

Commentary Witness

Acts 28:21

Quoted commentary witness

Verse 21 We neither received letters, etc. - This is very strange, and shows us that the Jews knew their cause to be hopeless, and therefore did not send it forward to Rome. They wished for an opportunity to kill Paul: and, when they were frustrated by his appeal to the emperor, they permitted the business to drop. Calmet supposes they had not time to send; but this supposition does not appear to be sufficiently solid: they might have sent long before Paul sailed; and they might have written officially by the vessel in which the centurion and the prisoners were embarked. But their case was hopeless; and they could not augur any good to themselves from making a formal complaint against the apostle at the emperor's throne.

Provenance. Rendered as a quoted commentary witness with explicit reference extraction from the source prose.

Canonical locus

Acts 28:21

Source lane

Apologetics Bible source bundle

Named authorities or texts detected in the witness

  • Rome
  • Paul

Exposition: Acts 28:21 emphasizes a key movement in the chapter's argument. In KJV form, the text reads: 'And they said unto him, We neither received letters out of Judea concerning thee, neither any of the brethren that came shewed or spake any harm of thee.'. Read in canonical context, the verse supports the coherence of biblical revelation by linking doctrine, narrative, and covenantal meaning.

Apologetics Notes
  • Scientific Correlation: This verse is suitable for cumulative-case reasoning in apologetics: historical context, textual stability, and worldview coherence are evaluated together rather than in isolation.
  • Koine Greek Grammar: A close Koine Greek reading should attend lexical range, clause flow, and discourse function in context; these controls reduce over-reading and preserve authorial intent.
  • Historical Evidence: Historically, this verse is interpreted within the received canonical tradition, where manuscript continuity and early community usage support stable transmission and meaning.

Acts 28:22

Greek
ἀξιοῦμεν δὲ παρὰ σοῦ ἀκοῦσαι ἃ φρονεῖς, περὶ μὲν γὰρ τῆς αἱρέσεως ταύτης γνωστὸν ⸂ἡμῖν ἐστιν⸃ ὅτι πανταχοῦ ἀντιλέγεται.

axioymen de para soy akoysai a phroneis, peri men gar tes aireseos taytes gnoston emin estin oti pantachoy antilegetai.

KJV: But we desire to hear of thee what thou thinkest: for as concerning this sect, we know that every where it is spoken against.

AKJV: But we desire to hear of you what you think: for as concerning this sect, we know that every where it is spoken against.

ASV: But we desire to hear of thee what thou thinkest: for as concerning this sect, it is known to us that everywhere it is spoken against.

YLT: and we think it good from thee to hear what thou dost think, for, indeed, concerning this sect it is known to us that everywhere it is spoken against;'

Commentary WitnessActs 28:22
Quoted commentary witness

Commentary Witness

Acts 28:22

Quoted commentary witness

Verse 22 For as concerning this sect - See the note on Act 24:14. A saying of Justin Martyr casts some light on this saying of the Jews: he asserts that the Jews not only cursed them in their synagogues, but they sent out chosen men from Jerusalem, to acquaint the world, and particularly the Jews everywhere, that the Christians were an atheistical and wicked sect, which should be detested and abhorred by all mankind. Justin Martyr, Dial. p. 234.

Provenance. Rendered as a quoted commentary witness with explicit reference extraction from the source prose.

Canonical locus

Acts 28:22

Source lane

Apologetics Bible source bundle

Biblical cross-references named in the witness

  • Act 24:14

Named authorities or texts detected in the witness

  • Jews
  • Jerusalem
  • Justin Martyr
  • Dial

Exposition: Acts 28:22 emphasizes a key movement in the chapter's argument. In KJV form, the text reads: 'But we desire to hear of thee what thou thinkest: for as concerning this sect, we know that every where it is spoken against.'. Read in canonical context, the verse supports the coherence of biblical revelation by linking doctrine, narrative, and covenantal meaning.

Apologetics Notes
  • Scientific Correlation: This verse is suitable for cumulative-case reasoning in apologetics: historical context, textual stability, and worldview coherence are evaluated together rather than in isolation.
  • Koine Greek Grammar: A close Koine Greek reading should attend lexical range, clause flow, and discourse function in context; these controls reduce over-reading and preserve authorial intent.
  • Historical Evidence: Historically, this verse is interpreted within the received canonical tradition, where manuscript continuity and early community usage support stable transmission and meaning.

Acts 28:23

Greek
Ταξάμενοι δὲ αὐτῷ ἡμέραν ⸀ἧκον πρὸς αὐτὸν εἰς τὴν ξενίαν πλείονες, οἷς ἐξετίθετο διαμαρτυρόμενος τὴν βασιλείαν τοῦ θεοῦ πείθων τε ⸀αὐτοὺς περὶ τοῦ Ἰησοῦ ἀπό τε τοῦ νόμου Μωϋσέως καὶ τῶν προφητῶν ἀπὸ πρωῒ ἕως ἑσπέρας.

Taxamenoi de ayto emeran ekon pros ayton eis ten xenian pleiones, ois exetitheto diamartyromenos ten basileian toy theoy peithon te aytoys peri toy Iesoy apo te toy nomoy Moyseos kai ton propheton apo proi eos esperas.

KJV: And when they had appointed him a day, there came many to him into his lodging; to whom he expounded and testified the kingdom of God, persuading them concerning Jesus, both out of the law of Moses, and out of the prophets, from morning till evening.

AKJV: And when they had appointed him a day, there came many to him into his lodging; to whom he expounded and testified the kingdom of God, persuading them concerning Jesus, both out of the law of Moses, and out of the prophets, from morning till evening.

ASV: And when they had appointed him a day, they came to him into his lodging in great number; to whom he expounded the matter, testifying the kingdom of God, and persuading them concerning Jesus, both from the law of Moses and from the prophets, from morning till evening.

YLT: and having appointed him a day, they came, more of them unto him, to the lodging, to whom he was expounding, testifying fully the reign of God, persuading them also of the things concerning Jesus, both from the law of Moses, and the prophets, from morning till evening,

Commentary WitnessActs 28:23
Quoted commentary witness

Commentary Witness

Acts 28:23

Quoted commentary witness

Verse 23 To whom he expounded - the kingdom of God - To whom he showed that the reign of the Messiah was to be a spiritual reign; and that Jesus, whom the Jewish rulers had lately crucified, was the true Messiah, who should rule in this spiritual kingdom. These two points were probably those on which he expatiated from morning to evening, proving both out of the law and out of the prophets. How easily Jesus, as the Messiah, and his spiritual kingdom, might be proved from the law of Moses, any person may be satisfied, by consulting the notes written on those books. As to the prophets, their predictions are so clear, and their prophecies so obviously fulfilled in the person, preaching, miracles, passion, and death of Jesus Christ, that it is utterly impossible, with any show of reason, to apply them to any other.

Provenance. Rendered as a quoted commentary witness with explicit reference extraction from the source prose.

Canonical locus

Acts 28:23

Source lane

Apologetics Bible source bundle

Named authorities or texts detected in the witness

  • Moses
  • Jesus
  • Messiah
  • Jesus Christ

Exposition: Acts 28:23 emphasizes a key movement in the chapter's argument. In KJV form, the text reads: 'And when they had appointed him a day, there came many to him into his lodging; to whom he expounded and testified the kingdom of God, persuading them concerning Jesus, both out of the law of Moses, and out of the pro...'. Read in canonical context, the verse supports the coherence of biblical revelation by linking doctrine, narrative, and covenantal meaning.

Apologetics Notes
  • Scientific Correlation: This verse is suitable for cumulative-case reasoning in apologetics: historical context, textual stability, and worldview coherence are evaluated together rather than in isolation.
  • Koine Greek Grammar: A close Koine Greek reading should attend lexical range, clause flow, and discourse function in context; these controls reduce over-reading and preserve authorial intent.
  • Historical Evidence: Historically, this verse is interpreted within the received canonical tradition, where manuscript continuity and early community usage support stable transmission and meaning.

Acts 28:24

Greek
καὶ οἱ μὲν ἐπείθοντο τοῖς λεγομένοις οἱ δὲ ἠπίστουν,

kai oi men epeithonto tois legomenois oi de epistoyn,

KJV: And some believed the things which were spoken, and some believed not.

AKJV: And some believed the things which were spoken, and some believed not.

ASV: And some believed the things which were spoken, and some disbelieved.

YLT: and, some, indeed, were believing the things spoken, and some were not believing.

Commentary WitnessActs 28:24
Quoted commentary witness

Commentary Witness

Acts 28:24

Quoted commentary witness

Verse 24 Some believed, etc. - His message was there treated as his Gospel is to the present day: some believe, and are converted; others continue in obstinate unbelief, and perish. Could the Jews then have credited the spiritual nature of the Messiah's kingdom, they would have found little difficulty to receive Jesus Christ as the Messiah. Multitudes of those now called Christians can more easily credit Jesus as the Messiah than believe the spiritual nature of his kingdom. The cross is the great stumbling block: millions expect Jesus and his kingdom who cannot be persuaded that the cross is the way to the crown.

Provenance. Rendered as a quoted commentary witness with explicit reference extraction from the source prose.

Canonical locus

Acts 28:24

Source lane

Apologetics Bible source bundle

Named authorities or texts detected in the witness

  • Jesus
  • Messiah

Exposition: Acts 28:24 emphasizes a key movement in the chapter's argument. In KJV form, the text reads: 'And some believed the things which were spoken, and some believed not.'. Read in canonical context, the verse supports the coherence of biblical revelation by linking doctrine, narrative, and covenantal meaning.

Apologetics Notes
  • Scientific Correlation: This verse is suitable for cumulative-case reasoning in apologetics: historical context, textual stability, and worldview coherence are evaluated together rather than in isolation.
  • Koine Greek Grammar: A close Koine Greek reading should attend lexical range, clause flow, and discourse function in context; these controls reduce over-reading and preserve authorial intent.
  • Historical Evidence: Historically, this verse is interpreted within the received canonical tradition, where manuscript continuity and early community usage support stable transmission and meaning.

Acts 28:25

Greek
ἀσύμφωνοι δὲ ὄντες πρὸς ἀλλήλους ἀπελύοντο, εἰπόντος τοῦ Παύλου ῥῆμα ἓν ὅτι Καλῶς τὸ πνεῦμα τὸ ἅγιον ἐλάλησεν διὰ Ἠσαΐου τοῦ προφήτου πρὸς τοὺς πατέρας ⸀ὑμῶν

asymphonoi de ontes pros alleloys apelyonto, eipontos toy Payloy rema en oti Kalos to pneyma to agion elalesen dia Esaioy toy prophetoy pros toys pateras ymon

KJV: And when they agreed not among themselves, they departed, after that Paul had spoken one word, Well spake the Holy Ghost by Esaias the prophet unto our fathers,

AKJV: And when they agreed not among themselves, they departed, after that Paul had spoken one word, Well spoke the Holy Ghost by Isaiah the prophet to our fathers,

ASV: And when they agreed not among themselves, they departed after that Paul had spoken one word, Well spake the Holy Spirit through Isaiah the prophet unto your fathers,

YLT: And not being agreed with one another, they were going away, Paul having spoken one word--`Well did the Holy Spirit speak through Isaiah the prophet unto our fathers,

Commentary WitnessActs 28:25
Quoted commentary witness

Commentary Witness

Acts 28:25

Quoted commentary witness

Verse 25 Agreed not among themselves - It seems that a controversy arose between the Jews themselves, in consequence of some believing, and others disbelieving; and the two parties contested together; and, in respect to the unbelieving party, the apostle quoted the following passage from Isa 6:9.

Provenance. Rendered as a quoted commentary witness with explicit reference extraction from the source prose.

Canonical locus

Acts 28:25

Source lane

Apologetics Bible source bundle

Biblical cross-references named in the witness

  • Isa 6:9

Exposition: Acts 28:25 emphasizes a key movement in the chapter's argument. In KJV form, the text reads: 'And when they agreed not among themselves, they departed, after that Paul had spoken one word, Well spake the Holy Ghost by Esaias the prophet unto our fathers,'. Read in canonical context, the verse supports the coherence of biblical revelation by linking doctrine, narrative, and covenantal meaning.

Apologetics Notes
  • Scientific Correlation: This verse is suitable for cumulative-case reasoning in apologetics: historical context, textual stability, and worldview coherence are evaluated together rather than in isolation.
  • Koine Greek Grammar: A close Koine Greek reading should attend lexical range, clause flow, and discourse function in context; these controls reduce over-reading and preserve authorial intent.
  • Historical Evidence: Historically, this verse is interpreted within the received canonical tradition, where manuscript continuity and early community usage support stable transmission and meaning.

Acts 28:26

Greek
⸀λέγων· Πορεύθητι πρὸς τὸν λαὸν τοῦτον καὶ εἰπόν· Ἀκοῇ ἀκούσετε καὶ οὐ μὴ συνῆτε, καὶ βλέποντες βλέψετε καὶ οὐ μὴ ἴδητε·

legon· Poreytheti pros ton laon toyton kai eipon· Akoe akoysete kai oy me synete, kai blepontes blepsete kai oy me idete·

KJV: Saying, Go unto this people, and say, Hearing ye shall hear, and shall not understand; and seeing ye shall see, and not perceive:

AKJV: Saying, Go to this people, and say, Hearing you shall hear, and shall not understand; and seeing you shall see, and not perceive:

ASV: saying, Go thou unto this people, and say,

YLT: saying, Go on unto this people and say, With hearing ye shall hear, and ye shall not understand, and seeing ye shall see, and ye shall not perceive,

Commentary Witness (Generated)Acts 28:26
Generated editorial synthesis

Commentary Witness (Generated)

Acts 28:26

Generated editorial synthesis

Acts 28:26 advances the immediate literary flow of the chapter and should be interpreted in its canonical context, not as an isolated proof text. In the present translation it reads: 'Saying, Go unto this people, and say, Hearing ye shall hear, and shall not understand; and seeing ye shall see, and not perceive:'. A close Koine Greek reading supports attention to key lexical choices, clause movement, and redemptive-historical placement so doctrinal conclusions remain textually grounded.

Provenance. Rendered as an editorial synthesis tied to the canonical verse context and current chapter source.

Canonical locus

Acts 28:26

Source lane

Apologetics Bible source bundle

Biblical cross-references named in the witness

  • Acts 28:26

Named authorities or texts detected in the witness

  • Saying

Exposition: Acts 28:26 emphasizes a key movement in the chapter's argument. In KJV form, the text reads: 'Saying, Go unto this people, and say, Hearing ye shall hear, and shall not understand; and seeing ye shall see, and not perceive:'. Read in canonical context, the verse supports the coherence of biblical revelation by linking doctrine, narrative, and covenantal meaning.

Apologetics Notes
  • Scientific Correlation: This verse is suitable for cumulative-case reasoning in apologetics: historical context, textual stability, and worldview coherence are evaluated together rather than in isolation.
  • Koine Greek Grammar: A close Koine Greek reading should attend lexical range, clause flow, and discourse function in context; these controls reduce over-reading and preserve authorial intent.
  • Historical Evidence: Historically, this verse is interpreted within the received canonical tradition, where manuscript continuity and early community usage support stable transmission and meaning.

Acts 28:27

Greek
ἐπαχύνθη γὰρ ἡ καρδία τοῦ λαοῦ τούτου, καὶ τοῖς ὠσὶν βαρέως ἤκουσαν, καὶ τοὺς ὀφθαλμοὺς αὐτῶν ἐκάμμυσαν· μήποτε ἴδωσιν τοῖς ὀφθαλμοῖς καὶ τοῖς ὠσὶν ἀκούσωσιν καὶ τῇ καρδίᾳ συνῶσιν καὶ ἐπιστρέψωσιν, καὶ ἰάσομαι αὐτούς.

epachynthe gar e kardia toy laoy toytoy, kai tois osin bareos ekoysan, kai toys ophthalmoys ayton ekammysan· mepote idosin tois ophthalmois kai tois osin akoysosin kai te kardia synosin kai epistrepsosin, kai iasomai aytoys.

KJV: For the heart of this people is waxed gross, and their ears are dull of hearing, and their eyes have they closed; lest they should see with their eyes, and hear with their ears, and understand with their heart, and should be converted, and I should heal them.

AKJV: For the heart of this people is waxed gross, and their ears are dull of hearing, and their eyes have they closed; lest they should see with their eyes, and hear with their ears, and understand with their heart, and should be converted, and I should heal them.

ASV: For this people’s heart is waxed gross,

YLT: for made gross was the heart of this people, and with the ears they heard heavily, and their eyes they did close, lest they may see with the eyes, and with the heart may understand, and be turned back, and I may heal them.

Commentary Witness (Generated)Acts 28:27
Generated editorial synthesis

Commentary Witness (Generated)

Acts 28:27

Generated editorial synthesis

Acts 28:27 advances the immediate literary flow of the chapter and should be interpreted in its canonical context, not as an isolated proof text. In the present translation it reads: 'For the heart of this people is waxed gross, and their ears are dull of hearing, and their eyes have they closed; lest they should see with their eyes, and hear with their ears, and understand with their heart, and should be converted, and I should heal them.'. A close Koine Greek reading supports attention to key lexical choices, clause movement, and redemptive-historical placement so doctrinal conclusions remain textually grounded.

Provenance. Rendered as an editorial synthesis tied to the canonical verse context and current chapter source.

Canonical locus

Acts 28:27

Source lane

Apologetics Bible source bundle

Biblical cross-references named in the witness

  • Acts 28:27

Exposition: Acts 28:27 emphasizes a key movement in the chapter's argument. In KJV form, the text reads: 'For the heart of this people is waxed gross, and their ears are dull of hearing, and their eyes have they closed; lest they should see with their eyes, and hear with their ears, and understand with their heart, and sh...'. Read in canonical context, the verse supports the coherence of biblical revelation by linking doctrine, narrative, and covenantal meaning.

Apologetics Notes
  • Scientific Correlation: This verse is suitable for cumulative-case reasoning in apologetics: historical context, textual stability, and worldview coherence are evaluated together rather than in isolation.
  • Koine Greek Grammar: A close Koine Greek reading should attend lexical range, clause flow, and discourse function in context; these controls reduce over-reading and preserve authorial intent.
  • Historical Evidence: Historically, this verse is interpreted within the received canonical tradition, where manuscript continuity and early community usage support stable transmission and meaning.

Acts 28:28

Greek
γνωστὸν οὖν ⸂ἔστω ὑμῖν⸃ ὅτι τοῖς ἔθνεσιν ἀπεστάλη ⸀τοῦτο τὸ σωτήριον τοῦ θεοῦ· αὐτοὶ καὶ ⸀ἀκούσονται.

gnoston oyn esto ymin oti tois ethnesin apestale toyto to soterion toy theoy· aytoi kai akoysontai.

KJV: Be it known therefore unto you, that the salvation of God is sent unto the Gentiles, and that they will hear it.

AKJV: Be it known therefore to you, that the salvation of God is sent to the Gentiles, and that they will hear it.

ASV: Be it known therefore unto you, that this salvation of God is sent unto the Gentiles: they will also hear.

YLT: `Be it known, therefore, to you, that to the nations was sent the salvation of God, these also will hear it;'

Commentary WitnessActs 28:28
Quoted commentary witness

Commentary Witness

Acts 28:28

Quoted commentary witness

Verse 28 The salvation of God is sent unto the Gentiles - St. Paul had spoken to this effect twice before, Act 13:46, and Act 18:6, where see the notes; but here he uses a firmer tone, being out of the Jewish territories, and under the protection of the emperor. By the salvation of God, all the blessings of the kingdom of Christ are intended. This salvation God could have sent unto the Gentiles, independently of the Jewish disobedience; but He waited till they had rejected it, and then reprobated them, and elected the Gentiles. Thus the elect became reprobate, and the reprobate elect. They will hear it - That is, they will obey it; for ακουειν signifies, not only to hear, but also to obey.

Provenance. Rendered as a quoted commentary witness with explicit reference extraction from the source prose.

Canonical locus

Acts 28:28

Source lane

Apologetics Bible source bundle

Biblical cross-references named in the witness

  • Act 13:46
  • Act 18:6

Named authorities or texts detected in the witness

  • St
  • Gentiles

Exposition: Acts 28:28 emphasizes a key movement in the chapter's argument. In KJV form, the text reads: 'Be it known therefore unto you, that the salvation of God is sent unto the Gentiles, and that they will hear it.'. Read in canonical context, the verse supports the coherence of biblical revelation by linking doctrine, narrative, and covenantal meaning.

Apologetics Notes
  • Scientific Correlation: This verse is suitable for cumulative-case reasoning in apologetics: historical context, textual stability, and worldview coherence are evaluated together rather than in isolation.
  • Koine Greek Grammar: A close Koine Greek reading should attend lexical range, clause flow, and discourse function in context; these controls reduce over-reading and preserve authorial intent.
  • Historical Evidence: Historically, this verse is interpreted within the received canonical tradition, where manuscript continuity and early community usage support stable transmission and meaning.

Acts 28:29

KJV: And when he had said these words, the Jews departed, and had great reasoning among themselves.

AKJV: And when he had said these words, the Jews departed, and had great reasoning among themselves.

YLT: and he having said these things, the Jews went away, having much disputation among themselves;

Commentary WitnessActs 28:29
Quoted commentary witness

Commentary Witness

Acts 28:29

Quoted commentary witness

Verse 29 And had great reasoning among themselves - The believers contending with the unbelievers; and thus we may suppose that the cause of truth gained ground. For contentions about the truth and authenticity of the religion of Christ infallibly end in the triumph and extension of that religion.

Provenance. Rendered as a quoted commentary witness with explicit reference extraction from the source prose.

Canonical locus

Acts 28:29

Source lane

Apologetics Bible source bundle

Exposition: Acts 28:29 emphasizes a key movement in the chapter's argument. In KJV form, the text reads: 'And when he had said these words, the Jews departed, and had great reasoning among themselves.'. Read in canonical context, the verse supports the coherence of biblical revelation by linking doctrine, narrative, and covenantal meaning.

Apologetics Notes
  • Scientific Correlation: This verse is suitable for cumulative-case reasoning in apologetics: historical context, textual stability, and worldview coherence are evaluated together rather than in isolation.
  • Koine Greek Grammar: A close Koine Greek reading should attend lexical range, clause flow, and discourse function in context; these controls reduce over-reading and preserve authorial intent.
  • Historical Evidence: Historically, this verse is interpreted within the received canonical tradition, where manuscript continuity and early community usage support stable transmission and meaning.

Acts 28:30

Greek
⸀Ἐνέμεινεν ⸀δὲ διετίαν ὅλην ἐν ἰδίῳ μισθώματι, καὶ ἀπεδέχετο πάντας τοὺς εἰσπορευομένους πρὸς αὐτόν,

Enemeinen de dietian olen en idio misthomati, kai apedecheto pantas toys eisporeyomenoys pros ayton,

KJV: And Paul dwelt two whole years in his own hired house, and received all that came in unto him,

AKJV: And Paul dwelled two whole years in his own hired house, and received all that came in to him,

ASV: And he abode two whole years in his own hired dwelling, and received all that went in unto him,

YLT: and Paul remained an entire two years in his own hired house , and was receiving all those coming in unto him,

Commentary WitnessActs 28:30
Quoted commentary witness

Commentary Witness

Acts 28:30

Quoted commentary witness

Verse 30 Paul dwelt two whole years in his own hired house - As a state prisoner, he might have had an apartment in the common prison; but peculiar favor was showed him, and he was permitted to dwell alone, with the soldier that guarded him, Act 28:16. Finding now an opportunity of preaching the Gospel, he hired a house for the purpose, and paid for it, St. Chrysostom observes, by the fruits of his own labor. Here he received all that came unto him, and preached the Gospel with glorious success; so that his bonds became the means of spreading the truth, and he became celebrated even in the palace of Nero, Phi 1:12, Phi 1:13; and we find that there were several saints, even in Caesar's household, Phi 4:22, which were, no doubt, the fruits of the apostle's ministry. It is said that during his two years' residence here he became acquainted with Seneca, the philosopher, between whom and the apostle an epistolary correspondence took place. In an ancient MS. of Seneca's epistles in my own possession, these letters are extant, and are in number fourteen and have a prologue to them written by St. Jerome. That they are very ancient cannot be doubted; but learned men have long ago agreed that they are neither worthy of Paul nor of Seneca. While he was in captivity, the Church at Philippi, to which he was exceedingly dear, sent him some pecuniary assistance by the hands of their minister, Epaphroditus, who, it appears, risked his life in the service of the apostle, and was taken with a dangerous malady. When he got well, he returned to Philippi, and, it is supposed, carried with him that epistle which is still extant; and from it we learn that Timothy was then at Rome with Paul, and that he had the prospect of being shortly delivered from his captivity. See Phi 1:12, Phi 1:13; Phi 2:25; Phi 4:15, Phi 4:16, Phi 4:18, etc.

Provenance. Rendered as a quoted commentary witness with explicit reference extraction from the source prose.

Canonical locus

Acts 28:30

Source lane

Apologetics Bible source bundle

Biblical cross-references named in the witness

  • Act 28:16

Named authorities or texts detected in the witness

  • Philo
  • Gospel
  • St
  • Nero
  • Seneca
  • Jerome
  • Philippi
  • Epaphroditus
  • Paul

Exposition: Acts 28:30 emphasizes a key movement in the chapter's argument. In KJV form, the text reads: 'And Paul dwelt two whole years in his own hired house, and received all that came in unto him,'. Read in canonical context, the verse supports the coherence of biblical revelation by linking doctrine, narrative, and covenantal meaning.

Apologetics Notes
  • Scientific Correlation: This verse is suitable for cumulative-case reasoning in apologetics: historical context, textual stability, and worldview coherence are evaluated together rather than in isolation.
  • Koine Greek Grammar: A close Koine Greek reading should attend lexical range, clause flow, and discourse function in context; these controls reduce over-reading and preserve authorial intent.
  • Historical Evidence: Historically, this verse is interpreted within the received canonical tradition, where manuscript continuity and early community usage support stable transmission and meaning.

Acts 28:31

Greek
κηρύσσων τὴν βασιλείαν τοῦ θεοῦ καὶ διδάσκων τὰ περὶ τοῦ κυρίου Ἰησοῦ Χριστοῦ μετὰ πάσης παρρησίας ἀκωλύτως.

kerysson ten basileian toy theoy kai didaskon ta peri toy kyrioy Iesoy Christoy meta pases parresias akolytos.

KJV: Preaching the kingdom of God, and teaching those things which concern the Lord Jesus Christ, with all confidence, no man forbidding him.

AKJV: Preaching the kingdom of God, and teaching those things which concern the Lord Jesus Christ, with all confidence, no man forbidding him.

ASV: preaching the kingdom of God, and teaching the things concerning the Lord Jesus Christ with all boldness, none forbidding him.

YLT: preaching the reign of God, and teaching the things concerning the Lord Jesus Christ with all boldness--unforbidden.

Commentary Witness (Generated)Acts 28:31
Generated editorial synthesis

Commentary Witness (Generated)

Acts 28:31

Generated editorial synthesis

Acts 28:31 advances the immediate literary flow of the chapter and should be interpreted in its canonical context, not as an isolated proof text. In the present translation it reads: 'Preaching the kingdom of God, and teaching those things which concern the Lord Jesus Christ, with all confidence, no man forbidding him.'. A close Koine Greek reading supports attention to key lexical choices, clause movement, and redemptive-historical placement so doctrinal conclusions remain textually grounded.

Provenance. Rendered as an editorial synthesis tied to the canonical verse context and current chapter source.

Canonical locus

Acts 28:31

Source lane

Apologetics Bible source bundle

Biblical cross-references named in the witness

  • Acts 28:31

Named authorities or texts detected in the witness

  • Jesus
  • Lord Jesus Christ

Exposition: Acts 28:31 emphasizes a key movement in the chapter's argument. In KJV form, the text reads: 'Preaching the kingdom of God, and teaching those things which concern the Lord Jesus Christ, with all confidence, no man forbidding him.'. Read in canonical context, the verse supports the coherence of biblical revelation by linking doctrine, narrative, and covenantal meaning.

Apologetics Notes
  • Scientific Correlation: This verse is suitable for cumulative-case reasoning in apologetics: historical context, textual stability, and worldview coherence are evaluated together rather than in isolation.
  • Koine Greek Grammar: A close Koine Greek reading should attend lexical range, clause flow, and discourse function in context; these controls reduce over-reading and preserve authorial intent.
  • Historical Evidence: Historically, this verse is interpreted within the received canonical tradition, where manuscript continuity and early community usage support stable transmission and meaning.

Citation trailOpen the commentary counts, references, and named sources.

Scholarly apparatus

Commentary citation index

This chapter now surfaces commentary as quoted witness material with an explicit citation trail. The index below gathers the canonical references and named authorities detected inside the commentary layer for faster academic review.

Direct commentary witnesses

26

Generated editorial witnesses

5

Source lane

Apologetics Bible source bundle

Canonical references surfaced in commentary

  • Act 28:1
  • Act 28:2
  • Act 28:3
  • Act 28:4
  • Act 28:5
  • Act 28:6
  • Act 28:7
  • Act 28:8
  • Act 28:9
  • Act 28:10
  • Act 28:11-14
  • Act 28:15
  • Act 28:16
  • Act 28:17-20
  • Act 28:21
  • Act 28:22
  • Act 28:23
  • Act 28:24-29
  • Act 28:30
  • Act 28:31
  • Act 28:11
  • Act 27:38
  • Act 28:12
  • Act 28:13
  • Acts 28:1
  • 1Cor 14:11
  • Acts 28:2
  • Acts 28:3
  • Acts 28:4
  • Acts 28:5
  • Num 21:6
  • Acts 28:6
  • Acts 28:7
  • Acts 28:8
  • Acts 28:9
  • 1Tim 5:17
  • 1Cor 6:20
  • 1Cor 7:23
  • Num 22:17
  • Num 22:18
  • Acts 28:10
  • Acts 28:11
  • Acts 28:12
  • Acts 28:13
  • Acts 28:14
  • Act 2:5
  • Act 2:10
  • Rom 1:9-15
  • Acts 28:15
  • Act 12:6
  • Acts 28:16
  • Act 18:2
  • Acts 28:17
  • Acts 28:18
  • Acts 28:19
  • Act 13:6
  • Act 24:15
  • Act 24:21
  • Act 26:6
  • Acts 28:20
  • Acts 28:21
  • Act 24:14
  • Acts 28:22
  • Acts 28:23
  • Acts 28:24
  • Isa 6:9
  • Acts 28:25
  • Acts 28:26
  • Acts 28:27
  • Act 13:46
  • Act 18:6
  • Acts 28:28
  • Acts 28:29
  • Acts 28:30
  • Acts 28:31

Named authorities or texts surfaced in commentary

  • Pearce
  • Bochart
  • Ray
  • St
  • Paul
  • Melita
  • Publius
  • Alexandria
  • Syracuse
  • Rhegium
  • Puteoli
  • Rome
  • Christians
  • Christ
  • Gentiles
  • Adriatic Gulf
  • Venice
  • Illyricum
  • Epidaurus
  • Mediterranean Sea
  • Africa
  • Malta
  • Sicily
  • Phoenicians
  • Meliteh
  • Greeks
  • Carthaginians
  • Romans
  • Goths
  • Saracens
  • Sicilians
  • Roger
  • Germany
  • Rhodes
  • Jerusalem
  • French
  • Bonaparte
  • British
  • Adriatic
  • Venitian Gulf
  • Mr
  • Italy
  • Illyricum Melita
  • In St
  • Illyrican Melita
  • Bp
  • Ben Ghisa
  • Sir Wm
  • London
  • Valpy
  • Hannibal
  • Punic
  • Melec
  • Ovid
  • Jesus
  • Phaleg
  • Barbarian
  • And Ovid
  • Getes
  • Trist
  • Tholomeus
  • Jonas
  • Timeus
  • Bar Bar
  • Bar
  • October
  • Christianized Europe
  • Bamidbar Rabba
  • See Lightfoot
  • Dik
  • Justice
  • Hesiod
  • Opera
  • Jove
  • Coke
  • Lucan
  • Succendit
  • Rowe
  • Hercules
  • Chief
  • Luke
  • Lucius Caius
  • Quirinus
  • Melitese
  • See Bochart
  • Chan
  • Grotius
  • Holy Spirit
  • Septuagint
  • Honor
  • Chrysostom
  • Diodorus Siculus
  • Xenophon
  • January
  • February
  • Leda
  • Gemini
  • Twins
  • We
  • Castor
  • Jupiter
  • Minerva
  • Tiger
  • Aeneid
  • Tigri
  • Massicus
  • Chimera
  • Aen
  • Chimaeram
  • Centaur
  • Sergestus
  • Virgil
  • Geor
  • Coronas
  • Europa
  • Ganymede
  • Taurus
  • Bull
  • Aquila
  • Eagle
  • Tyrrhenian Sea
  • Messina
  • Palermo
  • Long
  • Archimedes
  • Marcellus
  • Stop
  • Christianity
  • Calabria
  • Reggio
  • Pozzuoli
  • Lavoro
  • Samians
  • Putei
  • Ling
  • Lat
  • Jupiter Serapis
  • Asiatic
  • Tiber
  • Vienna
  • Paris
  • Madrid
  • Constantinople
  • Romulus
  • Olympiad
  • Jews
  • Moors
  • Europe
  • The Appii Forum
  • Appius
  • Campania
  • Appius Claudius
  • Horace
  • Satyr
  • Brundusium
  • Maria
  • Appii Forum
  • Three Taverns
  • Tre Taverne
  • Atticus
  • Tribus Tabernis
  • Zosimus
  • Maximinus Herculeus
  • Maxentius
  • Carm
  • Od
  • Francis
  • Tres Tabernae
  • Thanked God
  • Master
  • Annal
  • Tiberius
  • Sejanus
  • Nero
  • Suetonius
  • Claudius
  • An
  • Dr
  • Agrippa
  • Macro
  • Joseph
  • Ant
  • Pliny
  • Plin
  • Afranius Burrhus
  • Tacit
  • See Parkhurst
  • Calmet
  • Who
  • Cesar
  • This
  • Messiah
  • Israel
  • Justin Martyr
  • Dial
  • Moses
  • Jesus Christ
  • Saying
  • Philo
  • Gospel
  • Seneca
  • Jerome
  • Philippi
  • Epaphroditus
  • Lord Jesus Christ
Book directory Open the 66-book reader directory Use this when you need a specific book. The passage reader above stays first.
Book explorer

Choose a book and open the reader.

Each card opens chapter 1 for that canonical book. The directory is here for navigation, not as the first thing a visitor has to read.

Examples: Genesis, Psalms, Gospels, prophets, Romans, Revelation.

Old Testament Law

Genesis

Rendered chapters 1–50 are mapped to the public reader path for Genesis. Use this card to open chapter 1 and move directly into the study surface.

  • Coverage: 50 rendered chapters
  • Current public use: chapter reader path for Genesis

Open Genesis

Old Testament Law

Exodus

Rendered chapters 1–40 are mapped to the public reader path for Exodus. Use this card to open chapter 1 and move directly into the study surface.

  • Coverage: 40 rendered chapters
  • Current public use: chapter reader path for Exodus

Open Exodus

Old Testament Law

Leviticus

Rendered chapters 1–27 are mapped to the public reader path for Leviticus. Use this card to open chapter 1 and move directly into the study surface.

  • Coverage: 27 rendered chapters
  • Current public use: chapter reader path for Leviticus

Open Leviticus

Old Testament Law

Numbers

Rendered chapters 1–36 are mapped to the public reader path for Numbers. Use this card to open chapter 1 and move directly into the study surface.

  • Coverage: 36 rendered chapters
  • Current public use: chapter reader path for Numbers

Open Numbers

Old Testament Law

Deuteronomy

Rendered chapters 1–34 are mapped to the public reader path for Deuteronomy. Use this card to open chapter 1 and move directly into the study surface.

  • Coverage: 34 rendered chapters
  • Current public use: chapter reader path for Deuteronomy

Open Deuteronomy

Old Testament History

Joshua

Rendered chapters 1–24 are mapped to the public reader path for Joshua. Use this card to open chapter 1 and move directly into the study surface.

  • Coverage: 24 rendered chapters
  • Current public use: chapter reader path for Joshua

Open Joshua

Old Testament History

Judges

Rendered chapters 1–21 are mapped to the public reader path for Judges. Use this card to open chapter 1 and move directly into the study surface.

  • Coverage: 21 rendered chapters
  • Current public use: chapter reader path for Judges

Open Judges

Old Testament History

Ruth

Rendered chapters 1–4 are mapped to the public reader path for Ruth. Use this card to open chapter 1 and move directly into the study surface.

  • Coverage: 4 rendered chapters
  • Current public use: chapter reader path for Ruth

Open Ruth

Old Testament History

1 Samuel

Rendered chapters 1–31 are mapped to the public reader path for 1 Samuel. Use this card to open chapter 1 and move directly into the study surface.

  • Coverage: 31 rendered chapters
  • Current public use: chapter reader path for 1 Samuel

Open 1 Samuel

Old Testament History

2 Samuel

Rendered chapters 1–24 are mapped to the public reader path for 2 Samuel. Use this card to open chapter 1 and move directly into the study surface.

  • Coverage: 24 rendered chapters
  • Current public use: chapter reader path for 2 Samuel

Open 2 Samuel

Old Testament History

1 Kings

Rendered chapters 1–22 are mapped to the public reader path for 1 Kings. Use this card to open chapter 1 and move directly into the study surface.

  • Coverage: 22 rendered chapters
  • Current public use: chapter reader path for 1 Kings

Open 1 Kings

Old Testament History

2 Kings

Rendered chapters 1–25 are mapped to the public reader path for 2 Kings. Use this card to open chapter 1 and move directly into the study surface.

  • Coverage: 25 rendered chapters
  • Current public use: chapter reader path for 2 Kings

Open 2 Kings

Old Testament History

1 Chronicles

Rendered chapters 1–29 are mapped to the public reader path for 1 Chronicles. Use this card to open chapter 1 and move directly into the study surface.

  • Coverage: 29 rendered chapters
  • Current public use: chapter reader path for 1 Chronicles

Open 1 Chronicles

Old Testament History

2 Chronicles

Rendered chapters 1–36 are mapped to the public reader path for 2 Chronicles. Use this card to open chapter 1 and move directly into the study surface.

  • Coverage: 36 rendered chapters
  • Current public use: chapter reader path for 2 Chronicles

Open 2 Chronicles

Old Testament History

Ezra

Rendered chapters 1–10 are mapped to the public reader path for Ezra. Use this card to open chapter 1 and move directly into the study surface.

  • Coverage: 10 rendered chapters
  • Current public use: chapter reader path for Ezra

Open Ezra

Old Testament History

Nehemiah

Rendered chapters 1–13 are mapped to the public reader path for Nehemiah. Use this card to open chapter 1 and move directly into the study surface.

  • Coverage: 13 rendered chapters
  • Current public use: chapter reader path for Nehemiah

Open Nehemiah

Old Testament History

Esther

Rendered chapters 1–10 are mapped to the public reader path for Esther. Use this card to open chapter 1 and move directly into the study surface.

  • Coverage: 10 rendered chapters
  • Current public use: chapter reader path for Esther

Open Esther

Old Testament Wisdom

Job

Rendered chapters 1–42 are mapped to the public reader path for Job. Use this card to open chapter 1 and move directly into the study surface.

  • Coverage: 42 rendered chapters
  • Current public use: chapter reader path for Job

Open Job

Old Testament Wisdom

Psalms

Rendered chapters 1–150 are mapped to the public reader path for Psalms. Use this card to open chapter 1 and move directly into the study surface.

  • Coverage: 150 rendered chapters
  • Current public use: chapter reader path for Psalms

Open Psalms

Old Testament Wisdom

Proverbs

Rendered chapters 1–31 are mapped to the public reader path for Proverbs. Use this card to open chapter 1 and move directly into the study surface.

  • Coverage: 31 rendered chapters
  • Current public use: chapter reader path for Proverbs

Open Proverbs

Old Testament Wisdom

Ecclesiastes

Rendered chapters 1–12 are mapped to the public reader path for Ecclesiastes. Use this card to open chapter 1 and move directly into the study surface.

  • Coverage: 12 rendered chapters
  • Current public use: chapter reader path for Ecclesiastes

Open Ecclesiastes

Old Testament Wisdom

Song of Solomon

Rendered chapters 1–8 are mapped to the public reader path for Song of Solomon. Use this card to open chapter 1 and move directly into the study surface.

  • Coverage: 8 rendered chapters
  • Current public use: chapter reader path for Song of Solomon

Open Song of Solomon

Old Testament Prophets

Isaiah

Rendered chapters 1–66 are mapped to the public reader path for Isaiah. Use this card to open chapter 1 and move directly into the study surface.

  • Coverage: 66 rendered chapters
  • Current public use: chapter reader path for Isaiah

Open Isaiah

Old Testament Prophets

Jeremiah

Rendered chapters 1–52 are mapped to the public reader path for Jeremiah. Use this card to open chapter 1 and move directly into the study surface.

  • Coverage: 52 rendered chapters
  • Current public use: chapter reader path for Jeremiah

Open Jeremiah

Old Testament Prophets

Lamentations

Rendered chapters 1–5 are mapped to the public reader path for Lamentations. Use this card to open chapter 1 and move directly into the study surface.

  • Coverage: 5 rendered chapters
  • Current public use: chapter reader path for Lamentations

Open Lamentations

Old Testament Prophets

Ezekiel

Rendered chapters 1–48 are mapped to the public reader path for Ezekiel. Use this card to open chapter 1 and move directly into the study surface.

  • Coverage: 48 rendered chapters
  • Current public use: chapter reader path for Ezekiel

Open Ezekiel

Old Testament Prophets

Daniel

Rendered chapters 1–12 are mapped to the public reader path for Daniel. Use this card to open chapter 1 and move directly into the study surface.

  • Coverage: 12 rendered chapters
  • Current public use: chapter reader path for Daniel

Open Daniel

Old Testament Prophets

Hosea

Rendered chapters 1–14 are mapped to the public reader path for Hosea. Use this card to open chapter 1 and move directly into the study surface.

  • Coverage: 14 rendered chapters
  • Current public use: chapter reader path for Hosea

Open Hosea

Old Testament Prophets

Joel

Rendered chapters 1–3 are mapped to the public reader path for Joel. Use this card to open chapter 1 and move directly into the study surface.

  • Coverage: 3 rendered chapters
  • Current public use: chapter reader path for Joel

Open Joel

Old Testament Prophets

Amos

Rendered chapters 1–9 are mapped to the public reader path for Amos. Use this card to open chapter 1 and move directly into the study surface.

  • Coverage: 9 rendered chapters
  • Current public use: chapter reader path for Amos

Open Amos

Old Testament Prophets

Obadiah

Rendered chapter 1 are mapped to the public reader path for Obadiah. Use this card to open chapter 1 and move directly into the study surface.

  • Coverage: 1 rendered chapter
  • Current public use: chapter reader path for Obadiah

Open Obadiah

Old Testament Prophets

Jonah

Rendered chapters 1–4 are mapped to the public reader path for Jonah. Use this card to open chapter 1 and move directly into the study surface.

  • Coverage: 4 rendered chapters
  • Current public use: chapter reader path for Jonah

Open Jonah

Old Testament Prophets

Micah

Rendered chapters 1–7 are mapped to the public reader path for Micah. Use this card to open chapter 1 and move directly into the study surface.

  • Coverage: 7 rendered chapters
  • Current public use: chapter reader path for Micah

Open Micah

Old Testament Prophets

Nahum

Rendered chapters 1–3 are mapped to the public reader path for Nahum. Use this card to open chapter 1 and move directly into the study surface.

  • Coverage: 3 rendered chapters
  • Current public use: chapter reader path for Nahum

Open Nahum

Old Testament Prophets

Habakkuk

Rendered chapters 1–3 are mapped to the public reader path for Habakkuk. Use this card to open chapter 1 and move directly into the study surface.

  • Coverage: 3 rendered chapters
  • Current public use: chapter reader path for Habakkuk

Open Habakkuk

Old Testament Prophets

Zephaniah

Rendered chapters 1–3 are mapped to the public reader path for Zephaniah. Use this card to open chapter 1 and move directly into the study surface.

  • Coverage: 3 rendered chapters
  • Current public use: chapter reader path for Zephaniah

Open Zephaniah

Old Testament Prophets

Haggai

Rendered chapters 1–2 are mapped to the public reader path for Haggai. Use this card to open chapter 1 and move directly into the study surface.

  • Coverage: 2 rendered chapters
  • Current public use: chapter reader path for Haggai

Open Haggai

Old Testament Prophets

Zechariah

Rendered chapters 1–14 are mapped to the public reader path for Zechariah. Use this card to open chapter 1 and move directly into the study surface.

  • Coverage: 14 rendered chapters
  • Current public use: chapter reader path for Zechariah

Open Zechariah

Old Testament Prophets

Malachi

Rendered chapters 1–4 are mapped to the public reader path for Malachi. Use this card to open chapter 1 and move directly into the study surface.

  • Coverage: 4 rendered chapters
  • Current public use: chapter reader path for Malachi

Open Malachi

New Testament Gospels

Matthew

Rendered chapters 1–28 are mapped to the public reader path for Matthew. Use this card to open chapter 1 and move directly into the study surface.

  • Coverage: 28 rendered chapters
  • Current public use: chapter reader path for Matthew

Open Matthew

New Testament Gospels

Mark

Rendered chapters 1–16 are mapped to the public reader path for Mark. Use this card to open chapter 1 and move directly into the study surface.

  • Coverage: 16 rendered chapters
  • Current public use: chapter reader path for Mark

Open Mark

New Testament Gospels

Luke

Rendered chapters 1–24 are mapped to the public reader path for Luke. Use this card to open chapter 1 and move directly into the study surface.

  • Coverage: 24 rendered chapters
  • Current public use: chapter reader path for Luke

Open Luke

New Testament Gospels

John

Rendered chapters 1–21 are mapped to the public reader path for John. Use this card to open chapter 1 and move directly into the study surface.

  • Coverage: 21 rendered chapters
  • Current public use: chapter reader path for John

Open John

New Testament History

Acts

Rendered chapters 1–28 are mapped to the public reader path for Acts. Use this card to open chapter 1 and move directly into the study surface.

  • Coverage: 28 rendered chapters
  • Current public use: chapter reader path for Acts

Open Acts

New Testament Letters

Romans

Rendered chapters 1–16 are mapped to the public reader path for Romans. Use this card to open chapter 1 and move directly into the study surface.

  • Coverage: 16 rendered chapters
  • Current public use: chapter reader path for Romans

Open Romans

New Testament Letters

1 Corinthians

Rendered chapters 1–16 are mapped to the public reader path for 1 Corinthians. Use this card to open chapter 1 and move directly into the study surface.

  • Coverage: 16 rendered chapters
  • Current public use: chapter reader path for 1 Corinthians

Open 1 Corinthians

New Testament Letters

2 Corinthians

Rendered chapters 1–13 are mapped to the public reader path for 2 Corinthians. Use this card to open chapter 1 and move directly into the study surface.

  • Coverage: 13 rendered chapters
  • Current public use: chapter reader path for 2 Corinthians

Open 2 Corinthians

New Testament Letters

Galatians

Rendered chapters 1–6 are mapped to the public reader path for Galatians. Use this card to open chapter 1 and move directly into the study surface.

  • Coverage: 6 rendered chapters
  • Current public use: chapter reader path for Galatians

Open Galatians

New Testament Letters

Ephesians

Rendered chapters 1–6 are mapped to the public reader path for Ephesians. Use this card to open chapter 1 and move directly into the study surface.

  • Coverage: 6 rendered chapters
  • Current public use: chapter reader path for Ephesians

Open Ephesians

New Testament Letters

Philippians

Rendered chapters 1–4 are mapped to the public reader path for Philippians. Use this card to open chapter 1 and move directly into the study surface.

  • Coverage: 4 rendered chapters
  • Current public use: chapter reader path for Philippians

Open Philippians

New Testament Letters

Colossians

Rendered chapters 1–4 are mapped to the public reader path for Colossians. Use this card to open chapter 1 and move directly into the study surface.

  • Coverage: 4 rendered chapters
  • Current public use: chapter reader path for Colossians

Open Colossians

New Testament Letters

1 Thessalonians

Rendered chapters 1–5 are mapped to the public reader path for 1 Thessalonians. Use this card to open chapter 1 and move directly into the study surface.

  • Coverage: 5 rendered chapters
  • Current public use: chapter reader path for 1 Thessalonians

Open 1 Thessalonians

New Testament Letters

2 Thessalonians

Rendered chapters 1–3 are mapped to the public reader path for 2 Thessalonians. Use this card to open chapter 1 and move directly into the study surface.

  • Coverage: 3 rendered chapters
  • Current public use: chapter reader path for 2 Thessalonians

Open 2 Thessalonians

New Testament Letters

1 Timothy

Rendered chapters 1–6 are mapped to the public reader path for 1 Timothy. Use this card to open chapter 1 and move directly into the study surface.

  • Coverage: 6 rendered chapters
  • Current public use: chapter reader path for 1 Timothy

Open 1 Timothy

New Testament Letters

2 Timothy

Rendered chapters 1–4 are mapped to the public reader path for 2 Timothy. Use this card to open chapter 1 and move directly into the study surface.

  • Coverage: 4 rendered chapters
  • Current public use: chapter reader path for 2 Timothy

Open 2 Timothy

New Testament Letters

Titus

Rendered chapters 1–3 are mapped to the public reader path for Titus. Use this card to open chapter 1 and move directly into the study surface.

  • Coverage: 3 rendered chapters
  • Current public use: chapter reader path for Titus

Open Titus

New Testament Letters

Philemon

Rendered chapter 1 are mapped to the public reader path for Philemon. Use this card to open chapter 1 and move directly into the study surface.

  • Coverage: 1 rendered chapter
  • Current public use: chapter reader path for Philemon

Open Philemon

New Testament Letters

Hebrews

Rendered chapters 1–13 are mapped to the public reader path for Hebrews. Use this card to open chapter 1 and move directly into the study surface.

  • Coverage: 13 rendered chapters
  • Current public use: chapter reader path for Hebrews

Open Hebrews

New Testament Letters

James

Rendered chapters 1–5 are mapped to the public reader path for James. Use this card to open chapter 1 and move directly into the study surface.

  • Coverage: 5 rendered chapters
  • Current public use: chapter reader path for James

Open James

New Testament Letters

1 Peter

Rendered chapters 1–5 are mapped to the public reader path for 1 Peter. Use this card to open chapter 1 and move directly into the study surface.

  • Coverage: 5 rendered chapters
  • Current public use: chapter reader path for 1 Peter

Open 1 Peter

New Testament Letters

2 Peter

Rendered chapters 1–3 are mapped to the public reader path for 2 Peter. Use this card to open chapter 1 and move directly into the study surface.

  • Coverage: 3 rendered chapters
  • Current public use: chapter reader path for 2 Peter

Open 2 Peter

New Testament Letters

1 John

Rendered chapters 1–5 are mapped to the public reader path for 1 John. Use this card to open chapter 1 and move directly into the study surface.

  • Coverage: 5 rendered chapters
  • Current public use: chapter reader path for 1 John

Open 1 John

New Testament Letters

2 John

Rendered chapter 1 are mapped to the public reader path for 2 John. Use this card to open chapter 1 and move directly into the study surface.

  • Coverage: 1 rendered chapter
  • Current public use: chapter reader path for 2 John

Open 2 John

New Testament Letters

3 John

Rendered chapter 1 are mapped to the public reader path for 3 John. Use this card to open chapter 1 and move directly into the study surface.

  • Coverage: 1 rendered chapter
  • Current public use: chapter reader path for 3 John

Open 3 John

New Testament Letters

Jude

Rendered chapter 1 are mapped to the public reader path for Jude. Use this card to open chapter 1 and move directly into the study surface.

  • Coverage: 1 rendered chapter
  • Current public use: chapter reader path for Jude

Open Jude

New Testament Apocalypse

Revelation

Rendered chapters 1–22 are mapped to the public reader path for Revelation. Use this card to open chapter 1 and move directly into the study surface.

  • Coverage: 22 rendered chapters
  • Current public use: chapter reader path for Revelation

Open Revelation

What this explorer shows today

The public reader has book-by-book chapter entry points across the 66-book canon. Deeper corpus and provenance details stay on the supporting Bible Data shelves.

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