Apologetics Bible
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Ecclesiastes (Qohelet — "Assembler/Preacher") is Solomon's philosophical autopsy of life lived under the sun — without transcendent reference. The repeated verdict hebel ("vapor/vanity") is not nihilism but diagnostic: every finite meaning-system eventually collapses under the weight of death.
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Connected primary witness
- Connected ID:
Ecclesiastes_2
- Primary Witness Text: I said in mine heart, Go to now, I will prove thee with mirth, therefore enjoy pleasure: and, behold, this also is vanity. I said of laughter, It is mad: and of mirth, What doeth it? I sought in mine heart to give myself unto wine, yet acquainting mine heart with wisdom; and to lay hold on folly, till I might see what was that good for the sons of men, which they should do under the heaven all the days of their life. I made me great works; I builded me houses; I planted me vineyards: I made me gardens and orchards, and I planted trees in them of all kind of fruits: I made me pools of water, to water therewith the wood that bringeth forth trees: I got me servants and maidens, and had servants born in my house; also I had great possessions of great and small cattle above all that were in Jerusalem before me: I gathered me also silver and gold, and the peculiar treasure of kings and of the provinces: I gat me men singers and women singers, and the delights of the sons of men, as musical instruments, and that of all sorts. So I was great, and increased more than all that were before me in Jerusalem: also my wisdom remained with me. And whatsoever mine eyes desired I kept not from them, I withheld not my heart from any joy; for my heart rejoiced in all my labour: and this was my portion of all my labour. Then I looked on all the works that my hands had wrought, and on the labour that I had laboured to do: and, behold, all was vanity and vexation of spirit, and there was no profit ...
Connected dataset overlay
- Connected ID:
Ecclesiastes_2
- Chapter Blob Preview: I said in mine heart, Go to now, I will prove thee with mirth, therefore enjoy pleasure: and, behold, this also is vanity. I said of laughter, It is mad: and of mirth, What doeth it? I sought in mine heart to give myself unto wine, yet acquainting mine heart with wisdom; and to lay hold on folly, till I might see what was that good for the sons of men, which they should do unde...
Chapter frameStart here before opening notes.
Chapter frame
Ecclesiastes (Qohelet — "Assembler/Preacher") is Solomon's philosophical autopsy of life lived under the sun — without transcendent reference. The repeated verdict hebel ("vapor/vanity") is not nihilism but diagnostic: every finite meaning-system eventually collapses under the weight of death.
The book's apologetics use is considerable: Ecclesiastes performs the reductio ad absurdum of secular humanism. Pleasure (2:1-3), wisdom (2:12-16), work (2:17-23), and accumulation (5:10-17) are each tried and found bankrupt. The resolution: "Fear God and keep His commandments" (12:13) — transcendent meaning alone survives.
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Verse-by-verse study lane
Ecclesiastes 2:1
Hebrew
אָמַרְתִּֽי אֲנִי בְּלִבִּי לְכָה־נָּא אֲנַסְּכָה בְשִׂמְחָה וּרְאֵה בְטוֹב וְהִנֵּה גַם־הוּא הָֽבֶל׃'amaretiy-'aniy-veliviy-lekhah-na'-'anasekhah-veshimechah-vre'eh-vetvov-vehineh-gam-hv'-havel
KJV: I said in mine heart, Go to now, I will prove thee with mirth, therefore enjoy pleasure: and, behold, this also is vanity.
AKJV: I said in my heart, Go to now, I will prove you with mirth, therefore enjoy pleasure: and, behold, this also is vanity.
ASV: I said in my heart, Come now, I will prove thee with mirth; therefore enjoy pleasure: and, behold, this also was vanity.
YLT: I said in my heart, `Pray, come, I try thee with mirth, and look thou on gladness;' and lo, even it is vanity.
Exposition: Ecclesiastes 2:1 emphasizes a key movement in the chapter's argument. In KJV form, the text reads: 'I said in mine heart, Go to now, I will prove thee with mirth, therefore enjoy pleasure: and, behold, this also is vanity.'. Read in canonical context, the verse supports the coherence of biblical revelation by linking doctrine, narrative, and covenantal meaning.
Apologetics Notes
- Scientific Correlation: This verse is suitable for cumulative-case reasoning in apologetics: historical context, textual stability, and worldview coherence are evaluated together rather than in isolation.
- Hebrew Grammar: A close Hebrew reading should attend lexical range, clause flow, and discourse function in context; these controls reduce over-reading and preserve authorial intent.
- Historical Evidence: Historically, this verse is interpreted within the received canonical tradition, where manuscript continuity and early community usage support stable transmission and meaning.
Ecclesiastes 2:2
Hebrew
לִשְׂחוֹק אָמַרְתִּי מְהוֹלָל וּלְשִׂמְחָה מַה־זֹּה עֹשָֽׂה׃lishechvoq-'amaretiy-mehvolal-vleshimechah-mah-zoh-'oshah
KJV: I said of laughter, It is mad: and of mirth, What doeth it?
AKJV: I said of laughter, It is mad: and of mirth, What does it?
ASV: I said of laughter, It is mad; and of mirth, What doeth it?
YLT: Of laughter I said, Foolish!' and of mirth, What is this it is doing?'
Commentary WitnessEcclesiastes 2:2Quoted commentary witness
Commentary Witness
Ecclesiastes 2:2
Verse 2 I said of laughter, It is mad - Literally "To laughter I said, O mad one! and to mirth, What is this one doing?" Solomon does not speak here of a sober enjoyment of the things of this world, but of intemperate pleasure, whose two attendants, laughter and mirth are introduced by a beautiful prosopopoeia as two persons; and the contemptuous manner wherewith he treats them has something remarkably striking. He tells the former to her face that she is mad; but as to the latter, he thinks her so much beneath his notice, that he only points at her, and instantly turns his back.
Provenance. Rendered as a quoted commentary witness with explicit reference extraction from the source prose.
Canonical locus
Ecclesiastes 2:2
Source lane
Apologetics Bible source bundle
Exposition: Ecclesiastes 2:2 emphasizes a key movement in the chapter's argument. In KJV form, the text reads: 'I said of laughter, It is mad: and of mirth, What doeth it?'. Read in canonical context, the verse supports the coherence of biblical revelation by linking doctrine, narrative, and covenantal meaning.
Apologetics Notes
- Scientific Correlation: This verse is suitable for cumulative-case reasoning in apologetics: historical context, textual stability, and worldview coherence are evaluated together rather than in isolation.
- Hebrew Grammar: A close Hebrew reading should attend lexical range, clause flow, and discourse function in context; these controls reduce over-reading and preserve authorial intent.
- Historical Evidence: Historically, this verse is interpreted within the received canonical tradition, where manuscript continuity and early community usage support stable transmission and meaning.
Ecclesiastes 2:3
Hebrew
תַּרְתִּי בְלִבִּי לִמְשׁוֹךְ בַּיַּיִן אֶת־בְּשָׂרִי וְלִבִּי נֹהֵג בַּֽחָכְמָה וְלֶאֱחֹז בְּסִכְלוּת עַד אֲשֶׁר־אֶרְאֶה אֵי־זֶה טוֹב לִבְנֵי הָאָדָם אֲשֶׁר יַעֲשׂוּ תַּחַת הַשָּׁמַיִם מִסְפַּר יְמֵי חַיֵּיהֶֽם׃taretiy-veliviy-limeshvokhe-vayayin-'et-veshariy-veliviy-noheg-vachakhemah-vele'echoz-vesikhelvt-'ad-'asher-'ere'eh-'ey-zeh-tvov-liveney-ha'adam-'asher-ya'ashv-tachat-hashamayim-misefar-yemey-chayeyhem
KJV: I sought in mine heart to give myself unto wine, yet acquainting mine heart with wisdom; and to lay hold on folly, till I might see what was that good for the sons of men, which they should do under the heaven all the days of their life.
AKJV: I sought in my heart to give myself to wine, yet acquainting my heart with wisdom; and to lay hold on folly, till I might see what was that good for the sons of men, which they should do under the heaven all the days of their life.
ASV: I searched in my heart how to cheer my flesh with wine, my heart yet guiding me with wisdom, and how to lay hold on folly, till I might see what it was good for the sons of men that they should do under heaven all the days of their life.
YLT: I have sought in my heart to draw out with wine my appetite, (and my heart leading in wisdom), and to take hold on folly till that I see where is this--the good to the sons of man of that which they do under the heavens, the number of the days of their lives.
Commentary WitnessEcclesiastes 2:3Quoted commentary witness
Commentary Witness
Ecclesiastes 2:3
Verse 3 To give myself unto wine, (yet acquainting [נהג noheg, "guiding"] mine heart with wisdom) - I did not run into extremes, as when I gave up myself to mirth and pleasure. There, I threw off all restraint; here, I took the middle course, to see whether a moderate enjoyment of the things of the world might not produce that happiness which I supposed man was created to enjoy here below.
Provenance. Rendered as a quoted commentary witness with explicit reference extraction from the source prose.
Canonical locus
Ecclesiastes 2:3
Source lane
Apologetics Bible source bundle
Named authorities or texts detected in the witness
- There
Exposition: Ecclesiastes 2:3 emphasizes a key movement in the chapter's argument. In KJV form, the text reads: 'I sought in mine heart to give myself unto wine, yet acquainting mine heart with wisdom; and to lay hold on folly, till I might see what was that good for the sons of men, which they should do under the heaven all the...'. Read in canonical context, the verse supports the coherence of biblical revelation by linking doctrine, narrative, and covenantal meaning.
Apologetics Notes
- Scientific Correlation: This verse is suitable for cumulative-case reasoning in apologetics: historical context, textual stability, and worldview coherence are evaluated together rather than in isolation.
- Hebrew Grammar: A close Hebrew reading should attend lexical range, clause flow, and discourse function in context; these controls reduce over-reading and preserve authorial intent.
- Historical Evidence: Historically, this verse is interpreted within the received canonical tradition, where manuscript continuity and early community usage support stable transmission and meaning.
Ecclesiastes 2:4
Hebrew
הִגְדַּלְתִּי מַעֲשָׂי בָּנִיתִי לִי בָּתִּים נָטַעְתִּי לִי כְּרָמִֽים׃higedaletiy-ma'ashay-vaniytiy-liy-vatiym-nata'etiy-liy-kheramiym
KJV: I made me great works; I builded me houses; I planted me vineyards:
AKJV: I made me great works; I built me houses; I planted me vineyards:
ASV: I made me great works; I builded me houses; I planted me vineyards;
YLT: I made great my works, I builded for me houses, I planted for me vineyards.
Commentary WitnessEcclesiastes 2:4Quoted commentary witness
Commentary Witness
Ecclesiastes 2:4
Verse 4 I builded me houses - Palace after palace; the house of the forest of Lebanon, 1Kgs 7:1, etc.; a house for the queen; the temple, etc., 2Chr 8:1, etc.; 1Kgs 9:10, etc., besides many other buildings of various kinds.
Provenance. Rendered as a quoted commentary witness with explicit reference extraction from the source prose.
Canonical locus
Ecclesiastes 2:4
Source lane
Apologetics Bible source bundle
Biblical cross-references named in the witness
- 1Kgs 7:1
- 2Chr 8:1
- 1Kgs 9:10
Named authorities or texts detected in the witness
- Lebanon
Exposition: Ecclesiastes 2:4 emphasizes a key movement in the chapter's argument. In KJV form, the text reads: 'I made me great works; I builded me houses; I planted me vineyards:'. Read in canonical context, the verse supports the coherence of biblical revelation by linking doctrine, narrative, and covenantal meaning.
Apologetics Notes
- Scientific Correlation: This verse is suitable for cumulative-case reasoning in apologetics: historical context, textual stability, and worldview coherence are evaluated together rather than in isolation.
- Hebrew Grammar: A close Hebrew reading should attend lexical range, clause flow, and discourse function in context; these controls reduce over-reading and preserve authorial intent.
- Historical Evidence: Historically, this verse is interpreted within the received canonical tradition, where manuscript continuity and early community usage support stable transmission and meaning.
Ecclesiastes 2:5
Hebrew
עָשִׂיתִי לִי גַּנּוֹת וּפַרְדֵּסִים וְנָטַעְתִּי בָהֶם עֵץ כָּל־פֶּֽרִי׃'ashiytiy-liy-ganvot-vfaredesiym-venata'etiy-vahem-'etz-khal-feriy
KJV: I made me gardens and orchards, and I planted trees in them of all kind of fruits:
AKJV: I made me gardens and orchards, and I planted trees in them of all kind of fruits:
ASV: I made me gardens and parks, and I planted trees in them of all kinds of fruit;
YLT: I made for me gardens and paradises, and I planted in them trees of every fruit.
Commentary WitnessEcclesiastes 2:5Quoted commentary witness
Commentary Witness
Ecclesiastes 2:5
Verse 5 I made one gardens and orchards - פרדסים pardesim, "paradises." I doubt much whether this be an original Hebrew word. ferdoos, is found in the Persian and Arabic; and signifies a pleasant garden, a vineyard. Hence our word paradise, a place full of delights. How well Solomon was qualified to form gardens, orchards, vineyards, conservatories, etc., may be at once conceived when we recollect his knowledge of natural history; and that he wrote treatises on vegetables and their properties, from the cedar to the hyssop.
Provenance. Rendered as a quoted commentary witness with explicit reference extraction from the source prose.
Canonical locus
Ecclesiastes 2:5
Source lane
Apologetics Bible source bundle
Named authorities or texts detected in the witness
- Arabic
Exposition: Ecclesiastes 2:5 emphasizes a key movement in the chapter's argument. In KJV form, the text reads: 'I made me gardens and orchards, and I planted trees in them of all kind of fruits:'. Read in canonical context, the verse supports the coherence of biblical revelation by linking doctrine, narrative, and covenantal meaning.
Apologetics Notes
- Scientific Correlation: This verse is suitable for cumulative-case reasoning in apologetics: historical context, textual stability, and worldview coherence are evaluated together rather than in isolation.
- Hebrew Grammar: A close Hebrew reading should attend lexical range, clause flow, and discourse function in context; these controls reduce over-reading and preserve authorial intent.
- Historical Evidence: Historically, this verse is interpreted within the received canonical tradition, where manuscript continuity and early community usage support stable transmission and meaning.
Ecclesiastes 2:6
Hebrew
עָשִׂיתִי לִי בְּרֵכוֹת מָיִם לְהַשְׁקוֹת מֵהֶם יַעַר צוֹמֵחַ עֵצִֽים׃'ashiytiy-liy-verekhvot-mayim-lehasheqvot-mehem-ya'ar-tzvomecha-'etziym
KJV: I made me pools of water, to water therewith the wood that bringeth forth trees:
AKJV: I made me pools of water, to water therewith the wood that brings forth trees:
ASV: I made me pools of water, to water therefrom the forest where trees were reared;
YLT: I made for me pools of water, to water from them a forest shooting forth trees.
Commentary WitnessEcclesiastes 2:6Quoted commentary witness
Commentary Witness
Ecclesiastes 2:6
Verse 6 Pools of waters - Tanks and reservoirs. To water therewith the wood - Aqueducts to lead the water from the tanks to different parts.
Provenance. Rendered as a quoted commentary witness with explicit reference extraction from the source prose.
Canonical locus
Ecclesiastes 2:6
Source lane
Apologetics Bible source bundle
Exposition: Ecclesiastes 2:6 emphasizes a key movement in the chapter's argument. In KJV form, the text reads: 'I made me pools of water, to water therewith the wood that bringeth forth trees:'. Read in canonical context, the verse supports the coherence of biblical revelation by linking doctrine, narrative, and covenantal meaning.
Apologetics Notes
- Scientific Correlation: This verse is suitable for cumulative-case reasoning in apologetics: historical context, textual stability, and worldview coherence are evaluated together rather than in isolation.
- Hebrew Grammar: A close Hebrew reading should attend lexical range, clause flow, and discourse function in context; these controls reduce over-reading and preserve authorial intent.
- Historical Evidence: Historically, this verse is interpreted within the received canonical tradition, where manuscript continuity and early community usage support stable transmission and meaning.
Ecclesiastes 2:7
Hebrew
קָנִיתִי עֲבָדִים וּשְׁפָחוֹת וּבְנֵי־בַיִת הָיָה לִי גַּם מִקְנֶה בָקָר וָצֹאן הַרְבֵּה הָיָה לִי מִכֹּל שֶֽׁהָיוּ לְפָנַי בִּירוּשָׁלָֽ͏ִם׃qaniytiy-'avadiym-vshefachvot-vveney-vayit-hayah-liy-gam-miqeneh-vaqar-vatzo'n-hareveh-hayah-liy-mikhol-shehayv-lefanay-viyrvshalaim
KJV: I got me servants and maidens, and had servants born in my house; also I had great possessions of great and small cattle above all that were in Jerusalem before me:
AKJV: I got me servants and maidens, and had servants born in my house; also I had great possessions of great and small cattle above all that were in Jerusalem before me:
ASV: I bought men-servants and maid-servants, and had servants born in my house; also I had great possessions of herds and flocks, above all that were before me in Jerusalem;
YLT: I got men-servants, and maid-servants, and sons of the house were to me; also, I had much substance--herd and flock--above all who had been before me in Jerusalem.
Commentary WitnessEcclesiastes 2:7Quoted commentary witness
Commentary Witness
Ecclesiastes 2:7
Verse 7 Servants and maidens - For my works, fields, folds, and various domestic labors. Servants born in any house - Besides those hired from without, he had married couples in the precincts of his grounds, palaces, etc., who, when their children grew up, got them employment with themselves. Great and small cattle - Oxen, neat, horses, asses, mules, camels, and such like; with sheep and goats. And multitudes of most of these he needed, when we are told that his household consumed daily ten stall-fed oxen, with twenty from the pasture, with a hundred sheep; besides harts, roebucks, fallow deer, fatted fowls, and other kinds of provision, Probably, such another court for splendor and expense was not in the universe.
Provenance. Rendered as a quoted commentary witness with explicit reference extraction from the source prose.
Canonical locus
Ecclesiastes 2:7
Source lane
Apologetics Bible source bundle
Named authorities or texts detected in the witness
- Oxen
- Probably
Exposition: Ecclesiastes 2:7 emphasizes a key movement in the chapter's argument. In KJV form, the text reads: 'I got me servants and maidens, and had servants born in my house; also I had great possessions of great and small cattle above all that were in Jerusalem before me:'. Read in canonical context, the verse supports the coherence of biblical revelation by linking doctrine, narrative, and covenantal meaning.
Apologetics Notes
- Scientific Correlation: This verse is suitable for cumulative-case reasoning in apologetics: historical context, textual stability, and worldview coherence are evaluated together rather than in isolation.
- Hebrew Grammar: A close Hebrew reading should attend lexical range, clause flow, and discourse function in context; these controls reduce over-reading and preserve authorial intent.
- Historical Evidence: Historically, this verse is interpreted within the received canonical tradition, where manuscript continuity and early community usage support stable transmission and meaning.
Ecclesiastes 2:8
Hebrew
כָּנַסְתִּי לִי גַּם־כֶּסֶף וְזָהָב וּסְגֻלַּת מְלָכִים וְהַמְּדִינוֹת עָשִׂיתִי לִי שָׁרִים וְשָׁרוֹת וְתַעֲנוּגֹת בְּנֵי הָאָדָם שִׁדָּה וְשִׁדּֽוֹת׃khanasetiy-liy-gam-khesef-vezahav-vsegulat-melakhiym-vehamediynvot-'ashiytiy-liy-shariym-vesharvot-veta'anvgot-veney-ha'adam-shidah-veshidvot
KJV: I gathered me also silver and gold, and the peculiar treasure of kings and of the provinces: I gat me men singers and women singers, and the delights of the sons of men, as musical instruments, and that of all sorts.
AKJV: I gathered me also silver and gold, and the peculiar treasure of kings and of the provinces: I got me men singers and women singers, and the delights of the sons of men, as musical instruments, and that of all sorts.
ASV: I gathered me also silver and gold, and the treasure of kings and of the provinces; I gat me men-singers and women-singers, and the delights of the sons of men, musical instruments, and that of all sorts.
YLT: I gathered for me also silver and gold, and the peculiar treasure of kings and of the provinces. I prepared for me men-singers and women-singers, and the luxuries of the sons of man--a wife and wives.
Commentary WitnessEcclesiastes 2:8Quoted commentary witness
Commentary Witness
Ecclesiastes 2:8
Verse 8 The peculiar treasure of kings and of the provinces - 1. The tares levied off his subjects. 2. The tribute given by the neighboring potentates. Both these make the "peculiar treasure of kings;" taxes and tribute. Men singers and women singers - This includes all instrumental and vocal performers. These may be called the delights of the sons of men. Musical instruments, and that of all sorts - For these seven words, there are only two in the original, שדה ושדות shiddah veshiddoth. These words are acknowledged on all hands to be utterly unknown, if not utterly inexplicable. Some render them male and female captives; others, cups and flagons; others, cooks and confectioners; others, a species of musical compositions derived from a celebrated Phoenician woman named Sido, to whom Sanchoniatha attributes the invention of music. Others, with more probability, wives and concubines; of the former of whom Solomon had seven hundred, and of the latter, three hundred; and if these be not spoken of here, they are not mentioned at all; whereas music, and every thing connected with that, was referred to before. The author of Choheleth paraphrases thus: - "To complete This scene of earthly bliss, how large a span Of that which most delights the sons of men Fell to my portion! What a lovely train Of blooming beauties, by connubial ties, By purchase, or the gifts of neighboring kings, Or spoils of war, made mine." If, after all this, I may add one conjecture, it shall be this; שדה sadeh, in Hebrews is a field, and occurs in various parts of the Bible. שדות sadoth is fields, 1Sam 22:7, the points in such a case are of no consideration. May not Solomon be speaking here of farms upon farms, or estates upon estates, which he had added by purchase to the common regal portion? We know that a king of Israel (Ahab) once desired to have a vineyard (Naboth's) which he could not obtain: now, Solomon having spoken before of gardens, orchards, and vineyards, why may he not here speak of supernumerary estates? Perhaps every man who critically examines the place will be dissatisfied, and have a conjecture of his own.
Provenance. Rendered as a quoted commentary witness with explicit reference extraction from the source prose.
Canonical locus
Ecclesiastes 2:8
Source lane
Apologetics Bible source bundle
Biblical cross-references named in the witness
- 1Sam 22:7
Named authorities or texts detected in the witness
- Sido
- If
- Bible
Exposition: Ecclesiastes 2:8 emphasizes a key movement in the chapter's argument. In KJV form, the text reads: 'I gathered me also silver and gold, and the peculiar treasure of kings and of the provinces: I gat me men singers and women singers, and the delights of the sons of men, as musical instruments, and that of all sorts.'. Read in canonical context, the verse supports the coherence of biblical revelation by linking doctrine, narrative, and covenantal meaning.
Apologetics Notes
- Scientific Correlation: This verse is suitable for cumulative-case reasoning in apologetics: historical context, textual stability, and worldview coherence are evaluated together rather than in isolation.
- Hebrew Grammar: A close Hebrew reading should attend lexical range, clause flow, and discourse function in context; these controls reduce over-reading and preserve authorial intent.
- Historical Evidence: Historically, this verse is interpreted within the received canonical tradition, where manuscript continuity and early community usage support stable transmission and meaning.
Ecclesiastes 2:9
Hebrew
וְגָדַלְתִּי וְהוֹסַפְתִּי מִכֹּל שֶׁהָיָה לְפָנַי בִּירוּשָׁלָ͏ִם אַף חָכְמָתִי עָמְדָה לִּֽי׃vegadaletiy-vehvosafetiy-mikhol-shehayah-lefanay-viyrvshalaim-'af-chakhematiy-'amedah-liy
KJV: So I was great, and increased more than all that were before me in Jerusalem: also my wisdom remained with me.
AKJV: So I was great, and increased more than all that were before me in Jerusalem: also my wisdom remained with me.
ASV: So I was great, and increased more than all that were before me in Jerusalem: also my wisdom remained with me.
YLT: And I became great, and increased above every one who had been before me in Jerusalem; also, my wisdom stood with me.
Commentary Witness (Generated)Ecclesiastes 2:9Generated editorial synthesis
Commentary Witness (Generated)
Ecclesiastes 2:9
Ecclesiastes 2:9 advances the immediate literary flow of the chapter and should be interpreted in its canonical context, not as an isolated proof text. In the present translation it reads: 'So I was great, and increased more than all that were before me in Jerusalem: also my wisdom remained with me.'. A close Hebrew reading supports attention to key lexical choices, clause movement, and redemptive-historical placement so doctrinal conclusions remain textually grounded.
Provenance. Rendered as an editorial synthesis tied to the canonical verse context and current chapter source.
Canonical locus
Ecclesiastes 2:9
Source lane
Apologetics Bible source bundle
Biblical cross-references named in the witness
- Ecclesiastes 2:9
Named authorities or texts detected in the witness
- Jerusalem
Exposition: Ecclesiastes 2:9 emphasizes a key movement in the chapter's argument. In KJV form, the text reads: 'So I was great, and increased more than all that were before me in Jerusalem: also my wisdom remained with me.'. Read in canonical context, the verse supports the coherence of biblical revelation by linking doctrine, narrative, and covenantal meaning.
Apologetics Notes
- Scientific Correlation: This verse is suitable for cumulative-case reasoning in apologetics: historical context, textual stability, and worldview coherence are evaluated together rather than in isolation.
- Hebrew Grammar: A close Hebrew reading should attend lexical range, clause flow, and discourse function in context; these controls reduce over-reading and preserve authorial intent.
- Historical Evidence: Historically, this verse is interpreted within the received canonical tradition, where manuscript continuity and early community usage support stable transmission and meaning.
Ecclesiastes 2:10
Hebrew
וְכֹל אֲשֶׁר שָֽׁאֲלוּ עֵינַי לֹא אָצַלְתִּי מֵהֶם לֹֽא־מָנַעְתִּי אֶת־לִבִּי מִכָּל־שִׂמְחָה כִּֽי־לִבִּי שָׂמֵחַ מִכָּל־עֲמָלִי וְזֶֽה־הָיָה חֶלְקִי מִכָּל־עֲמָלִֽי׃vekhol-'asher-sha'alv-'eynay-lo'-'atzaletiy-mehem-lo'-mana'etiy-'et-liviy-mikhal-shimechah-khiy-liviy-shamecha-mikhal-'amaliy-vezeh-hayah-cheleqiy-mikhal-'amaliy
KJV: And whatsoever mine eyes desired I kept not from them, I withheld not my heart from any joy; for my heart rejoiced in all my labour: and this was my portion of all my labour.
AKJV: And whatever my eyes desired I kept not from them, I withheld not my heart from any joy; for my heart rejoiced in all my labor: and this was my portion of all my labor.
ASV: And whatsoever mine eyes desired I kept not from them; I withheld not my heart from any joy; for my heart rejoiced because of all my labor; and this was my portion from all my labor.
YLT: And all that mine eyes asked I kept not back from them; I withheld not my heart from any joy, for my heart rejoiced because of all my labour, and this hath been my portion, from all my labour,
Commentary WitnessEcclesiastes 2:10Quoted commentary witness
Commentary Witness
Ecclesiastes 2:10
Verse 10 I withheld not my heart from any joy - He had every means of gratification; he could desire nothing that was not within his reach; and whatever he wished, he took care to possess.
Provenance. Rendered as a quoted commentary witness with explicit reference extraction from the source prose.
Canonical locus
Ecclesiastes 2:10
Source lane
Apologetics Bible source bundle
Exposition: Ecclesiastes 2:10 emphasizes a key movement in the chapter's argument. In KJV form, the text reads: 'And whatsoever mine eyes desired I kept not from them, I withheld not my heart from any joy; for my heart rejoiced in all my labour: and this was my portion of all my labour.'. Read in canonical context, the verse supports the coherence of biblical revelation by linking doctrine, narrative, and covenantal meaning.
Apologetics Notes
- Scientific Correlation: This verse is suitable for cumulative-case reasoning in apologetics: historical context, textual stability, and worldview coherence are evaluated together rather than in isolation.
- Hebrew Grammar: A close Hebrew reading should attend lexical range, clause flow, and discourse function in context; these controls reduce over-reading and preserve authorial intent.
- Historical Evidence: Historically, this verse is interpreted within the received canonical tradition, where manuscript continuity and early community usage support stable transmission and meaning.
Ecclesiastes 2:11
Hebrew
וּפָנִיתִֽי אֲנִי בְּכָל־מַעֲשַׂי שֶֽׁעָשׂוּ יָדַי וּבֶֽעָמָל שֶׁעָמַלְתִּי לַעֲשׂוֹת וְהִנֵּה הַכֹּל הֶבֶל וּרְעוּת רוּחַ וְאֵין יִתְרוֹן תַּחַת הַשָּֽׁמֶשׁ׃vfaniytiy-'aniy-vekhal-ma'ashay-she'ashv-yaday-vve'amal-she'amaletiy-la'ashvot-vehineh-hakhol-hevel-vre'vt-rvcha-ve'eyn-yitervon-tachat-hashamesh
KJV: Then I looked on all the works that my hands had wrought, and on the labour that I had laboured to do: and, behold, all was vanity and vexation of spirit, and there was no profit under the sun.
AKJV: Then I looked on all the works that my hands had worked, and on the labor that I had labored to do: and, behold, all was vanity and vexation of spirit, and there was no profit under the sun. ¶
ASV: Then I looked on all the works that my hands had wrought, and on the labor that I had labored to do; and, behold, all was vanity and a striving after wind, and there was no profit under the sun.
YLT: and I have looked on all my works that my hands have done, and on the labour that I have laboured to do, and lo, the whole is vanity and vexation of spirit, and there is no advantage under the sun!
Commentary WitnessEcclesiastes 2:11Quoted commentary witness
Commentary Witness
Ecclesiastes 2:11
Verse 11 And, behold, all was vanity - Emptiness and insufficiency in itself. And vexation of spirit - Because it promised the good I wished for, but did not, could not, perform the promise; and left my soul discontented and chagrined.
Provenance. Rendered as a quoted commentary witness with explicit reference extraction from the source prose.
Canonical locus
Ecclesiastes 2:11
Source lane
Apologetics Bible source bundle
Named authorities or texts detected in the witness
- And
Exposition: Ecclesiastes 2:11 emphasizes a key movement in the chapter's argument. In KJV form, the text reads: 'Then I looked on all the works that my hands had wrought, and on the labour that I had laboured to do: and, behold, all was vanity and vexation of spirit, and there was no profit under the sun.'. Read in canonical context, the verse supports the coherence of biblical revelation by linking doctrine, narrative, and covenantal meaning.
Apologetics Notes
- Scientific Correlation: This verse is suitable for cumulative-case reasoning in apologetics: historical context, textual stability, and worldview coherence are evaluated together rather than in isolation.
- Hebrew Grammar: A close Hebrew reading should attend lexical range, clause flow, and discourse function in context; these controls reduce over-reading and preserve authorial intent.
- Historical Evidence: Historically, this verse is interpreted within the received canonical tradition, where manuscript continuity and early community usage support stable transmission and meaning.
Ecclesiastes 2:12
Hebrew
וּפָנִיתִֽי אֲנִי לִרְאוֹת חָכְמָה וְהוֹלֵלוֹת וְסִכְלוּת כִּי ׀ מֶה הָאָדָם שֶׁיָּבוֹא אַחֲרֵי הַמֶּלֶךְ אֵת אֲשֶׁר־כְּבָר עָשֽׂוּהוּ׃vfaniytiy-'aniy-lire'vot-chakhemah-vehvolelvot-vesikhelvt-khiy- -meh-ha'adam-sheyavvo'-'acharey-hamelekhe-'et-'asher-khevar-'ashvhv
KJV: And I turned myself to behold wisdom, and madness, and folly: for what can the man do that cometh after the king? even that which hath been already done.
AKJV: And I turned myself to behold wisdom, and madness, and folly: for what can the man do that comes after the king? even that which has been already done.
ASV: And I turned myself to behold wisdom, and madness, and folly: for whatcanthe mandothat cometh after the king? even that which hath been done long ago.
YLT: And I turned to see wisdom, and madness, and folly, but what is the man who cometh after the king? that which is already--they have done it!
Commentary WitnessEcclesiastes 2:12Quoted commentary witness
Commentary Witness
Ecclesiastes 2:12
Verse 12 For what can the man do that cometh after the king? - I have examined every thing proposed by science, by maddening pleasure, and by more refined and regulated mirth. I seized on the whole, and used them to the uttermost; and so far, that none ever shall be able to exceed me; as none can, in the course of things, ever have such power and means of gratification.
Provenance. Rendered as a quoted commentary witness with explicit reference extraction from the source prose.
Canonical locus
Ecclesiastes 2:12
Source lane
Apologetics Bible source bundle
Exposition: Ecclesiastes 2:12 emphasizes a key movement in the chapter's argument. In KJV form, the text reads: 'And I turned myself to behold wisdom, and madness, and folly: for what can the man do that cometh after the king? even that which hath been already done.'. Read in canonical context, the verse supports the coherence of biblical revelation by linking doctrine, narrative, and covenantal meaning.
Apologetics Notes
- Scientific Correlation: This verse is suitable for cumulative-case reasoning in apologetics: historical context, textual stability, and worldview coherence are evaluated together rather than in isolation.
- Hebrew Grammar: A close Hebrew reading should attend lexical range, clause flow, and discourse function in context; these controls reduce over-reading and preserve authorial intent.
- Historical Evidence: Historically, this verse is interpreted within the received canonical tradition, where manuscript continuity and early community usage support stable transmission and meaning.
Ecclesiastes 2:13
Hebrew
וְרָאִיתִי אָנִי שֶׁיֵּשׁ יִתְרוֹן לַֽחָכְמָה מִן־הַסִּכְלוּת כִּֽיתְרוֹן הָאוֹר מִן־הַחֹֽשֶׁךְ׃vera'iytiy-'aniy-sheyesh-yitervon-lachakhemah-min-hasikhelvt-khiytervon-ha'vor-min-hachoshekhe
KJV: Then I saw that wisdom excelleth folly, as far as light excelleth darkness.
AKJV: Then I saw that wisdom excels folly, as far as light excels darkness.
ASV: Then I saw that wisdom excelleth folly, as far as light excelleth darkness.
YLT: And I saw that there is an advantage to wisdom above folly, like the advantage of the light above the darkness.
Commentary WitnessEcclesiastes 2:13Quoted commentary witness
Commentary Witness
Ecclesiastes 2:13
Verse 13 Then I saw that wisdom excelleth folly - Though in none of these pursuits I found the supreme good, the happiness my soul longed after; yet I could easily perceive that wisdom excelled the others, as far as light excels darkness. And he immediately subjoins the reasons.
Provenance. Rendered as a quoted commentary witness with explicit reference extraction from the source prose.
Canonical locus
Ecclesiastes 2:13
Source lane
Apologetics Bible source bundle
Exposition: Ecclesiastes 2:13 emphasizes a key movement in the chapter's argument. In KJV form, the text reads: 'Then I saw that wisdom excelleth folly, as far as light excelleth darkness.'. Read in canonical context, the verse supports the coherence of biblical revelation by linking doctrine, narrative, and covenantal meaning.
Apologetics Notes
- Scientific Correlation: This verse is suitable for cumulative-case reasoning in apologetics: historical context, textual stability, and worldview coherence are evaluated together rather than in isolation.
- Hebrew Grammar: A close Hebrew reading should attend lexical range, clause flow, and discourse function in context; these controls reduce over-reading and preserve authorial intent.
- Historical Evidence: Historically, this verse is interpreted within the received canonical tradition, where manuscript continuity and early community usage support stable transmission and meaning.
Ecclesiastes 2:14
Hebrew
הֶֽחָכָם עֵינָיו בְּרֹאשׁוֹ וְהַכְּסִיל בַּחֹשֶׁךְ הוֹלֵךְ וְיָדַעְתִּי גַם־אָנִי שֶׁמִּקְרֶה אֶחָד יִקְרֶה אֶת־כֻּלָּֽם׃hechakham-'eynayv-vero'shvo-vehakhesiyl-vachoshekhe-hvolekhe-veyada'etiy-gam-'aniy-shemiqereh-'echad-yiqereh-'et-khulam
KJV: The wise man’s eyes are in his head; but the fool walketh in darkness: and I myself perceived also that one event happeneth to them all.
AKJV: The wise man’s eyes are in his head; but the fool walks in darkness: and I myself perceived also that one event happens to them all.
ASV: The wise man’s eyes are in his head, and the fool walketh in darkness: and yet I perceived that one event happeneth to them all.
YLT: The wise! --his eyes are in his head, and the fool in darkness is walking, and I also knew that one event happeneth with them all;
Commentary WitnessEcclesiastes 2:14Quoted commentary witness
Commentary Witness
Ecclesiastes 2:14
Verse 14 The wise man's eyes, etc. - Well expressed by Choheleth: - "The wise are circumspect, maturely weigh The consequence of what they undertake, Good ends propose, and fittest means apply To accomplish their designs." But the fool walketh in darkness - "But fools, deprived Of reason's guidance, or in darkness grope, Or, unreflecting like a frantic man, Who on the brink of some steep precipice Attempts to run a race with heedless steps, Rush to their own perdition." One event happeneth to them all - "Though wide the difference, what has human pride To boast? Even I myself too plainly saw, That one event to both alike befalls; To various accidents of life exposed, Without distinction: nor can wisdom screen From dangers, disappointments, grief, and pain."
Provenance. Rendered as a quoted commentary witness with explicit reference extraction from the source prose.
Canonical locus
Ecclesiastes 2:14
Source lane
Apologetics Bible source bundle
Named authorities or texts detected in the witness
- Choheleth
- Or
Exposition: Ecclesiastes 2:14 emphasizes a key movement in the chapter's argument. In KJV form, the text reads: 'The wise man’s eyes are in his head; but the fool walketh in darkness: and I myself perceived also that one event happeneth to them all.'. Read in canonical context, the verse supports the coherence of biblical revelation by linking doctrine, narrative, and covenantal meaning.
Apologetics Notes
- Scientific Correlation: This verse is suitable for cumulative-case reasoning in apologetics: historical context, textual stability, and worldview coherence are evaluated together rather than in isolation.
- Hebrew Grammar: A close Hebrew reading should attend lexical range, clause flow, and discourse function in context; these controls reduce over-reading and preserve authorial intent.
- Historical Evidence: Historically, this verse is interpreted within the received canonical tradition, where manuscript continuity and early community usage support stable transmission and meaning.
Ecclesiastes 2:15
Hebrew
וְאָמַרְתִּֽי אֲנִי בְּלִבִּי כְּמִקְרֵה הַכְּסִיל גַּם־אֲנִי יִקְרֵנִי וְלָמָּה חָכַמְתִּי אֲנִי אָז יוֹתֵר וְדִבַּרְתִּי בְלִבִּי שֶׁגַּם־זֶה הָֽבֶל׃ve'amaretiy-'aniy-veliviy-khemiqereh-hakhesiyl-gam-'aniy-yiqereniy-velamah-chakhametiy-'aniy-'az-yvoter-vedivaretiy-veliviy-shegam-zeh-havel
KJV: Then said I in my heart, As it happeneth to the fool, so it happeneth even to me; and why was I then more wise? Then I said in my heart, that this also is vanity.
AKJV: Then said I in my heart, As it happens to the fool, so it happens even to me; and why was I then more wise? Then I said in my heart, that this also is vanity.
ASV: Then said I in my heart, As it happeneth to the fool, so will it happen even to me; and why was I then more wise? Then said I in my heart, that this also is vanity.
YLT: and I said in my heart, `As it happeneth with the fool, it happeneth also with me, and why am I then more wise?' And I spake in my heart, that also this is vanity:
Commentary WitnessEcclesiastes 2:15Quoted commentary witness
Commentary Witness
Ecclesiastes 2:15
Verse 15 As it happeneth to the fool - Literally, "According as the event is to the fool, it happens to me, even me." There is a peculiar beauty and emphasis in the repetition of me. Having pointed out the advantages that wisdom has over folly, he takes this opportunity of reminding us of the danger of trusting too much to it, by showing that it is equally subject to the common accidents of life; and, therefore, incapable of making us completely happy. Having given his sentiments on this point in general terms, he proceeds to those particular instances wherein human prudence chiefly exerts itself; and shows how egregiously it is mistaken in every one of them - C.
Provenance. Rendered as a quoted commentary witness with explicit reference extraction from the source prose.
Canonical locus
Ecclesiastes 2:15
Source lane
Apologetics Bible source bundle
Named authorities or texts detected in the witness
- Literally
Exposition: Ecclesiastes 2:15 emphasizes a key movement in the chapter's argument. In KJV form, the text reads: 'Then said I in my heart, As it happeneth to the fool, so it happeneth even to me; and why was I then more wise? Then I said in my heart, that this also is vanity.'. Read in canonical context, the verse supports the coherence of biblical revelation by linking doctrine, narrative, and covenantal meaning.
Apologetics Notes
- Scientific Correlation: This verse is suitable for cumulative-case reasoning in apologetics: historical context, textual stability, and worldview coherence are evaluated together rather than in isolation.
- Hebrew Grammar: A close Hebrew reading should attend lexical range, clause flow, and discourse function in context; these controls reduce over-reading and preserve authorial intent.
- Historical Evidence: Historically, this verse is interpreted within the received canonical tradition, where manuscript continuity and early community usage support stable transmission and meaning.
Ecclesiastes 2:16
Hebrew
כִּי אֵין זִכְרוֹן לֶחָכָם עִֽם־הַכְּסִיל לְעוֹלָם בְּשֶׁכְּבָר הַיָּמִים הַבָּאִים הַכֹּל נִשְׁכָּח וְאֵיךְ יָמוּת הֶחָכָם עִֽם־הַכְּסִֽיל׃khiy-'eyn-zikhervon-lechakham-'im-hakhesiyl-le'volam-veshekhevar-hayamiym-hava'iym-hakhol-nishekhach-ve'eykhe-yamvt-hechakham-'im-hakhesiyl
KJV: For there is no remembrance of the wise more than of the fool for ever; seeing that which now is in the days to come shall all be forgotten. And how dieth the wise man? as the fool.
AKJV: For there is no remembrance of the wise more than of the fool for ever; seeing that which now is in the days to come shall all be forgotten. And how dies the wise man? as the fool.
ASV: For of the wise man, even as of the fool, there is no remembrance for ever; seeing that in the days to come all will have been long forgotten. And how doth the wise man die even as the fool!
YLT: That there is no remembrance to the wise--with the fool--to the age, for that which is already, in the days that are coming is all forgotten, and how dieth the wise? with the fool!
Commentary WitnessEcclesiastes 2:16Quoted commentary witness
Commentary Witness
Ecclesiastes 2:16
Verse 16 There is no remembrance - The wise and the fool are equally subject to death; and, in most instances, they are equally forgotten. Time sweeps away all remembrances, except the very few out of millions which are preserved for a while in the page of history.
Provenance. Rendered as a quoted commentary witness with explicit reference extraction from the source prose.
Canonical locus
Ecclesiastes 2:16
Source lane
Apologetics Bible source bundle
Exposition: Ecclesiastes 2:16 emphasizes a key movement in the chapter's argument. In KJV form, the text reads: 'For there is no remembrance of the wise more than of the fool for ever; seeing that which now is in the days to come shall all be forgotten. And how dieth the wise man? as the fool.'. Read in canonical context, the verse supports the coherence of biblical revelation by linking doctrine, narrative, and covenantal meaning.
Apologetics Notes
- Scientific Correlation: This verse is suitable for cumulative-case reasoning in apologetics: historical context, textual stability, and worldview coherence are evaluated together rather than in isolation.
- Hebrew Grammar: A close Hebrew reading should attend lexical range, clause flow, and discourse function in context; these controls reduce over-reading and preserve authorial intent.
- Historical Evidence: Historically, this verse is interpreted within the received canonical tradition, where manuscript continuity and early community usage support stable transmission and meaning.
Ecclesiastes 2:17
Hebrew
וְשָׂנֵאתִי אֶת־הַחַיִּים כִּי רַע עָלַי הַֽמַּעֲשֶׂה שֶׁנַּעֲשָׂה תַּחַת הַשָּׁמֶשׁ כִּֽי־הַכֹּל הֶבֶל וּרְעוּת רֽוּחַ׃veshane'tiy-'et-hachayiym-khiy-ra'-'alay-hama'asheh-shena'ashah-tachat-hashamesh-khiy-hakhol-hevel-vre'vt-rvcha
KJV: Therefore I hated life; because the work that is wrought under the sun is grievous unto me: for all is vanity and vexation of spirit.
AKJV: Therefore I hated life; because the work that is worked under the sun is grievous to me: for all is vanity and vexation of spirit. ¶
ASV: So I hated life, because the work that is wrought under the sun was grievous unto me; for all is vanity and a striving after wind.
YLT: And I have hated life, for sad to me is the work that hath been done under the sun, for the whole is vanity and vexation of spirit.
Commentary WitnessEcclesiastes 2:17Quoted commentary witness
Commentary Witness
Ecclesiastes 2:17
Verse 17 Therefore I hated life - את החיים et hachaiyim, the lives, both of the wise, the mad man, and the fool. Also all the stages of life, the child, the man, and the sage. There was nothing in it worth pursuing, no period worth re-living and no hope that if this were possible I could again be more successful.
Provenance. Rendered as a quoted commentary witness with explicit reference extraction from the source prose.
Canonical locus
Ecclesiastes 2:17
Source lane
Apologetics Bible source bundle
Exposition: Ecclesiastes 2:17 emphasizes a key movement in the chapter's argument. In KJV form, the text reads: 'Therefore I hated life; because the work that is wrought under the sun is grievous unto me: for all is vanity and vexation of spirit.'. Read in canonical context, the verse supports the coherence of biblical revelation by linking doctrine, narrative, and covenantal meaning.
Apologetics Notes
- Scientific Correlation: This verse is suitable for cumulative-case reasoning in apologetics: historical context, textual stability, and worldview coherence are evaluated together rather than in isolation.
- Hebrew Grammar: A close Hebrew reading should attend lexical range, clause flow, and discourse function in context; these controls reduce over-reading and preserve authorial intent.
- Historical Evidence: Historically, this verse is interpreted within the received canonical tradition, where manuscript continuity and early community usage support stable transmission and meaning.
Ecclesiastes 2:18
Hebrew
וְשָׂנֵאתִֽי אֲנִי אֶת־כָּל־עֲמָלִי שֶׁאֲנִי עָמֵל תַּחַת הַשָּׁמֶשׁ שֶׁאַנִּיחֶנּוּ לָאָדָם שֶׁיִּהְיֶה אַחֲרָֽי׃veshane'tiy-'aniy-'et-khal-'amaliy-she'aniy-'amel-tachat-hashamesh-she'aniychenv-la'adam-sheyiheyeh-'acharay
KJV: Yea, I hated all my labour which I had taken under the sun: because I should leave it unto the man that shall be after me.
AKJV: Yes, I hated all my labor which I had taken under the sun: because I should leave it to the man that shall be after me.
ASV: And I hated all my labor wherein I labored under the sun, seeing that I must leave it unto the man that shall be after me.
YLT: And I have hated all my labour that I labour at under the sun, because I leave it to a man who is after me.
Commentary WitnessEcclesiastes 2:18Quoted commentary witness
Commentary Witness
Ecclesiastes 2:18
Verse 18 I hated all my labor - Because, 1. It has not answered the end for which it was instituted. 2. I can enjoy the fruits of it but a short time. 3. I must leave it to others, and know not whether a wise man, a knave, or a fool will possess it.
Provenance. Rendered as a quoted commentary witness with explicit reference extraction from the source prose.
Canonical locus
Ecclesiastes 2:18
Source lane
Apologetics Bible source bundle
Named authorities or texts detected in the witness
- Because
Exposition: Ecclesiastes 2:18 emphasizes a key movement in the chapter's argument. In KJV form, the text reads: 'Yea, I hated all my labour which I had taken under the sun: because I should leave it unto the man that shall be after me.'. Read in canonical context, the verse supports the coherence of biblical revelation by linking doctrine, narrative, and covenantal meaning.
Apologetics Notes
- Scientific Correlation: This verse is suitable for cumulative-case reasoning in apologetics: historical context, textual stability, and worldview coherence are evaluated together rather than in isolation.
- Hebrew Grammar: A close Hebrew reading should attend lexical range, clause flow, and discourse function in context; these controls reduce over-reading and preserve authorial intent.
- Historical Evidence: Historically, this verse is interpreted within the received canonical tradition, where manuscript continuity and early community usage support stable transmission and meaning.
Ecclesiastes 2:19
Hebrew
וּמִי יוֹדֵעַ הֶֽחָכָם יִהְיֶה אוֹ סָכָל וְיִשְׁלַט בְּכָל־עֲמָלִי שֶֽׁעָמַלְתִּי וְשֶׁחָכַמְתִּי תַּחַת הַשָּׁמֶשׁ גַּם־זֶה הָֽבֶל׃vmiy-yvode'a-hechakham-yiheyeh-'vo-sakhal-veyishelat-vekhal-'amaliy-she'amaletiy-veshechakhametiy-tachat-hashamesh-gam-zeh-havel
KJV: And who knoweth whether he shall be a wise man or a fool? yet shall he have rule over all my labour wherein I have laboured, and wherein I have shewed myself wise under the sun. This is also vanity.
AKJV: And who knows whether he shall be a wise man or a fool? yet shall he have rule over all my labor wherein I have labored, and wherein I have showed myself wise under the sun. This is also vanity.
ASV: And who knoweth whether he will be a wise man or a fool? yet will he have rule over all my labor wherein I have labored, and wherein I have showed myself wise under the sun. This also is vanity.
YLT: And who knoweth whether he is wise or foolish? yet he doth rule over all my labour that I have laboured at, and that I have done wisely under the sun! this also is vanity.
Commentary WitnessEcclesiastes 2:19Quoted commentary witness
Commentary Witness
Ecclesiastes 2:19
Verse 19 A wise man or a fool? - Alas! Solomon, the wisest of all men, made the worst use of his wisdom, had three hundred wives and seven hundred concubines, and yet left but one son behind him, to possess his estates and his throne, and that one was the silliest of fools!
Provenance. Rendered as a quoted commentary witness with explicit reference extraction from the source prose.
Canonical locus
Ecclesiastes 2:19
Source lane
Apologetics Bible source bundle
Named authorities or texts detected in the witness
- Solomon
Exposition: Ecclesiastes 2:19 emphasizes a key movement in the chapter's argument. In KJV form, the text reads: 'And who knoweth whether he shall be a wise man or a fool? yet shall he have rule over all my labour wherein I have laboured, and wherein I have shewed myself wise under the sun. This is also vanity.'. Read in canonical context, the verse supports the coherence of biblical revelation by linking doctrine, narrative, and covenantal meaning.
Apologetics Notes
- Scientific Correlation: This verse is suitable for cumulative-case reasoning in apologetics: historical context, textual stability, and worldview coherence are evaluated together rather than in isolation.
- Hebrew Grammar: A close Hebrew reading should attend lexical range, clause flow, and discourse function in context; these controls reduce over-reading and preserve authorial intent.
- Historical Evidence: Historically, this verse is interpreted within the received canonical tradition, where manuscript continuity and early community usage support stable transmission and meaning.
Ecclesiastes 2:20
Hebrew
וְסַבּוֹתִֽי אֲנִי לְיַאֵשׁ אֶת־לִבִּי עַל כָּל־הֶעָמָל שֶׁעָמַלְתִּי תַּחַת הַשָּֽׁמֶשׁ׃vesavvotiy-'aniy-leya'esh-'et-liviy-'al-khal-he'amal-she'amaletiy-tachat-hashamesh
KJV: Therefore I went about to cause my heart to despair of all the labour which I took under the sun.
AKJV: Therefore I went about to cause my heart to despair of all the labor which I took under the sun.
ASV: Therefore I turned about to cause my heart to despair concerning all the labor wherein I had labored under the sun.
YLT: And I turned round to cause my heart to despair concerning all the labour that I laboured at under the sun.
Commentary WitnessEcclesiastes 2:20Quoted commentary witness
Commentary Witness
Ecclesiastes 2:20
Verse 20 I went about to cause my heart to despair - What makes all worse, there is no remedy. It is impossible in the present state of things to prevent these evils.
Provenance. Rendered as a quoted commentary witness with explicit reference extraction from the source prose.
Canonical locus
Ecclesiastes 2:20
Source lane
Apologetics Bible source bundle
Exposition: Ecclesiastes 2:20 emphasizes a key movement in the chapter's argument. In KJV form, the text reads: 'Therefore I went about to cause my heart to despair of all the labour which I took under the sun.'. Read in canonical context, the verse supports the coherence of biblical revelation by linking doctrine, narrative, and covenantal meaning.
Apologetics Notes
- Scientific Correlation: This verse is suitable for cumulative-case reasoning in apologetics: historical context, textual stability, and worldview coherence are evaluated together rather than in isolation.
- Hebrew Grammar: A close Hebrew reading should attend lexical range, clause flow, and discourse function in context; these controls reduce over-reading and preserve authorial intent.
- Historical Evidence: Historically, this verse is interpreted within the received canonical tradition, where manuscript continuity and early community usage support stable transmission and meaning.
Ecclesiastes 2:21
Hebrew
כִּי־יֵשׁ אָדָם שֶׁעֲמָלוֹ בְּחָכְמָה וּבְדַעַת וּבְכִשְׁרוֹן וּלְאָדָם שֶׁלֹּא עָֽמַל־בּוֹ יִתְּנֶנּוּ חֶלְקוֹ גַּם־זֶה הֶבֶל וְרָעָה רַבָּֽה׃khiy-yesh-'adam-she'amalvo-vechakhemah-vveda'at-vvekhishervon-vle'adam-shelo'-'amal-vvo-yitenenv-cheleqvo-gam-zeh-hevel-vera'ah-ravah
KJV: For there is a man whose labour is in wisdom, and in knowledge, and in equity; yet to a man that hath not laboured therein shall he leave it for his portion. This also is vanity and a great evil.
AKJV: For there is a man whose labor is in wisdom, and in knowledge, and in equity; yet to a man that has not labored therein shall he leave it for his portion. This also is vanity and a great evil.
ASV: For there is a man whose labor is with wisdom, and with knowledge, and with skilfulness; yet to a man that hath not labored therein shall he leave it for his portion. This also is vanity and a great evil.
YLT: For there is a man whose labour is in wisdom, and in knowledge, and in equity, and to a man who hath not laboured therein he giveth it--his portion! Even this is vanity and a great evil.
Commentary WitnessEcclesiastes 2:21Quoted commentary witness
Commentary Witness
Ecclesiastes 2:21
Verse 21 For there is a man - Does he not allude to himself? As if he had said, "I have labored to cultivate my mind in wisdom and in science, in knowledge of men and things, and have endeavored to establish equity and dispense justice. And now I find I shall leave all the fruits of my labor to a man that hath not labored therein, and consequently cannot prize what I have wrought." Does he not refer to his son Rehoboam?
Provenance. Rendered as a quoted commentary witness with explicit reference extraction from the source prose.
Canonical locus
Ecclesiastes 2:21
Source lane
Apologetics Bible source bundle
Exposition: Ecclesiastes 2:21 emphasizes a key movement in the chapter's argument. In KJV form, the text reads: 'For there is a man whose labour is in wisdom, and in knowledge, and in equity; yet to a man that hath not laboured therein shall he leave it for his portion. This also is vanity and a great evil.'. Read in canonical context, the verse supports the coherence of biblical revelation by linking doctrine, narrative, and covenantal meaning.
Apologetics Notes
- Scientific Correlation: This verse is suitable for cumulative-case reasoning in apologetics: historical context, textual stability, and worldview coherence are evaluated together rather than in isolation.
- Hebrew Grammar: A close Hebrew reading should attend lexical range, clause flow, and discourse function in context; these controls reduce over-reading and preserve authorial intent.
- Historical Evidence: Historically, this verse is interpreted within the received canonical tradition, where manuscript continuity and early community usage support stable transmission and meaning.
Ecclesiastes 2:22
Hebrew
כִּי מֶֽה־הֹוֶה לָֽאָדָם בְּכָל־עֲמָלוֹ וּבְרַעְיוֹן לִבּו שֶׁהוּא עָמֵל תַּחַת הַשָּֽׁמֶשׁ׃khiy-meh-hoveh-la'adam-vekhal-'amalvo-vvera'eyvon-livv-shehv'-'amel-tachat-hashamesh
KJV: For what hath man of all his labour, and of the vexation of his heart, wherein he hath laboured under the sun?
AKJV: For what has man of all his labor, and of the vexation of his heart, wherein he has labored under the sun?
ASV: For what hath a man of all his labor, and of the striving of his heart, wherein he laboreth under the sun?
YLT: For what hath been to a man by all his labour, and by the thought of his heart that he laboured at under the sun?
Commentary WitnessEcclesiastes 2:22Quoted commentary witness
Commentary Witness
Ecclesiastes 2:22
Verse 22 For what hath man of all his laborer - Labour of body, disappointment of hope, and vexation of heart, have been all my portion.
Provenance. Rendered as a quoted commentary witness with explicit reference extraction from the source prose.
Canonical locus
Ecclesiastes 2:22
Source lane
Apologetics Bible source bundle
Exposition: Ecclesiastes 2:22 emphasizes a key movement in the chapter's argument. In KJV form, the text reads: 'For what hath man of all his labour, and of the vexation of his heart, wherein he hath laboured under the sun?'. Read in canonical context, the verse supports the coherence of biblical revelation by linking doctrine, narrative, and covenantal meaning.
Apologetics Notes
- Scientific Correlation: This verse is suitable for cumulative-case reasoning in apologetics: historical context, textual stability, and worldview coherence are evaluated together rather than in isolation.
- Hebrew Grammar: A close Hebrew reading should attend lexical range, clause flow, and discourse function in context; these controls reduce over-reading and preserve authorial intent.
- Historical Evidence: Historically, this verse is interpreted within the received canonical tradition, where manuscript continuity and early community usage support stable transmission and meaning.
Ecclesiastes 2:23
Hebrew
כִּי כָל־יָמָיו מַכְאֹבִים וָכַעַס עִנְיָנוֹ גַּם־בַּלַּיְלָה לֹא־שָׁכַב לִבּוֹ גַּם־זֶה הֶבֶל הֽוּא׃khiy-khal-yamayv-makhe'oviym-vakha'as-'ineyanvo-gam-valayelah-lo'-shakhav-livvo-gam-zeh-hevel-hv'
KJV: For all his days are sorrows, and his travail grief; yea, his heart taketh not rest in the night. This is also vanity.
AKJV: For all his days are sorrows, and his travail grief; yes, his heart takes not rest in the night. This is also vanity. ¶
ASV: For all his days are but sorrows, and his travail is grief; yea, even in the night his heart taketh no rest. This also is vanity.
YLT: For all his days are sorrows, and his travail sadness; even at night his heart hath not lain down; this also is vanity.
Commentary WitnessEcclesiastes 2:23Quoted commentary witness
Commentary Witness
Ecclesiastes 2:23
Verse 23 His days are sorrows - What a picture of human life where the heart is not filled with the peace and love of God! All his days are sorrows; all his labors griefs; all his nights restless; for he has no portion but merely what earth can give; and that is embittered by the labor of acquisition, and the disappointment in the using. This is also vanity - Emptiness of good and substantial misery.
Provenance. Rendered as a quoted commentary witness with explicit reference extraction from the source prose.
Canonical locus
Ecclesiastes 2:23
Source lane
Apologetics Bible source bundle
Exposition: Ecclesiastes 2:23 emphasizes a key movement in the chapter's argument. In KJV form, the text reads: 'For all his days are sorrows, and his travail grief; yea, his heart taketh not rest in the night. This is also vanity.'. Read in canonical context, the verse supports the coherence of biblical revelation by linking doctrine, narrative, and covenantal meaning.
Apologetics Notes
- Scientific Correlation: This verse is suitable for cumulative-case reasoning in apologetics: historical context, textual stability, and worldview coherence are evaluated together rather than in isolation.
- Hebrew Grammar: A close Hebrew reading should attend lexical range, clause flow, and discourse function in context; these controls reduce over-reading and preserve authorial intent.
- Historical Evidence: Historically, this verse is interpreted within the received canonical tradition, where manuscript continuity and early community usage support stable transmission and meaning.
Ecclesiastes 2:24
Hebrew
אֵֽין־טוֹב בָּאָדָם שֶׁיֹּאכַל וְשָׁתָה וְהֶרְאָה אֶת־נַפְשׁוֹ טוֹב בַּעֲמָלוֹ גַּם־זֹה רָאִיתִי אָנִי כִּי מִיַּד הָאֱלֹהִים הִֽיא׃'eyn-tvov-va'adam-sheyo'khal-veshatah-vehere'ah-'et-nafeshvo-tvov-va'amalvo-gam-zoh-ra'iytiy-'aniy-khiy-miyad-ha'elohiym-hiy'
KJV: There is nothing better for a man, than that he should eat and drink, and that he should make his soul enjoy good in his labour. This also I saw, that it was from the hand of God.
AKJV: There is nothing better for a man, than that he should eat and drink, and that he should make his soul enjoy good in his labor. This also I saw, that it was from the hand of God.
ASV: There is nothing better for a manthanthat he should eat and drink, and make his soul enjoy good in his labor. This also I saw, that it is from the hand of God.
YLT: There is nothing good in a man who eateth, and hath drunk, and hath shewn his soul good in his labour. This also I have seen that it is from the hand of God.
Commentary WitnessEcclesiastes 2:24Quoted commentary witness
Commentary Witness
Ecclesiastes 2:24
Verse 24 There is nothing better for a man - The sense of this passage is well expressed in the following lines: - "For these disorders wouldst thou find a cure, Such cure as human frailty would admit? Drive from thee anxious cares; let reason curb Thy passions; and with cheerful heart enjoy That little which the world affords; for here, Though vain the hopes of perfect happiness, Yet still the road of life, rugged at best, Is not without its comforts - Wouldst thou their sweetness taste, look up to heaven, And praise the all-bounteous Donor, who bestows The power to use aright."
Provenance. Rendered as a quoted commentary witness with explicit reference extraction from the source prose.
Canonical locus
Ecclesiastes 2:24
Source lane
Apologetics Bible source bundle
Named authorities or texts detected in the witness
- Donor
Exposition: Ecclesiastes 2:24 emphasizes a key movement in the chapter's argument. In KJV form, the text reads: 'There is nothing better for a man, than that he should eat and drink, and that he should make his soul enjoy good in his labour. This also I saw, that it was from the hand of God.'. Read in canonical context, the verse supports the coherence of biblical revelation by linking doctrine, narrative, and covenantal meaning.
Apologetics Notes
- Scientific Correlation: This verse is suitable for cumulative-case reasoning in apologetics: historical context, textual stability, and worldview coherence are evaluated together rather than in isolation.
- Hebrew Grammar: A close Hebrew reading should attend lexical range, clause flow, and discourse function in context; these controls reduce over-reading and preserve authorial intent.
- Historical Evidence: Historically, this verse is interpreted within the received canonical tradition, where manuscript continuity and early community usage support stable transmission and meaning.
Ecclesiastes 2:25
Hebrew
כִּי מִי יֹאכַל וּמִי יָחוּשׁ חוּץ מִמֶּֽנִּי׃khiy-miy-yo'khal-vmiy-yachvsh-chvtz-mimeniy
KJV: For who can eat, or who else can hasten hereunto, more than I?
AKJV: For who can eat, or who else can hasten hereunto, more than I?
ASV: For who can eat, or who can have enjoyment, more than I?
YLT: For who eateth and who hasteth out more than I?
Commentary Witness (Generated)Ecclesiastes 2:25Generated editorial synthesis
Commentary Witness (Generated)
Ecclesiastes 2:25
Ecclesiastes 2:25 advances the immediate literary flow of the chapter and should be interpreted in its canonical context, not as an isolated proof text. In the present translation it reads: 'For who can eat, or who else can hasten hereunto, more than I?'. A close Hebrew reading supports attention to key lexical choices, clause movement, and redemptive-historical placement so doctrinal conclusions remain textually grounded.
Provenance. Rendered as an editorial synthesis tied to the canonical verse context and current chapter source.
Canonical locus
Ecclesiastes 2:25
Source lane
Apologetics Bible source bundle
Biblical cross-references named in the witness
- Ecclesiastes 2:25
Exposition: Ecclesiastes 2:25 emphasizes a key movement in the chapter's argument. In KJV form, the text reads: 'For who can eat, or who else can hasten hereunto, more than I?'. Read in canonical context, the verse supports the coherence of biblical revelation by linking doctrine, narrative, and covenantal meaning.
Apologetics Notes
- Scientific Correlation: This verse is suitable for cumulative-case reasoning in apologetics: historical context, textual stability, and worldview coherence are evaluated together rather than in isolation.
- Hebrew Grammar: A close Hebrew reading should attend lexical range, clause flow, and discourse function in context; these controls reduce over-reading and preserve authorial intent.
- Historical Evidence: Historically, this verse is interpreted within the received canonical tradition, where manuscript continuity and early community usage support stable transmission and meaning.
Ecclesiastes 2:26
Hebrew
כִּי לְאָדָם שֶׁטּוֹב לְפָנָיו נָתַן חָכְמָה וְדַעַת וְשִׂמְחָה וְלַחוֹטֶא נָתַן עִנְיָן לֶאֱסוֹף וְלִכְנוֹס לָתֵת לְטוֹב לִפְנֵי הָֽאֱלֹהִים גַּם־זֶה הֶבֶל וּרְעוּת רֽוּחַ׃khiy-le'adam-shetvov-lefanayv-natan-chakhemah-veda'at-veshimechah-velachvote'-natan-'ineyan-le'esvof-velikhenvos-latet-letvov-lifeney-ha'elohiym-gam-zeh-hevel-vre'vt-rvcha
KJV: For God giveth to a man that is good in his sight wisdom, and knowledge, and joy: but to the sinner he giveth travail, to gather and to heap up, that he may give to him that is good before God. This also is vanity and vexation of spirit.
AKJV: For God gives to a man that is good in his sight wisdom, and knowledge, and joy: but to the sinner he gives travail, to gather and to heap up, that he may give to him that is good before God. This also is vanity and vexation of spirit.
ASV: For to the man that pleaseth him God giveth wisdom, and knowledge, and joy; but to the sinner he giveth travail, to gather and to heap up, that he may give to him that pleaseth God. This also is vanity and a striving after wind.
YLT: For to a man who is good before Him, He hath given wisdom, and knowledge, and joy; and to a sinner He hath given travail, to gather and to heap up, to give to the good before God. Even this is vanity and vexation of spirit.
Commentary WitnessEcclesiastes 2:26Quoted commentary witness
Commentary Witness
Ecclesiastes 2:26
Verse 26 For who can eat - more than I? - But instead of חוץ ממני chuts mimmenni, more than I; חוץ ממנו chuts mimmennu, without Him, is the reading of eight of Kennicott's and De Rossi's MSS., as also of the Septuagint, Syriac, and Arabic. "For who maye eat, drynke, or bring enythinge to pass without him?" - Coverdale. I believe this to be the true reading. No one can have a true relish of the comforts of life without the Divine blessing. This reading connects all the sentences: "This also I saw, that it was from the hand of God; - for who can eat, and who can relish without Him? For God giveth to man that is good." It is through his liberality that we have any thing to eat or drink; and it is only through his blessing that we can derive good from the use of what we possess. Giveth - wisdom, and knowledge, and joy - 1. God gives wisdom - the knowledge of himself, light to direct in the way of salvation. 2. Knowledge - understanding to discern the operation of his hand; experimental acquaintance with himself, in the dispensing of his grace and the gifts of his Spirit. 3. Joy; a hundred days of ease for one day of pain; one thousand enjoyments for one privation; and to them that believe, peace of conscience, and joy in the Holy Ghost. But to the sinner he giveth travail - He has a life of labor, disappointment, and distress; for because he is an enemy to God, he travails in pain all his days; and, as the wise man says elsewhere, the wealth of the wicked is laid up for the just. So he loseth earthly good, because he would not take a heavenly portion with it.
Provenance. Rendered as a quoted commentary witness with explicit reference extraction from the source prose.
Canonical locus
Ecclesiastes 2:26
Source lane
Apologetics Bible source bundle
Named authorities or texts detected in the witness
- Septuagint
- Him
- Syriac
- Arabic
- Coverdale
- Joy
- Holy Ghost
Exposition: Ecclesiastes 2:26 emphasizes a key movement in the chapter's argument. In KJV form, the text reads: 'For God giveth to a man that is good in his sight wisdom, and knowledge, and joy: but to the sinner he giveth travail, to gather and to heap up, that he may give to him that is good before God. This also is vanity and...'. Read in canonical context, the verse supports the coherence of biblical revelation by linking doctrine, narrative, and covenantal meaning.
Apologetics Notes
- Scientific Correlation: This verse is suitable for cumulative-case reasoning in apologetics: historical context, textual stability, and worldview coherence are evaluated together rather than in isolation.
- Hebrew Grammar: A close Hebrew reading should attend lexical range, clause flow, and discourse function in context; these controls reduce over-reading and preserve authorial intent.
- Historical Evidence: Historically, this verse is interpreted within the received canonical tradition, where manuscript continuity and early community usage support stable transmission and meaning.
Citation trailOpen the commentary counts, references, and named sources.
Scholarly apparatus
Commentary citation index
This chapter now surfaces commentary as quoted witness material with an explicit citation trail. The index below gathers the canonical references and named authorities detected inside the commentary layer for faster academic review.
Direct commentary witnesses
24
Generated editorial witnesses
2
Source lane
Apologetics Bible source bundle
Canonical references surfaced in commentary
- Ecclesiastes 2:1
- Ecclesiastes 2:2
- Ecclesiastes 2:3
- 1Kgs 7:1
- 2Chr 8:1
- 1Kgs 9:10
- Ecclesiastes 2:4
- Ecclesiastes 2:5
- Ecclesiastes 2:6
- Ecclesiastes 2:7
- 1Sam 22:7
- Ecclesiastes 2:8
- Ecclesiastes 2:9
- Ecclesiastes 2:10
- Ecclesiastes 2:11
- Ecclesiastes 2:12
- Ecclesiastes 2:13
- Ecclesiastes 2:14
- Ecclesiastes 2:15
- Ecclesiastes 2:16
- Ecclesiastes 2:17
- Ecclesiastes 2:18
- Ecclesiastes 2:19
- Ecclesiastes 2:20
- Ecclesiastes 2:21
- Ecclesiastes 2:22
- Ecclesiastes 2:23
- Ecclesiastes 2:24
- Ecclesiastes 2:25
- Ecclesiastes 2:26
Named authorities or texts surfaced in commentary
- Ovid
- Go
- There
- Lebanon
- Arabic
- Oxen
- Probably
- Sido
- If
- Bible
- Jerusalem
- And
- Choheleth
- Or
- Literally
- Because
- Solomon
- Donor
- Septuagint
- Him
- Syriac
- Coverdale
- Joy
- Holy Ghost
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1 Corinthians
Rendered chapters 1–16 are mapped to the public reader path for 1 Corinthians. Use this card to open chapter 1 and move directly into the study surface.
2 Corinthians
Rendered chapters 1–13 are mapped to the public reader path for 2 Corinthians. Use this card to open chapter 1 and move directly into the study surface.
Galatians
Rendered chapters 1–6 are mapped to the public reader path for Galatians. Use this card to open chapter 1 and move directly into the study surface.
Ephesians
Rendered chapters 1–6 are mapped to the public reader path for Ephesians. Use this card to open chapter 1 and move directly into the study surface.
Philippians
Rendered chapters 1–4 are mapped to the public reader path for Philippians. Use this card to open chapter 1 and move directly into the study surface.
Colossians
Rendered chapters 1–4 are mapped to the public reader path for Colossians. Use this card to open chapter 1 and move directly into the study surface.
1 Thessalonians
Rendered chapters 1–5 are mapped to the public reader path for 1 Thessalonians. Use this card to open chapter 1 and move directly into the study surface.
2 Thessalonians
Rendered chapters 1–3 are mapped to the public reader path for 2 Thessalonians. Use this card to open chapter 1 and move directly into the study surface.
1 Timothy
Rendered chapters 1–6 are mapped to the public reader path for 1 Timothy. Use this card to open chapter 1 and move directly into the study surface.
2 Timothy
Rendered chapters 1–4 are mapped to the public reader path for 2 Timothy. Use this card to open chapter 1 and move directly into the study surface.
Titus
Rendered chapters 1–3 are mapped to the public reader path for Titus. Use this card to open chapter 1 and move directly into the study surface.
Philemon
Rendered chapter 1 are mapped to the public reader path for Philemon. Use this card to open chapter 1 and move directly into the study surface.
Hebrews
Rendered chapters 1–13 are mapped to the public reader path for Hebrews. Use this card to open chapter 1 and move directly into the study surface.
James
Rendered chapters 1–5 are mapped to the public reader path for James. Use this card to open chapter 1 and move directly into the study surface.
1 Peter
Rendered chapters 1–5 are mapped to the public reader path for 1 Peter. Use this card to open chapter 1 and move directly into the study surface.
2 Peter
Rendered chapters 1–3 are mapped to the public reader path for 2 Peter. Use this card to open chapter 1 and move directly into the study surface.
1 John
Rendered chapters 1–5 are mapped to the public reader path for 1 John. Use this card to open chapter 1 and move directly into the study surface.
2 John
Rendered chapter 1 are mapped to the public reader path for 2 John. Use this card to open chapter 1 and move directly into the study surface.
3 John
Rendered chapter 1 are mapped to the public reader path for 3 John. Use this card to open chapter 1 and move directly into the study surface.
Jude
Rendered chapter 1 are mapped to the public reader path for Jude. Use this card to open chapter 1 and move directly into the study surface.
Revelation
Rendered chapters 1–22 are mapped to the public reader path for Revelation. Use this card to open chapter 1 and move directly into the study surface.
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What this explorer shows today
The public reader has book-by-book chapter entry points across the 66-book canon. Deeper corpus and provenance details stay on the supporting Bible Data shelves.
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Commentary Witness
Ecclesiastes 2:1
Provenance. Rendered as a quoted commentary witness with explicit reference extraction from the source prose.
Canonical locus
Ecclesiastes 2:1
Source lane
Apologetics Bible source bundle
Named authorities or texts detected in the witness