Apologetics Bible
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Exodus (Hebrew: Shemot — "Names") narrates the redemption of Israel from Egypt, the giving of the Law at Sinai, and the construction of the Tabernacle — the three great acts that define Israel's national, covenantal, and liturgical identity.
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Connected primary witness
- Connected ID:
Exodus_21
- Primary Witness Text: Now these are the judgments which thou shalt set before them. If thou buy an Hebrew servant, six years he shall serve: and in the seventh he shall go out free for nothing. If he came in by himself, he shall go out by himself: if he were married, then his wife shall go out with him. If his master have given him a wife, and she have born him sons or daughters; the wife and her children shall be her master’s, and he shall go out by himself. And if the servant shall plainly say, I love my master, my wife, and my children; I will not go out free: Then his master shall bring him unto the judges; he shall also bring him to the door, or unto the door post; and his master shall bore his ear through with an aul; and he shall serve him for ever. And if a man sell his daughter to be a maidservant, she shall not go out as the menservants do. If she please not her master, who hath betrothed her to himself, then shall he let her be redeemed: to sell her unto a strange nation he shall have no power, seeing he hath dealt deceitfully with her. And if he have betrothed her unto his son, he shall deal with her after the manner of daughters. If he take him another wife; her food, her raiment, and her duty of marriage, shall he not diminish. And if he do not these three unto her, then shall she go out free without money. He that smiteth a man, so that he die, shall be surely put to death. And if a man lie not in wait, but God deliver him into his hand; then I will appoint thee a place whither he s...
Connected dataset overlay
- Connected ID:
Exodus_21
- Chapter Blob Preview: Now these are the judgments which thou shalt set before them. If thou buy an Hebrew servant, six years he shall serve: and in the seventh he shall go out free for nothing. If he came in by himself, he shall go out by himself: if he were married, then his wife shall go out with him. If his master have given him a wife, and she have born him sons or daughters; the wife and her ch...
Chapter frameStart here before opening notes.
Chapter frame
Exodus (Hebrew: Shemot — "Names") narrates the redemption of Israel from Egypt, the giving of the Law at Sinai, and the construction of the Tabernacle — the three great acts that define Israel's national, covenantal, and liturgical identity.
The apologetics significance is multilayered: the Passover anticipates substitutionary atonement (1 Cor 5:7); the plagues demonstrate YHWH's sovereignty over the gods of Egypt; the Sinai covenant establishes divine law as the foundation of human ethics; and the Tabernacle introduces the theology of divine presence that culminates in the Incarnation (John 1:14 — eskēnōsen, "tabernacled among us").
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Exodus 21:1
Hebrew
וְאֵלֶּה הַמִּשְׁפָּטִים אֲשֶׁר תָּשִׂים לִפְנֵיהֶֽם׃ve'eleh-hamishefatiym-'asher-tashiym-lifeneyhem
KJV: Now these are the judgments which thou shalt set before them.
AKJV: Now these are the judgments which you shall set before them.
ASV: Now these are the ordinances which thou shalt set before them.
YLT: `And these are the judgments which thou dost set before them:
Exposition: Exodus 21:1 emphasizes a key movement in the chapter's argument. In KJV form, the text reads: 'Now these are the judgments which thou shalt set before them.'. Read in canonical context, the verse supports the coherence of biblical revelation by linking doctrine, narrative, and covenantal meaning.
Apologetics Notes
- Scientific Correlation: This verse is suitable for cumulative-case reasoning in apologetics: historical context, textual stability, and worldview coherence are evaluated together rather than in isolation.
- Hebrew Grammar: A close Hebrew reading should attend lexical range, clause flow, and discourse function in context; these controls reduce over-reading and preserve authorial intent.
- Historical Evidence: Historically, this verse is interpreted within the received canonical tradition, where manuscript continuity and early community usage support stable transmission and meaning.
Exodus 21:2
Hebrew
כִּי תִקְנֶה עֶבֶד עִבְרִי שֵׁשׁ שָׁנִים יַעֲבֹד וּבַשְּׁבִעִת יֵצֵא לַֽחָפְשִׁי חִנָּֽם׃khiy-tiqeneh-'eved-'iveriy-shesh-shaniym-ya'avod-vvashevi'it-yetze'-lachafeshiy-chinam
KJV: If thou buy an Hebrew servant, six years he shall serve: and in the seventh he shall go out free for nothing.
AKJV: If you buy an Hebrew servant, six years he shall serve: and in the seventh he shall go out free for nothing.
ASV: If thou buy a Hebrew servant, six years he shall serve: and in the seventh he shall go out free for nothing.
YLT: `When thou buyest a Hebrew servant--six years he doth serve, and in the seventh he goeth out as a freeman for nought;
Commentary WitnessExodus 21:2Quoted commentary witness
Commentary Witness
Exodus 21:2
Verse 2 If thou buy a Hebrew servant - Calmet enumerates six different ways in which a Hebrew might lose his liberty: 1. In extreme poverty they might sell their liberty. Lev 25:39 : If thy brother be waxen poor, and be sold unto thee, etc. 2. A father might sell his children. If a man sell his daughter to be a maidservant; see Exo 21:7. 3. Insolvent debtors became the slaves of their creditors. My husband is dead - and the creditor is come to take unto him my two sons to be bondmen, 2Kgs 4:1. 4. A thief, if he had not money to pay the fine laid on him by the law, was to be sold for his profit whom he had robbed. If he have nothing, then he shall be sold for his theft; Exo 22:3, Exo 22:4. 5. A Hebrew was liable to be taken prisoner in war, and so sold for a slave. 6. A Hebrew slave who had been ransomed from a Gentile by a Hebrew might be sold by him who ransomed him, to one of his own nation. Six years he shall serve - It was an excellent provision in these laws, that no man could finally injure himself by any rash, foolish, or precipitate act. No man could make himself a servant or slave for more than seven years; and if he mortgaged the family inheritance, it must return to the family at the jubilee, which returned every fiftieth year. It is supposed that the term six years is to be understood as referring to the sabbatical years; for let a man come into servitude at whatever part of the interim between two sabbatical years, he could not be detained in bondage beyond a sabbatical year; so that if he fell into bondage the third year after a sabbatical year, he had but three years to serve; if the fifth, but one. See Clarke's note on Exo 23:11, etc. Others suppose that this privilege belonged only to the year of jubilee, beyond which no man could be detained in bondage, though he had been sold only one year before.
Provenance. Rendered as a quoted commentary witness with explicit reference extraction from the source prose.
Canonical locus
Exodus 21:2
Source lane
Apologetics Bible source bundle
Biblical cross-references named in the witness
- Lev 25:39
- 2Kgs 4:1
Named authorities or texts detected in the witness
- Clarke
Exposition: Exodus 21:2 emphasizes a key movement in the chapter's argument. In KJV form, the text reads: 'If thou buy an Hebrew servant, six years he shall serve: and in the seventh he shall go out free for nothing.'. Read in canonical context, the verse supports the coherence of biblical revelation by linking doctrine, narrative, and covenantal meaning.
Apologetics Notes
- Scientific Correlation: This verse is suitable for cumulative-case reasoning in apologetics: historical context, textual stability, and worldview coherence are evaluated together rather than in isolation.
- Hebrew Grammar: A close Hebrew reading should attend lexical range, clause flow, and discourse function in context; these controls reduce over-reading and preserve authorial intent.
- Historical Evidence: Historically, this verse is interpreted within the received canonical tradition, where manuscript continuity and early community usage support stable transmission and meaning.
Exodus 21:3
Hebrew
אִם־בְּגַפּוֹ יָבֹא בְּגַפּוֹ יֵצֵא אִם־בַּעַל אִשָּׁה הוּא וְיָצְאָה אִשְׁתּוֹ עִמּֽוֹ׃'im-vegafvo-yavo'-vegafvo-yetze'-'im-va'al-'ishah-hv'-veyatze'ah-'ishetvo-'imvo
KJV: If he came in by himself, he shall go out by himself: if he were married, then his wife shall go out with him.
AKJV: If he came in by himself, he shall go out by himself: if he were married, then his wife shall go out with him.
ASV: If he come in by himself, he shall go out by himself: if he be married, then his wife shall go out with him.
YLT: if by himself he cometh in, by himself he goeth out; if he is owner of a wife, then his wife hath gone out with him;
Commentary WitnessExodus 21:3Quoted commentary witness
Commentary Witness
Exodus 21:3
Verse 3 If he came in by himself - If he and his wife came in together, they were to go out together: in all respects as he entered, so should he go out. This consideration seems to have induced St. Jerome to translate the passage thus: Cum quali veste intraverat, cum tali exeat. "He shall have the same coat in going out, as he had when he came in," i.e., if he came in with a new one, he shall go out with a new one, which was perfectly just, as the former coat must have been worn out in his master's service, and not his own.
Provenance. Rendered as a quoted commentary witness with explicit reference extraction from the source prose.
Canonical locus
Exodus 21:3
Source lane
Apologetics Bible source bundle
Named authorities or texts detected in the witness
- St
Exposition: Exodus 21:3 emphasizes a key movement in the chapter's argument. In KJV form, the text reads: 'If he came in by himself, he shall go out by himself: if he were married, then his wife shall go out with him.'. Read in canonical context, the verse supports the coherence of biblical revelation by linking doctrine, narrative, and covenantal meaning.
Apologetics Notes
- Scientific Correlation: This verse is suitable for cumulative-case reasoning in apologetics: historical context, textual stability, and worldview coherence are evaluated together rather than in isolation.
- Hebrew Grammar: A close Hebrew reading should attend lexical range, clause flow, and discourse function in context; these controls reduce over-reading and preserve authorial intent.
- Historical Evidence: Historically, this verse is interpreted within the received canonical tradition, where manuscript continuity and early community usage support stable transmission and meaning.
Exodus 21:4
Hebrew
אִם־אֲדֹנָיו יִתֶּן־לוֹ אִשָּׁה וְיָלְדָה־לוֹ בָנִים אוֹ בָנוֹת הָאִשָּׁה וִילָדֶיהָ תִּהְיֶה לַֽאדֹנֶיהָ וְהוּא יֵצֵא בְגַפּֽוֹ׃'im-'adonayv-yiten-lvo-'ishah-veyaledah-lvo-vaniym-'vo-vanvot-ha'ishah-viyladeyha-tiheyeh-la'doneyha-vehv'-yetze'-vegafvo
KJV: If his master have given him a wife, and she have born him sons or daughters; the wife and her children shall be her master’s, and he shall go out by himself.
AKJV: If his master have given him a wife, and she have born him sons or daughters; the wife and her children shall be her master’s, and he shall go out by himself.
ASV: If his master give him a wife and she bear him sons or daughters; the wife and her children shall be her master’s, and he shall go out by himself.
YLT: if his lord give to him a wife, and she hath borne to him sons or daughters--the wife and her children are her lord's, and he goeth out by himself.
Commentary WitnessExodus 21:4Quoted commentary witness
Commentary Witness
Exodus 21:4
Verse 4 The wife and her children shall be her master's - It was a law among the Hebrews, that if a Hebrew had children by a Canannitish woman, those children must be considered as Canaanitish only, and might be sold and bought, and serve for ever. The law here refers to such a case only.
Provenance. Rendered as a quoted commentary witness with explicit reference extraction from the source prose.
Canonical locus
Exodus 21:4
Source lane
Apologetics Bible source bundle
Named authorities or texts detected in the witness
- Hebrews
Exposition: Exodus 21:4 emphasizes a key movement in the chapter's argument. In KJV form, the text reads: 'If his master have given him a wife, and she have born him sons or daughters; the wife and her children shall be her master’s, and he shall go out by himself.'. Read in canonical context, the verse supports the coherence of biblical revelation by linking doctrine, narrative, and covenantal meaning.
Apologetics Notes
- Scientific Correlation: This verse is suitable for cumulative-case reasoning in apologetics: historical context, textual stability, and worldview coherence are evaluated together rather than in isolation.
- Hebrew Grammar: A close Hebrew reading should attend lexical range, clause flow, and discourse function in context; these controls reduce over-reading and preserve authorial intent.
- Historical Evidence: Historically, this verse is interpreted within the received canonical tradition, where manuscript continuity and early community usage support stable transmission and meaning.
Exodus 21:5
Hebrew
וְאִם־אָמֹר יֹאמַר הָעֶבֶד אָהַבְתִּי אֶת־אֲדֹנִי אֶת־אִשְׁתִּי וְאֶת־בָּנָי לֹא אֵצֵא חָפְשִֽׁי׃ve'im-'amor-yo'mar-ha'eved-'ahavetiy-'et-'adoniy-'et-'ishetiy-ve'et-vanay-lo'-'etze'-chafeshiy
KJV: And if the servant shall plainly say, I love my master, my wife, and my children; I will not go out free:
AKJV: And if the servant shall plainly say, I love my master, my wife, and my children; I will not go out free:
ASV: But if the servant shall plainly say, I love my master, my wife, and my children; I will not go out free:
YLT: `And if the servant really say: I have loved my lord, my wife, and my sons--I do not go out free;
Commentary Witness (Generated)Exodus 21:5Generated editorial synthesis
Commentary Witness (Generated)
Exodus 21:5
Exodus 21:5 advances the immediate literary flow of the chapter and should be interpreted in its canonical context, not as an isolated proof text. In the present translation it reads: 'And if the servant shall plainly say, I love my master, my wife, and my children; I will not go out free:'. A close Hebrew reading supports attention to key lexical choices, clause movement, and redemptive-historical placement so doctrinal conclusions remain textually grounded.
Provenance. Rendered as an editorial synthesis tied to the canonical verse context and current chapter source.
Canonical locus
Exodus 21:5
Source lane
Apologetics Bible source bundle
Biblical cross-references named in the witness
- Exodus 21:5
Exposition: Exodus 21:5 emphasizes a key movement in the chapter's argument. In KJV form, the text reads: 'And if the servant shall plainly say, I love my master, my wife, and my children; I will not go out free:'. Read in canonical context, the verse supports the coherence of biblical revelation by linking doctrine, narrative, and covenantal meaning.
Apologetics Notes
- Scientific Correlation: This verse is suitable for cumulative-case reasoning in apologetics: historical context, textual stability, and worldview coherence are evaluated together rather than in isolation.
- Hebrew Grammar: A close Hebrew reading should attend lexical range, clause flow, and discourse function in context; these controls reduce over-reading and preserve authorial intent.
- Historical Evidence: Historically, this verse is interpreted within the received canonical tradition, where manuscript continuity and early community usage support stable transmission and meaning.
Exodus 21:6
Hebrew
וְהִגִּישׁוֹ אֲדֹנָיו אֶל־הָאֱלֹהִים וְהִגִּישׁוֹ אֶל־הַדֶּלֶת אוֹ אֶל־הַמְּזוּזָה וְרָצַע אֲדֹנָיו אֶת־אָזְנוֹ בַּמַּרְצֵעַ וַעֲבָדוֹ לְעֹלָֽם׃vehigiyshvo-'adonayv-'el-ha'elohiym-vehigiyshvo-'el-hadelet-'vo-'el-hamezvzah-veratza'-'adonayv-'et-'azenvo-vamaretze'a-va'avadvo-le'olam
KJV: Then his master shall bring him unto the judges; he shall also bring him to the door, or unto the door post; and his master shall bore his ear through with an aul; and he shall serve him for ever.
AKJV: Then his master shall bring him to the judges; he shall also bring him to the door, or to the door post; and his master shall bore his ear through with an awl; and he shall serve him for ever. ¶
ASV: then his master shall bring him unto God, and shall bring him to the door, or unto the door-post; and his master shall bore his ear through with an awl; and he shall serve him for ever.
YLT: then hath his lord brought him nigh unto God, and hath brought him nigh unto the door, or unto the side-post, and his lord hath bored his ear with an awl, and he hath served him--to the age.
Commentary WitnessExodus 21:6Quoted commentary witness
Commentary Witness
Exodus 21:6
Verse 6 Shall bring him unto the judges - אל האלהים el haelohim, literally, to God; or, as the Septuagint have it, προς το κριτηριον Θεου, to the judgment of God; who condescended to dwell among his people; who determined all their differences till he had given them laws for all cases, and who, by his omniscience, brought to light the hidden things of dishonesty. See Exo 22:8. Bore his ear through with an awl - This was a ceremony sufficiently significant, as it implied, 1. That he was closely attached to that house and family. 2. That he was bound to hear all his master's orders, and to obey them punctually. Boring of the ear was an ancient custom in the east. It is referred to by Juvenal: - Prior, inquit, ego adsum. Cur timeam, dubitemve locum defendere? Quamvis Natus ad Euphraten, Molles quod in Aure Fenestrae Arguerint, licet ipse negem. Sat. i. 102. "First come, first served, he cries; and I, in spite Of your great lordships, will maintain my right: Though born a slave, though my torn Ears are Bored, 'Tis not the birth, 'tis money makes the lord." Dryden. Calmet quotes a saying from Petronius as attesting the same thing; and one from Cicero, in which he rallies a Libyan who pretended he did not hear him: "It is not," said he, "because your ears are not sufficiently bored;" alluding to his having been a slave.
Provenance. Rendered as a quoted commentary witness with explicit reference extraction from the source prose.
Canonical locus
Exodus 21:6
Source lane
Apologetics Bible source bundle
Named authorities or texts detected in the witness
- Dryden
- Septuagint
- Juvenal
- Prior
- Euphraten
- Aure Fenestrae Arguerint
- Sat
- Bored
- Cicero
Exposition: Exodus 21:6 emphasizes a key movement in the chapter's argument. In KJV form, the text reads: 'Then his master shall bring him unto the judges; he shall also bring him to the door, or unto the door post; and his master shall bore his ear through with an aul; and he shall serve him for ever.'. Read in canonical context, the verse supports the coherence of biblical revelation by linking doctrine, narrative, and covenantal meaning.
Apologetics Notes
- Scientific Correlation: This verse is suitable for cumulative-case reasoning in apologetics: historical context, textual stability, and worldview coherence are evaluated together rather than in isolation.
- Hebrew Grammar: A close Hebrew reading should attend lexical range, clause flow, and discourse function in context; these controls reduce over-reading and preserve authorial intent.
- Historical Evidence: Historically, this verse is interpreted within the received canonical tradition, where manuscript continuity and early community usage support stable transmission and meaning.
Exodus 21:7
Hebrew
וְכִֽי־יִמְכֹּר אִישׁ אֶת־בִּתּוֹ לְאָמָה לֹא תֵצֵא כְּצֵאת הָעֲבָדִֽים׃vekhiy-yimekhor-'iysh-'et-vitvo-le'amah-lo'-tetze'-khetze't-ha'avadiym
KJV: And if a man sell his daughter to be a maidservant, she shall not go out as the menservants do.
AKJV: And if a man sell his daughter to be a maidservant, she shall not go out as the menservants do.
ASV: And if a man sell his daughter to be a maid-servant, she shall not go out as the men-servants do.
YLT: `And when a man selleth his daughter for a handmaid, she doth not go out according to the going out of the men-servants;
Commentary WitnessExodus 21:7Quoted commentary witness
Commentary Witness
Exodus 21:7
Verse 7 If a man sell his daughter - This the Jews allowed no man to do but in extreme distress - when he had no goods, either movable or immovable left, even to the clothes on his back; and he had this permission only while she was unmarriageable. It may appear at first view strange that such a law should have been given; but let it be remembered, that this servitude could extend, at the utmost, only to six years; and that it was nearly the same as in some cases of apprenticeship among us, where the parents bind the child for seven years, and have from the master so much per week during that period.
Provenance. Rendered as a quoted commentary witness with explicit reference extraction from the source prose.
Canonical locus
Exodus 21:7
Source lane
Apologetics Bible source bundle
Exposition: Exodus 21:7 emphasizes a key movement in the chapter's argument. In KJV form, the text reads: 'And if a man sell his daughter to be a maidservant, she shall not go out as the menservants do.'. Read in canonical context, the verse supports the coherence of biblical revelation by linking doctrine, narrative, and covenantal meaning.
Apologetics Notes
- Scientific Correlation: This verse is suitable for cumulative-case reasoning in apologetics: historical context, textual stability, and worldview coherence are evaluated together rather than in isolation.
- Hebrew Grammar: A close Hebrew reading should attend lexical range, clause flow, and discourse function in context; these controls reduce over-reading and preserve authorial intent.
- Historical Evidence: Historically, this verse is interpreted within the received canonical tradition, where manuscript continuity and early community usage support stable transmission and meaning.
Exodus 21:8
Hebrew
אִם־רָעָה בְּעֵינֵי אֲדֹנֶיהָ אֲשֶׁר־לא לוֹ יְעָדָהּ וְהֶפְדָּהּ לְעַם נָכְרִי לֹא־יִמְשֹׁל לְמָכְרָהּ בְּבִגְדוֹ־בָֽהּ׃'im-ra'ah-ve'eyney-'adoneyha-'asher-l'-lvo-ye'adah-vehefedah-le'am-nakheriy-lo'-yimeshol-lemakherah-vevigedvo-vah
KJV: If she please not her master, who hath betrothed her to himself, then shall he let her be redeemed: to sell her unto a strange nation he shall have no power, seeing he hath dealt deceitfully with her.
AKJV: If she please not her master, who has betrothed her to himself, then shall he let her be redeemed: to sell her to a strange nation he shall have no power, seeing he has dealt deceitfully with her.
ASV: If she please not her master, who hath espoused her to himself, then shall he let her be redeemed: to sell her unto a foreign people he shall have no power, seeing he hath dealt deceitfully with her.
YLT: if evil in the eyes of her lord, so that he hath not betrothed her, then he hath let her be ransomed; to a strange people he hath not power to sell her, in his dealing treacherously with her.
Commentary Witness (Generated)Exodus 21:8Generated editorial synthesis
Commentary Witness (Generated)
Exodus 21:8
Exodus 21:8 advances the immediate literary flow of the chapter and should be interpreted in its canonical context, not as an isolated proof text. In the present translation it reads: 'If she please not her master, who hath betrothed her to himself, then shall he let her be redeemed: to sell her unto a strange nation he shall have no power, seeing he hath dealt deceitfully with her.'. A close Hebrew reading supports attention to key lexical choices, clause movement, and redemptive-historical placement so doctrinal conclusions remain textually grounded.
Provenance. Rendered as an editorial synthesis tied to the canonical verse context and current chapter source.
Canonical locus
Exodus 21:8
Source lane
Apologetics Bible source bundle
Biblical cross-references named in the witness
- Exodus 21:8
Exposition: Exodus 21:8 emphasizes a key movement in the chapter's argument. In KJV form, the text reads: 'If she please not her master, who hath betrothed her to himself, then shall he let her be redeemed: to sell her unto a strange nation he shall have no power, seeing he hath dealt deceitfully with her.'. Read in canonical context, the verse supports the coherence of biblical revelation by linking doctrine, narrative, and covenantal meaning.
Apologetics Notes
- Scientific Correlation: This verse is suitable for cumulative-case reasoning in apologetics: historical context, textual stability, and worldview coherence are evaluated together rather than in isolation.
- Hebrew Grammar: A close Hebrew reading should attend lexical range, clause flow, and discourse function in context; these controls reduce over-reading and preserve authorial intent.
- Historical Evidence: Historically, this verse is interpreted within the received canonical tradition, where manuscript continuity and early community usage support stable transmission and meaning.
Exodus 21:9
Hebrew
וְאִם־לִבְנוֹ יִֽיעָדֶנָּה כְּמִשְׁפַּט הַבָּנוֹת יַעֲשֶׂה־לָּֽה׃ve'im-livenvo-yiy'adenah-khemishefat-havanvot-ya'asheh-lah
KJV: And if he have betrothed her unto his son, he shall deal with her after the manner of daughters.
AKJV: And if he have betrothed her to his son, he shall deal with her after the manner of daughters.
ASV: And if he espouse her unto his son, he shall deal with her after the manner of daughters.
YLT: `And if to his son he betroth her, according to the right of daughters he doth to her.
Commentary WitnessExodus 21:9Quoted commentary witness
Commentary Witness
Exodus 21:9
Verse 9 Betrothed her unto his son, he shall deal with her - He shall give her the same dowry he would give to one of his own daughters. From these laws we learn, that if a man's son married his servant, by his father's consent, the father was obliged to treat her in every respect as a daughter; and if the son married another woman, as it appears he might do, Exo 21:10, he was obliged to make no abatement in the privileges of the first wife, either in her food, raiment, or duty of marriage. The word ענתה onathah, here, is the same with St. Paul's οφειλομενην ευνοιαν, the marriage debt, and with the ὁμιλιαν of the Septuagint, which signifies the cohabitation of man and wife.
Provenance. Rendered as a quoted commentary witness with explicit reference extraction from the source prose.
Canonical locus
Exodus 21:9
Source lane
Apologetics Bible source bundle
Named authorities or texts detected in the witness
- Septuagint
- St
Exposition: Exodus 21:9 emphasizes a key movement in the chapter's argument. In KJV form, the text reads: 'And if he have betrothed her unto his son, he shall deal with her after the manner of daughters.'. Read in canonical context, the verse supports the coherence of biblical revelation by linking doctrine, narrative, and covenantal meaning.
Apologetics Notes
- Scientific Correlation: This verse is suitable for cumulative-case reasoning in apologetics: historical context, textual stability, and worldview coherence are evaluated together rather than in isolation.
- Hebrew Grammar: A close Hebrew reading should attend lexical range, clause flow, and discourse function in context; these controls reduce over-reading and preserve authorial intent.
- Historical Evidence: Historically, this verse is interpreted within the received canonical tradition, where manuscript continuity and early community usage support stable transmission and meaning.
Exodus 21:10
Hebrew
אִם־אַחֶרֶת יִֽקַּֽח־לוֹ שְׁאֵרָהּ כְּסוּתָהּ וְעֹנָתָהּ לֹא יִגְרָֽע׃'im-'acheret-yiqach-lvo-she'erah-khesvtah-ve'onatah-lo'-yigera'
KJV: If he take him another wife; her food, her raiment, and her duty of marriage, shall he not diminish.
AKJV: If he take him another wife; her food, her raiment, and her duty of marriage, shall he not diminish.
ASV: If he take him another wife; her food, her raiment, and her duty of marriage, shall he not diminish.
YLT: `If another woman he take for him, her food, her covering, and her habitation, he doth not withdraw;
Commentary Witness (Generated)Exodus 21:10Generated editorial synthesis
Commentary Witness (Generated)
Exodus 21:10
Exodus 21:10 advances the immediate literary flow of the chapter and should be interpreted in its canonical context, not as an isolated proof text. In the present translation it reads: 'If he take him another wife; her food, her raiment, and her duty of marriage, shall he not diminish.'. A close Hebrew reading supports attention to key lexical choices, clause movement, and redemptive-historical placement so doctrinal conclusions remain textually grounded.
Provenance. Rendered as an editorial synthesis tied to the canonical verse context and current chapter source.
Canonical locus
Exodus 21:10
Source lane
Apologetics Bible source bundle
Biblical cross-references named in the witness
- Exodus 21:10
Exposition: Exodus 21:10 emphasizes a key movement in the chapter's argument. In KJV form, the text reads: 'If he take him another wife; her food, her raiment, and her duty of marriage, shall he not diminish.'. Read in canonical context, the verse supports the coherence of biblical revelation by linking doctrine, narrative, and covenantal meaning.
Apologetics Notes
- Scientific Correlation: This verse is suitable for cumulative-case reasoning in apologetics: historical context, textual stability, and worldview coherence are evaluated together rather than in isolation.
- Hebrew Grammar: A close Hebrew reading should attend lexical range, clause flow, and discourse function in context; these controls reduce over-reading and preserve authorial intent.
- Historical Evidence: Historically, this verse is interpreted within the received canonical tradition, where manuscript continuity and early community usage support stable transmission and meaning.
Exodus 21:11
Hebrew
וְאִם־שְׁלָשׁ־אֵלֶּה לֹא יַעֲשֶׂה לָהּ וְיָצְאָה חִנָּם אֵין כָּֽסֶף׃ve'im-shelash-'eleh-lo'-ya'asheh-lah-veyatze'ah-chinam-'eyn-khasef
KJV: And if he do not these three unto her, then shall she go out free without money.
AKJV: And if he do not these three to her, then shall she go out free without money. ¶
ASV: And if he do not these three things unto her, then shall she go out for nothing, without money.
YLT: and if these three he do not to her, then she hath gone out for nought, without money.
Commentary WitnessExodus 21:11Quoted commentary witness
Commentary Witness
Exodus 21:11
Verse 11 These three - 1. Her food, שארה sheerah, her flesh, for she must not, like a common slave, be fed merely on vegetables. 2. Her raiment - her private wardrobe, with all occasional necessary additions. And, 3. The marriage debt - a due proportion of the husband's time and company.
Provenance. Rendered as a quoted commentary witness with explicit reference extraction from the source prose.
Canonical locus
Exodus 21:11
Source lane
Apologetics Bible source bundle
Named authorities or texts detected in the witness
- And
Exposition: Exodus 21:11 emphasizes a key movement in the chapter's argument. In KJV form, the text reads: 'And if he do not these three unto her, then shall she go out free without money.'. Read in canonical context, the verse supports the coherence of biblical revelation by linking doctrine, narrative, and covenantal meaning.
Apologetics Notes
- Scientific Correlation: This verse is suitable for cumulative-case reasoning in apologetics: historical context, textual stability, and worldview coherence are evaluated together rather than in isolation.
- Hebrew Grammar: A close Hebrew reading should attend lexical range, clause flow, and discourse function in context; these controls reduce over-reading and preserve authorial intent.
- Historical Evidence: Historically, this verse is interpreted within the received canonical tradition, where manuscript continuity and early community usage support stable transmission and meaning.
Exodus 21:12
Hebrew
מַכֵּה אִישׁ וָמֵת מוֹת יוּמָֽת׃makheh-'iysh-vamet-mvot-yvmat
KJV: He that smiteth a man, so that he die, shall be surely put to death.
AKJV: He that smites a man, so that he die, shall be surely put to death.
ASV: He that smiteth a man, so that he dieth, shall surely be put to death.
YLT: `He who smiteth a man so that he hath died, is certainly put to death;
Commentary Witness (Generated)Exodus 21:12Generated editorial synthesis
Commentary Witness (Generated)
Exodus 21:12
Exodus 21:12 advances the immediate literary flow of the chapter and should be interpreted in its canonical context, not as an isolated proof text. In the present translation it reads: 'He that smiteth a man, so that he die, shall be surely put to death.'. A close Hebrew reading supports attention to key lexical choices, clause movement, and redemptive-historical placement so doctrinal conclusions remain textually grounded.
Provenance. Rendered as an editorial synthesis tied to the canonical verse context and current chapter source.
Canonical locus
Exodus 21:12
Source lane
Apologetics Bible source bundle
Biblical cross-references named in the witness
- Exodus 21:12
Exposition: Exodus 21:12 emphasizes a key movement in the chapter's argument. In KJV form, the text reads: 'He that smiteth a man, so that he die, shall be surely put to death.'. Read in canonical context, the verse supports the coherence of biblical revelation by linking doctrine, narrative, and covenantal meaning.
Apologetics Notes
- Scientific Correlation: This verse is suitable for cumulative-case reasoning in apologetics: historical context, textual stability, and worldview coherence are evaluated together rather than in isolation.
- Hebrew Grammar: A close Hebrew reading should attend lexical range, clause flow, and discourse function in context; these controls reduce over-reading and preserve authorial intent.
- Historical Evidence: Historically, this verse is interpreted within the received canonical tradition, where manuscript continuity and early community usage support stable transmission and meaning.
Exodus 21:13
Hebrew
וַאֲשֶׁר לֹא צָדָה וְהָאֱלֹהִים אִנָּה לְיָדוֹ וְשַׂמְתִּי לְךָ מָקוֹם אֲשֶׁר יָנוּס שָֽׁמָּה׃va'asher-lo'-tzadah-veha'elohiym-'inah-leyadvo-veshametiy-lekha-maqvom-'asher-yanvs-shamah
KJV: And if a man lie not in wait, but God deliver him into his hand; then I will appoint thee a place whither he shall flee.
AKJV: And if a man lie not in wait, but God deliver him into his hand; then I will appoint you a place where he shall flee.
ASV: And if a man lie not in wait, but God deliver him into his hand; then I will appoint thee a place whither he shall flee.
YLT: as to him who hath not laid wait, and God hath brought to his hand, I have even set for thee a place whither he doth flee.
Commentary WitnessExodus 21:13Quoted commentary witness
Commentary Witness
Exodus 21:13
Verse 13 I will appoint thee a place whither he shall flee - From the earliest times the nearest akin had a right to revenge the murder of his relation, and as this right was universally acknowledged, no law was ever made on the subject; but as this might be abused, and a person who had killed another accidentally, having had no previous malice against him, might be put to death by the avenger of blood, as the nearest kinsman was termed, therefore God provided the cities of refuge to which the accidental manslayer might flee till the affair was inquired into, and settled by the civil magistrate.
Provenance. Rendered as a quoted commentary witness with explicit reference extraction from the source prose.
Canonical locus
Exodus 21:13
Source lane
Apologetics Bible source bundle
Named authorities or texts detected in the witness
- Ovid
Exposition: Exodus 21:13 emphasizes a key movement in the chapter's argument. In KJV form, the text reads: 'And if a man lie not in wait, but God deliver him into his hand; then I will appoint thee a place whither he shall flee.'. Read in canonical context, the verse supports the coherence of biblical revelation by linking doctrine, narrative, and covenantal meaning.
Apologetics Notes
- Scientific Correlation: This verse is suitable for cumulative-case reasoning in apologetics: historical context, textual stability, and worldview coherence are evaluated together rather than in isolation.
- Hebrew Grammar: A close Hebrew reading should attend lexical range, clause flow, and discourse function in context; these controls reduce over-reading and preserve authorial intent.
- Historical Evidence: Historically, this verse is interpreted within the received canonical tradition, where manuscript continuity and early community usage support stable transmission and meaning.
Exodus 21:14
Hebrew
וְכִֽי־יָזִד אִישׁ עַל־רֵעֵהוּ לְהָרְגוֹ בְעָרְמָה מֵעִם מִזְבְּחִי תִּקָּחֶנּוּ לָמֽוּת׃vekhiy-yazid-'iysh-'al-re'ehv-leharegvo-ve'aremah-me'im-mizevechiy-tiqachenv-lamvt
KJV: But if a man come presumptuously upon his neighbour, to slay him with guile; thou shalt take him from mine altar, that he may die.
AKJV: But if a man come presumptuously on his neighbor, to slay him with guile; you shall take him from my altar, that he may die. ¶
ASV: And if a man come presumptuously upon his neighbor, to slay him with guile; thou shalt take him from mine altar, that he may die.
YLT: `And when a man doth presume against his neighbour to slay him with subtilty, from Mine altar thou dost take him to die.
Commentary WitnessExodus 21:14Quoted commentary witness
Commentary Witness
Exodus 21:14
Verse 14 Thou shalt take him from mine altar - Before the cities of refuge were assigned, the altar of God was the common asylum.
Provenance. Rendered as a quoted commentary witness with explicit reference extraction from the source prose.
Canonical locus
Exodus 21:14
Source lane
Apologetics Bible source bundle
Exposition: Exodus 21:14 emphasizes a key movement in the chapter's argument. In KJV form, the text reads: 'But if a man come presumptuously upon his neighbour, to slay him with guile; thou shalt take him from mine altar, that he may die.'. Read in canonical context, the verse supports the coherence of biblical revelation by linking doctrine, narrative, and covenantal meaning.
Apologetics Notes
- Scientific Correlation: This verse is suitable for cumulative-case reasoning in apologetics: historical context, textual stability, and worldview coherence are evaluated together rather than in isolation.
- Hebrew Grammar: A close Hebrew reading should attend lexical range, clause flow, and discourse function in context; these controls reduce over-reading and preserve authorial intent.
- Historical Evidence: Historically, this verse is interpreted within the received canonical tradition, where manuscript continuity and early community usage support stable transmission and meaning.
Exodus 21:15
Hebrew
וּמַכֵּה אָבִיו וְאִמּוֹ מוֹת יוּמָֽת׃vmakheh-'aviyv-ve'imvo-mvot-yvmat
KJV: And he that smiteth his father, or his mother, shall be surely put to death.
AKJV: And he that smites his father, or his mother, shall be surely put to death. ¶
ASV: And he that smiteth his father, or his mother, shall be surely put to death.
YLT: `And he who smiteth his father or his mother is certainly put to death.
Commentary WitnessExodus 21:15Quoted commentary witness
Commentary Witness
Exodus 21:15
Verse 15 That smiteth his father, or his mother - As such a case argued peculiar depravity, therefore no mercy was to be shown to the culprit.
Provenance. Rendered as a quoted commentary witness with explicit reference extraction from the source prose.
Canonical locus
Exodus 21:15
Source lane
Apologetics Bible source bundle
Exposition: Exodus 21:15 emphasizes a key movement in the chapter's argument. In KJV form, the text reads: 'And he that smiteth his father, or his mother, shall be surely put to death.'. Read in canonical context, the verse supports the coherence of biblical revelation by linking doctrine, narrative, and covenantal meaning.
Apologetics Notes
- Scientific Correlation: This verse is suitable for cumulative-case reasoning in apologetics: historical context, textual stability, and worldview coherence are evaluated together rather than in isolation.
- Hebrew Grammar: A close Hebrew reading should attend lexical range, clause flow, and discourse function in context; these controls reduce over-reading and preserve authorial intent.
- Historical Evidence: Historically, this verse is interpreted within the received canonical tradition, where manuscript continuity and early community usage support stable transmission and meaning.
Exodus 21:16
Hebrew
וְגֹנֵב אִישׁ וּמְכָרוֹ וְנִמְצָא בְיָדוֹ מוֹת יוּמָֽת׃vegonev-'iysh-vmekharvo-venimetza'-veyadvo-mvot-yvmat
KJV: And he that stealeth a man, and selleth him, or if he be found in his hand, he shall surely be put to death.
AKJV: And he that steals a man, and sells him, or if he be found in his hand, he shall surely be put to death. ¶
ASV: And he that stealeth a man, and selleth him, or if he be found in his hand, he shall surely be put to death.
YLT: `And he who stealeth a man, and hath sold him, and he hath been found in his hand, is certainly put to death.
Commentary WitnessExodus 21:16Quoted commentary witness
Commentary Witness
Exodus 21:16
Verse 16 He that stealeth a man - By this law every man-stealer, and every receiver of the stolen person, should lose his life; no matter whether the latter stole the man himself, or gave money to a slave captain or negro-dealer to steal him for him.
Provenance. Rendered as a quoted commentary witness with explicit reference extraction from the source prose.
Canonical locus
Exodus 21:16
Source lane
Apologetics Bible source bundle
Exposition: Exodus 21:16 emphasizes a key movement in the chapter's argument. In KJV form, the text reads: 'And he that stealeth a man, and selleth him, or if he be found in his hand, he shall surely be put to death.'. Read in canonical context, the verse supports the coherence of biblical revelation by linking doctrine, narrative, and covenantal meaning.
Apologetics Notes
- Scientific Correlation: This verse is suitable for cumulative-case reasoning in apologetics: historical context, textual stability, and worldview coherence are evaluated together rather than in isolation.
- Hebrew Grammar: A close Hebrew reading should attend lexical range, clause flow, and discourse function in context; these controls reduce over-reading and preserve authorial intent.
- Historical Evidence: Historically, this verse is interpreted within the received canonical tradition, where manuscript continuity and early community usage support stable transmission and meaning.
Exodus 21:17
Hebrew
וּמְקַלֵּל אָבִיו וְאִמּוֹ מוֹת יוּמָֽת׃vmeqalel-'aviyv-ve'imvo-mvot-yvmat
KJV: And he that curseth his father, or his mother, shall surely be put to death.
AKJV: And he that curses his father, or his mother, shall surely be put to death. ¶
ASV: And he that curseth his father or his mother, shall surely be put to death.
YLT: `And he who is reviling his father or his mother is certainly put to death.
Commentary Witness (Generated)Exodus 21:17Generated editorial synthesis
Commentary Witness (Generated)
Exodus 21:17
Exodus 21:17 advances the immediate literary flow of the chapter and should be interpreted in its canonical context, not as an isolated proof text. In the present translation it reads: 'And he that curseth his father, or his mother, shall surely be put to death.'. A close Hebrew reading supports attention to key lexical choices, clause movement, and redemptive-historical placement so doctrinal conclusions remain textually grounded.
Provenance. Rendered as an editorial synthesis tied to the canonical verse context and current chapter source.
Canonical locus
Exodus 21:17
Source lane
Apologetics Bible source bundle
Biblical cross-references named in the witness
- Exodus 21:17
Exposition: Exodus 21:17 emphasizes a key movement in the chapter's argument. In KJV form, the text reads: 'And he that curseth his father, or his mother, shall surely be put to death.'. Read in canonical context, the verse supports the coherence of biblical revelation by linking doctrine, narrative, and covenantal meaning.
Apologetics Notes
- Scientific Correlation: This verse is suitable for cumulative-case reasoning in apologetics: historical context, textual stability, and worldview coherence are evaluated together rather than in isolation.
- Hebrew Grammar: A close Hebrew reading should attend lexical range, clause flow, and discourse function in context; these controls reduce over-reading and preserve authorial intent.
- Historical Evidence: Historically, this verse is interpreted within the received canonical tradition, where manuscript continuity and early community usage support stable transmission and meaning.
Exodus 21:18
Hebrew
וְכִֽי־יְרִיבֻן אֲנָשִׁים וְהִכָּה־אִישׁ אֶת־רֵעֵהוּ בְּאֶבֶן אוֹ בְאֶגְרֹף וְלֹא יָמוּת וְנָפַל לְמִשְׁכָּֽב׃vekhiy-yeriyvun-'anashiym-vehikhah-'iysh-'et-re'ehv-ve'even-'vo-ve'egerof-velo'-yamvt-venafal-lemishekhav
KJV: And if men strive together, and one smite another with a stone, or with his fist, and he die not, but keepeth his bed:
AKJV: And if men strive together, and one smite another with a stone, or with his fist, and he die not, but keeps his bed:
ASV: And if men contend, and one smite the other with a stone, or with his fist, and he die not, but keep his bed;
YLT: `And when men contend, and a man hath smitten his neighbour with a stone, or with the fist, and he die not, but hath fallen on the bed;
Commentary Witness (Generated)Exodus 21:18Generated editorial synthesis
Commentary Witness (Generated)
Exodus 21:18
Exodus 21:18 advances the immediate literary flow of the chapter and should be interpreted in its canonical context, not as an isolated proof text. In the present translation it reads: 'And if men strive together, and one smite another with a stone, or with his fist, and he die not, but keepeth his bed:'. A close Hebrew reading supports attention to key lexical choices, clause movement, and redemptive-historical placement so doctrinal conclusions remain textually grounded.
Provenance. Rendered as an editorial synthesis tied to the canonical verse context and current chapter source.
Canonical locus
Exodus 21:18
Source lane
Apologetics Bible source bundle
Biblical cross-references named in the witness
- Exodus 21:18
Exposition: Exodus 21:18 emphasizes a key movement in the chapter's argument. In KJV form, the text reads: 'And if men strive together, and one smite another with a stone, or with his fist, and he die not, but keepeth his bed:'. Read in canonical context, the verse supports the coherence of biblical revelation by linking doctrine, narrative, and covenantal meaning.
Apologetics Notes
- Scientific Correlation: This verse is suitable for cumulative-case reasoning in apologetics: historical context, textual stability, and worldview coherence are evaluated together rather than in isolation.
- Hebrew Grammar: A close Hebrew reading should attend lexical range, clause flow, and discourse function in context; these controls reduce over-reading and preserve authorial intent.
- Historical Evidence: Historically, this verse is interpreted within the received canonical tradition, where manuscript continuity and early community usage support stable transmission and meaning.
Exodus 21:19
Hebrew
אִם־יָקוּם וְהִתְהַלֵּךְ בַּחוּץ עַל־מִשְׁעַנְתּוֹ וְנִקָּה הַמַּכֶּה רַק שִׁבְתּוֹ יִתֵּן וְרַפֹּא יְרַפֵּֽא׃'im-yaqvm-vehitehalekhe-vachvtz-'al-mishe'anetvo-veniqah-hamakheh-raq-shivetvo-yiten-verafo'-yerafe'
KJV: If he rise again, and walk abroad upon his staff, then shall he that smote him be quit: only he shall pay for the loss of his time, and shall cause him to be thoroughly healed.
AKJV: If he rise again, and walk abroad on his staff, then shall he that smote him be quit: only he shall pay for the loss of his time, and shall cause him to be thoroughly healed. ¶
ASV: if he rise again, and walk abroad upon his staff, then shall he that smote him be quit: only he shall pay for the loss of his time, and shall cause him to be thoroughly healed.
YLT: if he rise, and hath gone up and down without on his staff, then hath the smiter been acquitted; only his cessation he giveth, and he is thoroughly healed.
Commentary WitnessExodus 21:19Quoted commentary witness
Commentary Witness
Exodus 21:19
Verse 19 Shall pay for the loss of his time, and shall cause him to be thoroughly healed - This was a wise and excellent institution, and most courts of justice still regulate their decisions on such cases by this Mosaic precept.
Provenance. Rendered as a quoted commentary witness with explicit reference extraction from the source prose.
Canonical locus
Exodus 21:19
Source lane
Apologetics Bible source bundle
Exposition: Exodus 21:19 emphasizes a key movement in the chapter's argument. In KJV form, the text reads: 'If he rise again, and walk abroad upon his staff, then shall he that smote him be quit: only he shall pay for the loss of his time, and shall cause him to be thoroughly healed.'. Read in canonical context, the verse supports the coherence of biblical revelation by linking doctrine, narrative, and covenantal meaning.
Apologetics Notes
- Scientific Correlation: This verse is suitable for cumulative-case reasoning in apologetics: historical context, textual stability, and worldview coherence are evaluated together rather than in isolation.
- Hebrew Grammar: A close Hebrew reading should attend lexical range, clause flow, and discourse function in context; these controls reduce over-reading and preserve authorial intent.
- Historical Evidence: Historically, this verse is interpreted within the received canonical tradition, where manuscript continuity and early community usage support stable transmission and meaning.
Exodus 21:20
Hebrew
וְכִֽי־יַכֶּה אִישׁ אֶת־עַבְדּוֹ אוֹ אֶת־אֲמָתוֹ בַּשֵּׁבֶט וּמֵת תַּחַת יָדוֹ נָקֹם יִנָּקֵֽם׃vekhiy-yakheh-'iysh-'et-'avedvo-'vo-'et-'amatvo-vashevet-vmet-tachat-yadvo-naqom-yinaqem
KJV: And if a man smite his servant, or his maid, with a rod, and he die under his hand; he shall be surely punished.
AKJV: And if a man smite his servant, or his maid, with a rod, and he die under his hand; he shall be surely punished.
ASV: And if a man smite his servant, or his maid, with a rod, and he die under his hand; he shall surely be punished.
YLT: `And when a man smiteth his man-servant or his handmaid, with a rod, and he hath died under his hand--he is certainly avenged;
Commentary Witness (Generated)Exodus 21:20Generated editorial synthesis
Commentary Witness (Generated)
Exodus 21:20
Exodus 21:20 advances the immediate literary flow of the chapter and should be interpreted in its canonical context, not as an isolated proof text. In the present translation it reads: 'And if a man smite his servant, or his maid, with a rod, and he die under his hand; he shall be surely punished.'. A close Hebrew reading supports attention to key lexical choices, clause movement, and redemptive-historical placement so doctrinal conclusions remain textually grounded.
Provenance. Rendered as an editorial synthesis tied to the canonical verse context and current chapter source.
Canonical locus
Exodus 21:20
Source lane
Apologetics Bible source bundle
Biblical cross-references named in the witness
- Exodus 21:20
Exposition: Exodus 21:20 emphasizes a key movement in the chapter's argument. In KJV form, the text reads: 'And if a man smite his servant, or his maid, with a rod, and he die under his hand; he shall be surely punished.'. Read in canonical context, the verse supports the coherence of biblical revelation by linking doctrine, narrative, and covenantal meaning.
Apologetics Notes
- Scientific Correlation: This verse is suitable for cumulative-case reasoning in apologetics: historical context, textual stability, and worldview coherence are evaluated together rather than in isolation.
- Hebrew Grammar: A close Hebrew reading should attend lexical range, clause flow, and discourse function in context; these controls reduce over-reading and preserve authorial intent.
- Historical Evidence: Historically, this verse is interpreted within the received canonical tradition, where manuscript continuity and early community usage support stable transmission and meaning.
Exodus 21:21
Hebrew
אַךְ אִם־יוֹם אוֹ יוֹמַיִם יַעֲמֹד לֹא יֻקַּם כִּי כַסְפּוֹ הֽוּא׃'akhe-'im-yvom-'vo-yvomayim-ya'amod-lo'-yuqam-khiy-khasefvo-hv'
KJV: Notwithstanding, if he continue a day or two, he shall not be punished: for he is his money.
AKJV: Notwithstanding, if he continue a day or two, he shall not be punished: for he is his money. ¶
ASV: Notwithstanding, if he continue a day or two, he shall not be punished: for he is his money.
YLT: only if he remain a day, or two days, he is not avenged, for he is his money.
Commentary WitnessExodus 21:21Quoted commentary witness
Commentary Witness
Exodus 21:21
Verse 21 If the slave who had been beaten by his master died under his hand, the master was punished with death - see Gen 9:5, Gen 9:6. But if he survived the beating a day or two the master was not punished, because it might be presumed that the man died through some other cause. And all penal laws should be construed as favourably as possible to the accused.
Provenance. Rendered as a quoted commentary witness with explicit reference extraction from the source prose.
Canonical locus
Exodus 21:21
Source lane
Apologetics Bible source bundle
Biblical cross-references named in the witness
- Gen 9:5
- Gen 9:6
Exposition: Exodus 21:21 emphasizes a key movement in the chapter's argument. In KJV form, the text reads: 'Notwithstanding, if he continue a day or two, he shall not be punished: for he is his money.'. Read in canonical context, the verse supports the coherence of biblical revelation by linking doctrine, narrative, and covenantal meaning.
Apologetics Notes
- Scientific Correlation: This verse is suitable for cumulative-case reasoning in apologetics: historical context, textual stability, and worldview coherence are evaluated together rather than in isolation.
- Hebrew Grammar: A close Hebrew reading should attend lexical range, clause flow, and discourse function in context; these controls reduce over-reading and preserve authorial intent.
- Historical Evidence: Historically, this verse is interpreted within the received canonical tradition, where manuscript continuity and early community usage support stable transmission and meaning.
Exodus 21:22
Hebrew
וְכִֽי־יִנָּצוּ אֲנָשִׁים וְנָגְפוּ אִשָּׁה הָרָה וְיָצְאוּ יְלָדֶיהָ וְלֹא יִהְיֶה אָסוֹן עָנוֹשׁ יֵעָנֵשׁ כּֽ͏ַאֲשֶׁר יָשִׁית עָלָיו בַּעַל הָֽאִשָּׁה וְנָתַן בִּפְלִלִֽים׃vekhiy-yinatzv-'anashiym-venagefv-'ishah-harah-veyatze'v-yeladeyha-velo'-yiheyeh-'asvon-'anvosh-ye'anesh-kha'asher-yashiyt-'alayv-va'al-ha'ishah-venatan-vifeliliym
KJV: If men strive, and hurt a woman with child, so that her fruit depart from her, and yet no mischief follow: he shall be surely punished, according as the woman’s husband will lay upon him; and he shall pay as the judges determine.
AKJV: If men strive, and hurt a woman with child, so that her fruit depart from her, and yet no mischief follow: he shall be surely punished, according as the woman’s husband will lay on him; and he shall pay as the judges determine.
ASV: And if men strive together, and hurt a woman with child, so that her fruit depart, and yet no harm follow; he shall be surely fined, according as the woman’s husband shall lay upon him; and he shall pay as the judges determine.
YLT: `And when men strive, and have smitten a pregnant woman, and her children have come out, and there is no mischief, he is certainly fined, as the husband of the woman doth lay upon him, and he hath given through the judges;
Commentary WitnessExodus 21:22Quoted commentary witness
Commentary Witness
Exodus 21:22
Verse 22 And hurt a woman with child - As a posterity among the Jews was among the peculiar promises of their covenant, and as every man had some reason to think that the Messiah should spring from his family, therefore any injury done to a woman with child, by which the fruit of her womb might be destroyed, was considered a very heavy offense; and as the crime was committed principally against the husband, the degree of punishment was left to his discretion. But if mischief followed, that is, if the child had been fully formed, and was killed by this means, or the woman lost her life in consequence, then the punishment was as in other cases of murder - the person was put to death; Exo 21:23.
Provenance. Rendered as a quoted commentary witness with explicit reference extraction from the source prose.
Canonical locus
Exodus 21:22
Source lane
Apologetics Bible source bundle
Exposition: Exodus 21:22 emphasizes a key movement in the chapter's argument. In KJV form, the text reads: 'If men strive, and hurt a woman with child, so that her fruit depart from her, and yet no mischief follow: he shall be surely punished, according as the woman’s husband will lay upon him; and he shall pay as the judge...'. Read in canonical context, the verse supports the coherence of biblical revelation by linking doctrine, narrative, and covenantal meaning.
Apologetics Notes
- Scientific Correlation: This verse is suitable for cumulative-case reasoning in apologetics: historical context, textual stability, and worldview coherence are evaluated together rather than in isolation.
- Hebrew Grammar: A close Hebrew reading should attend lexical range, clause flow, and discourse function in context; these controls reduce over-reading and preserve authorial intent.
- Historical Evidence: Historically, this verse is interpreted within the received canonical tradition, where manuscript continuity and early community usage support stable transmission and meaning.
Exodus 21:23
Hebrew
וְאִם־אָסוֹן יִהְיֶה וְנָתַתָּה נֶפֶשׁ תַּחַת נָֽפֶשׁ׃ve'im-'asvon-yiheyeh-venatatah-nefesh-tachat-nafesh
KJV: And if any mischief follow, then thou shalt give life for life,
AKJV: And if any mischief follow, then you shall give life for life,
ASV: But if any harm follow, then thou shalt give life for life,
YLT: and if there is mischief, then thou hast given life for life,
Commentary Witness (Generated)Exodus 21:23Generated editorial synthesis
Commentary Witness (Generated)
Exodus 21:23
Exodus 21:23 advances the immediate literary flow of the chapter and should be interpreted in its canonical context, not as an isolated proof text. In the present translation it reads: 'And if any mischief follow, then thou shalt give life for life,'. A close Hebrew reading supports attention to key lexical choices, clause movement, and redemptive-historical placement so doctrinal conclusions remain textually grounded.
Provenance. Rendered as an editorial synthesis tied to the canonical verse context and current chapter source.
Canonical locus
Exodus 21:23
Source lane
Apologetics Bible source bundle
Biblical cross-references named in the witness
- Exodus 21:23
Exposition: Exodus 21:23 emphasizes a key movement in the chapter's argument. In KJV form, the text reads: 'And if any mischief follow, then thou shalt give life for life,'. Read in canonical context, the verse supports the coherence of biblical revelation by linking doctrine, narrative, and covenantal meaning.
Apologetics Notes
- Scientific Correlation: This verse is suitable for cumulative-case reasoning in apologetics: historical context, textual stability, and worldview coherence are evaluated together rather than in isolation.
- Hebrew Grammar: A close Hebrew reading should attend lexical range, clause flow, and discourse function in context; these controls reduce over-reading and preserve authorial intent.
- Historical Evidence: Historically, this verse is interpreted within the received canonical tradition, where manuscript continuity and early community usage support stable transmission and meaning.
Exodus 21:24
Hebrew
עַיִן תַּחַת עַיִן שֵׁן תַּחַת שֵׁן יָד תַּחַת יָד רֶגֶל תַּחַת רָֽגֶל׃'ayin-tachat-'ayin-shen-tachat-shen-yad-tachat-yad-regel-tachat-ragel
KJV: Eye for eye, tooth for tooth, hand for hand, foot for foot,
AKJV: Eye for eye, tooth for tooth, hand for hand, foot for foot,
ASV: eye for eye, tooth for tooth, hand for hand, foot for foot,
YLT: eye for eye, tooth for tooth, hand for hand, foot for foot,
Commentary WitnessExodus 21:24Quoted commentary witness
Commentary Witness
Exodus 21:24
Verse 24 Eye for eye - This is the earliest account we have of the lex talionis, or law of like for like, which afterwards prevailed among the Greeks and Romans. Among the latter, it constituted a part of the twelve tables, so famous in antiquity; but the punishment was afterwards changed to a pecuniary fine, to be levied at the discretion of the praetor. It prevails less or more in most civilized countries, and is fully acted upon in the canon law, in reference to all calumniators: Calumniator, si in accusatione defecerit, talionem recipiat. "If the calumniator fall in the proof of his accusation, let him suffer the same punishment which he wished to have inflicted upon the man whom he falsely accused." Nothing, however, of this kind was left to private revenge; the magistrate awarded the punishment when the fact was proved, otherwise the lex talionis would have utterly destroyed the peace of society, and have sown the seeds of hatred, revenge, and all uncharitableness.
Provenance. Rendered as a quoted commentary witness with explicit reference extraction from the source prose.
Canonical locus
Exodus 21:24
Source lane
Apologetics Bible source bundle
Named authorities or texts detected in the witness
- Romans
- Calumniator
Exposition: Exodus 21:24 emphasizes a key movement in the chapter's argument. In KJV form, the text reads: 'Eye for eye, tooth for tooth, hand for hand, foot for foot,'. Read in canonical context, the verse supports the coherence of biblical revelation by linking doctrine, narrative, and covenantal meaning.
Apologetics Notes
- Scientific Correlation: This verse is suitable for cumulative-case reasoning in apologetics: historical context, textual stability, and worldview coherence are evaluated together rather than in isolation.
- Hebrew Grammar: A close Hebrew reading should attend lexical range, clause flow, and discourse function in context; these controls reduce over-reading and preserve authorial intent.
- Historical Evidence: Historically, this verse is interpreted within the received canonical tradition, where manuscript continuity and early community usage support stable transmission and meaning.
Exodus 21:25
Hebrew
כְּוִיָּה תַּחַת כְּוִיָּה פֶּצַע תַּחַת פָּצַע חַבּוּרָה תַּחַת חַבּוּרָֽה׃kheviyah-tachat-kheviyah-fetza'-tachat-fatza'-chavvrah-tachat-chavvrah
KJV: Burning for burning, wound for wound, stripe for stripe.
AKJV: Burning for burning, wound for wound, stripe for stripe. ¶
ASV: burning for burning, wound for wound, stripe for stripe.
YLT: burning for burning, wound for wound, stripe for stripe.
Commentary Witness (Generated)Exodus 21:25Generated editorial synthesis
Commentary Witness (Generated)
Exodus 21:25
Exodus 21:25 advances the immediate literary flow of the chapter and should be interpreted in its canonical context, not as an isolated proof text. In the present translation it reads: 'Burning for burning, wound for wound, stripe for stripe.'. A close Hebrew reading supports attention to key lexical choices, clause movement, and redemptive-historical placement so doctrinal conclusions remain textually grounded.
Provenance. Rendered as an editorial synthesis tied to the canonical verse context and current chapter source.
Canonical locus
Exodus 21:25
Source lane
Apologetics Bible source bundle
Biblical cross-references named in the witness
- Exodus 21:25
Exposition: Exodus 21:25 emphasizes a key movement in the chapter's argument. In KJV form, the text reads: 'Burning for burning, wound for wound, stripe for stripe.'. Read in canonical context, the verse supports the coherence of biblical revelation by linking doctrine, narrative, and covenantal meaning.
Apologetics Notes
- Scientific Correlation: This verse is suitable for cumulative-case reasoning in apologetics: historical context, textual stability, and worldview coherence are evaluated together rather than in isolation.
- Hebrew Grammar: A close Hebrew reading should attend lexical range, clause flow, and discourse function in context; these controls reduce over-reading and preserve authorial intent.
- Historical Evidence: Historically, this verse is interpreted within the received canonical tradition, where manuscript continuity and early community usage support stable transmission and meaning.
Exodus 21:26
Hebrew
וְכִֽי־יַכֶּה אִישׁ אֶת־עֵין עַבְדּוֹ אֽוֹ־אֶת־עֵין אֲמָתוֹ וְשִֽׁחֲתָהּ לֽ͏ַחָפְשִׁי יְשַׁלְּחֶנּוּ תַּחַת עֵינֽוֹ׃vekhiy-yakheh-'iysh-'et-'eyn-'avedvo-'vo-'et-'eyn-'amatvo-veshichatah-lachafeshiy-yeshalechenv-tachat-'eynvo
KJV: And if a man smite the eye of his servant, or the eye of his maid, that it perish; he shall let him go free for his eye’s sake.
AKJV: And if a man smite the eye of his servant, or the eye of his maid, that it perish; he shall let him go free for his eye’s sake.
ASV: And if a man smite the eye of his servant, or the eye of his maid, and destroy it; he shall let him go free for his eye’s sake.
YLT: `And when a man smiteth the eye of his man-servant, or the eye of his handmaid, and hath destroyed it, as a freeman he doth send him away for his eye;
Commentary Witness (Generated)Exodus 21:26Generated editorial synthesis
Commentary Witness (Generated)
Exodus 21:26
Exodus 21:26 advances the immediate literary flow of the chapter and should be interpreted in its canonical context, not as an isolated proof text. In the present translation it reads: 'And if a man smite the eye of his servant, or the eye of his maid, that it perish; he shall let him go free for his eye’s sake.'. A close Hebrew reading supports attention to key lexical choices, clause movement, and redemptive-historical placement so doctrinal conclusions remain textually grounded.
Provenance. Rendered as an editorial synthesis tied to the canonical verse context and current chapter source.
Canonical locus
Exodus 21:26
Source lane
Apologetics Bible source bundle
Biblical cross-references named in the witness
- Exodus 21:26
Exposition: Exodus 21:26 emphasizes a key movement in the chapter's argument. In KJV form, the text reads: 'And if a man smite the eye of his servant, or the eye of his maid, that it perish; he shall let him go free for his eye’s sake.'. Read in canonical context, the verse supports the coherence of biblical revelation by linking doctrine, narrative, and covenantal meaning.
Apologetics Notes
- Scientific Correlation: This verse is suitable for cumulative-case reasoning in apologetics: historical context, textual stability, and worldview coherence are evaluated together rather than in isolation.
- Hebrew Grammar: A close Hebrew reading should attend lexical range, clause flow, and discourse function in context; these controls reduce over-reading and preserve authorial intent.
- Historical Evidence: Historically, this verse is interpreted within the received canonical tradition, where manuscript continuity and early community usage support stable transmission and meaning.
Exodus 21:27
Hebrew
וְאִם־שֵׁן עַבְדּוֹ אֽוֹ־שֵׁן אֲמָתוֹ יַפִּיל לֽ͏ַחָפְשִׁי יְשַׁלְּחֶנּוּ תַּחַת שִׁנּֽוֹ׃ve'im-shen-'avedvo-'vo-shen-'amatvo-yafiyl-lachafeshiy-yeshalechenv-tachat-shinvo
KJV: And if he smite out his manservant’s tooth, or his maidservant’s tooth; he shall let him go free for his tooth’s sake.
AKJV: And if he smite out his manservant’s tooth, or his maidservant’s tooth; he shall let him go free for his tooth’s sake. ¶
ASV: And if he smite out his man-servant’s tooth, or his maid-servant’s tooth, he shall let him go free for his tooth’s sake.
YLT: and if a tooth of his man-servant or a tooth of his handmaid he knock out, as a freeman he doth send him away for his tooth.
Commentary WitnessExodus 21:27Quoted commentary witness
Commentary Witness
Exodus 21:27
Verse 27 If he smite out his - tooth - It was a noble law that obliged the unmerciful slaveholder to set the slave at liberty whose eye or tooth he had knocked out. If this did not teach them humanity, it taught them caution, as one rash blow might have deprived them of all right to the future services of the slave; and thus self-interest obliged them to be cautious and circumspect.
Provenance. Rendered as a quoted commentary witness with explicit reference extraction from the source prose.
Canonical locus
Exodus 21:27
Source lane
Apologetics Bible source bundle
Exposition: Exodus 21:27 emphasizes a key movement in the chapter's argument. In KJV form, the text reads: 'And if he smite out his manservant’s tooth, or his maidservant’s tooth; he shall let him go free for his tooth’s sake.'. Read in canonical context, the verse supports the coherence of biblical revelation by linking doctrine, narrative, and covenantal meaning.
Apologetics Notes
- Scientific Correlation: This verse is suitable for cumulative-case reasoning in apologetics: historical context, textual stability, and worldview coherence are evaluated together rather than in isolation.
- Hebrew Grammar: A close Hebrew reading should attend lexical range, clause flow, and discourse function in context; these controls reduce over-reading and preserve authorial intent.
- Historical Evidence: Historically, this verse is interpreted within the received canonical tradition, where manuscript continuity and early community usage support stable transmission and meaning.
Exodus 21:28
Hebrew
וְכִֽי־יִגַּח שׁוֹר אֶת־אִישׁ אוֹ אֶת־אִשָּׁה וָמֵת סָקוֹל יִסָּקֵל הַשּׁוֹר וְלֹא יֵאָכֵל אֶת־בְּשָׂרוֹ וּבַעַל הַשּׁוֹר נָקִֽי׃vekhiy-yigach-shvor-'et-'iysh-'vo-'et-'ishah-vamet-saqvol-yisaqel-hashvor-velo'-ye'akhel-'et-vesharvo-vva'al-hashvor-naqiy
KJV: If an ox gore a man or a woman, that they die: then the ox shall be surely stoned, and his flesh shall not be eaten; but the owner of the ox shall be quit.
AKJV: If an ox gore a man or a woman, that they die: then the ox shall be surely stoned, and his flesh shall not be eaten; but the owner of the ox shall be quit.
ASV: And if an ox gore a man or a woman to death, the ox shall be surely stoned, and its flesh shall not be eaten; but the owner of the ox shall be quit.
YLT: `And when an ox doth gore man or woman, and they have died, the ox is certainly stoned, and his flesh is not eaten, and the owner of the ox is acquitted;
Commentary WitnessExodus 21:28Quoted commentary witness
Commentary Witness
Exodus 21:28
Verse 28 If an ox gore a man - It is more likely that a bull is here intended, as the word signifies both, see Exo 22:1; and the Septuagint translate the שור shor of the original by ταυρος, a bull. Mischief of this kind was provided against by most nations. It appears that the Romans twisted hay about the horns of their dangerous cattle, that people seeing it might shun them; hence that saying of Horace. Sat., lib. i., sat. 4, ver. 34: Faenum habet in cornu, longe fuge. "He has hay on his horns; fly for life!" The laws of the twelve tables ordered, That the owner of the beast should pay for what damages he committed, or deliver him to the person injured. See Clarke's note on Exo 22:1. His flesh shall not be eaten - This served to keep up a due detestation of murder, whether committed by man or beast; and at the same time punished the man as far as possible, by the total loss of the beast.
Provenance. Rendered as a quoted commentary witness with explicit reference extraction from the source prose.
Canonical locus
Exodus 21:28
Source lane
Apologetics Bible source bundle
Named authorities or texts detected in the witness
- Ovid
- Septuagint
- Clarke
- Horace
- Sat
Exposition: Exodus 21:28 emphasizes a key movement in the chapter's argument. In KJV form, the text reads: 'If an ox gore a man or a woman, that they die: then the ox shall be surely stoned, and his flesh shall not be eaten; but the owner of the ox shall be quit.'. Read in canonical context, the verse supports the coherence of biblical revelation by linking doctrine, narrative, and covenantal meaning.
Apologetics Notes
- Scientific Correlation: This verse is suitable for cumulative-case reasoning in apologetics: historical context, textual stability, and worldview coherence are evaluated together rather than in isolation.
- Hebrew Grammar: A close Hebrew reading should attend lexical range, clause flow, and discourse function in context; these controls reduce over-reading and preserve authorial intent.
- Historical Evidence: Historically, this verse is interpreted within the received canonical tradition, where manuscript continuity and early community usage support stable transmission and meaning.
Exodus 21:29
Hebrew
וְאִם שׁוֹר נַגָּח הוּא מִתְּמֹל שִׁלְשֹׁם וְהוּעַד בִּבְעָלָיו וְלֹא יִשְׁמְרֶנּוּ וְהֵמִית אִישׁ אוֹ אִשָּׁה הַשּׁוֹר יִסָּקֵל וְגַם־בְּעָלָיו יוּמָֽת׃ve'im-shvor-nagach-hv'-mitemol-shileshom-vehv'ad-vive'alayv-velo'-yishemerenv-vehemiyt-'iysh-'vo-'ishah-hashvor-yisaqel-vegam-ve'alayv-yvmat
KJV: But if the ox were wont to push with his horn in time past, and it hath been testified to his owner, and he hath not kept him in, but that he hath killed a man or a woman; the ox shall be stoned, and his owner also shall be put to death.
AKJV: But if the ox were wont to push with his horn in time past, and it has been testified to his owner, and he has not kept him in, but that he has killed a man or a woman; the ox shall be stoned, and his owner also shall be put to death.
ASV: But if the ox was wont to gore in time past, and it hath been testified to its owner, and he hath not kept it in, but it hath killed a man or a woman; the ox shall be stoned, and its owner also shall be put to death.
YLT: and if the ox is one accustomed to gore heretofore, and it hath been testified to its owner, and he doth not watch it, and it hath put to death a man or woman, the ox is stoned, and its owner also is put to death.
Commentary Witness (Generated)Exodus 21:29Generated editorial synthesis
Commentary Witness (Generated)
Exodus 21:29
Exodus 21:29 advances the immediate literary flow of the chapter and should be interpreted in its canonical context, not as an isolated proof text. In the present translation it reads: 'But if the ox were wont to push with his horn in time past, and it hath been testified to his owner, and he hath not kept him in, but that he hath killed a man or a woman; the ox shall be stoned, and his owner also shall be put to death.'. A close Hebrew reading supports attention to key lexical choices, clause movement, and redemptive-historical placement so doctrinal conclusions remain textually grounded.
Provenance. Rendered as an editorial synthesis tied to the canonical verse context and current chapter source.
Canonical locus
Exodus 21:29
Source lane
Apologetics Bible source bundle
Biblical cross-references named in the witness
- Exodus 21:29
Exposition: Exodus 21:29 emphasizes a key movement in the chapter's argument. In KJV form, the text reads: 'But if the ox were wont to push with his horn in time past, and it hath been testified to his owner, and he hath not kept him in, but that he hath killed a man or a woman; the ox shall be stoned, and his owner also sh...'. Read in canonical context, the verse supports the coherence of biblical revelation by linking doctrine, narrative, and covenantal meaning.
Apologetics Notes
- Scientific Correlation: This verse is suitable for cumulative-case reasoning in apologetics: historical context, textual stability, and worldview coherence are evaluated together rather than in isolation.
- Hebrew Grammar: A close Hebrew reading should attend lexical range, clause flow, and discourse function in context; these controls reduce over-reading and preserve authorial intent.
- Historical Evidence: Historically, this verse is interpreted within the received canonical tradition, where manuscript continuity and early community usage support stable transmission and meaning.
Exodus 21:30
Hebrew
אִם־כֹּפֶר יוּשַׁת עָלָיו וְנָתַן פִּדְיֹן נַפְשׁוֹ כְּכֹל אֲשֶׁר־יוּשַׁת עָלָֽיו׃'im-khofer-yvshat-'alayv-venatan-fideyon-nafeshvo-khekhol-'asher-yvshat-'alayv
KJV: If there be laid on him a sum of money, then he shall give for the ransom of his life whatsoever is laid upon him.
AKJV: If there be laid on him a sum of money, then he shall give for the ransom of his life whatever is laid on him.
ASV: If there be laid on him a ransom, then he shall give for the redemption of his life whatsoever is laid upon him.
YLT: `If atonement is laid upon him, then he hath given the ransom of his life, according to all that is laid upon him;
Commentary WitnessExodus 21:30Quoted commentary witness
Commentary Witness
Exodus 21:30
Verse 30 If there be laid on him a sum of money - the ransom of his life - So it appears that, though by the law he forfeited his life, yet this might be commuted for a pecuniary mulct, at which the life of the deceased might be valued by the magistrates.
Provenance. Rendered as a quoted commentary witness with explicit reference extraction from the source prose.
Canonical locus
Exodus 21:30
Source lane
Apologetics Bible source bundle
Exposition: Exodus 21:30 emphasizes a key movement in the chapter's argument. In KJV form, the text reads: 'If there be laid on him a sum of money, then he shall give for the ransom of his life whatsoever is laid upon him.'. Read in canonical context, the verse supports the coherence of biblical revelation by linking doctrine, narrative, and covenantal meaning.
Apologetics Notes
- Scientific Correlation: This verse is suitable for cumulative-case reasoning in apologetics: historical context, textual stability, and worldview coherence are evaluated together rather than in isolation.
- Hebrew Grammar: A close Hebrew reading should attend lexical range, clause flow, and discourse function in context; these controls reduce over-reading and preserve authorial intent.
- Historical Evidence: Historically, this verse is interpreted within the received canonical tradition, where manuscript continuity and early community usage support stable transmission and meaning.
Exodus 21:31
Hebrew
אוֹ־בֵן יִגָּח אוֹ־בַת יִגָּח כַּמִּשְׁפָּט הַזֶּה יֵעָשֶׂה לּֽוֹ׃'vo-ven-yigach-'vo-vat-yigach-khamishefat-hazeh-ye'asheh-lvo
KJV: Whether he have gored a son, or have gored a daughter, according to this judgment shall it be done unto him.
AKJV: Whether he have gored a son, or have gored a daughter, according to this judgment shall it be done to him.
ASV: Whether it have gored a son, or have gored a daughter, according to this judgment shall it be done unto him.
YLT: whether it gore a son or gore a daughter, according to this judgment it is done to him.
Commentary Witness (Generated)Exodus 21:31Generated editorial synthesis
Commentary Witness (Generated)
Exodus 21:31
Exodus 21:31 advances the immediate literary flow of the chapter and should be interpreted in its canonical context, not as an isolated proof text. In the present translation it reads: 'Whether he have gored a son, or have gored a daughter, according to this judgment shall it be done unto him.'. A close Hebrew reading supports attention to key lexical choices, clause movement, and redemptive-historical placement so doctrinal conclusions remain textually grounded.
Provenance. Rendered as an editorial synthesis tied to the canonical verse context and current chapter source.
Canonical locus
Exodus 21:31
Source lane
Apologetics Bible source bundle
Biblical cross-references named in the witness
- Exodus 21:31
Exposition: Exodus 21:31 emphasizes a key movement in the chapter's argument. In KJV form, the text reads: 'Whether he have gored a son, or have gored a daughter, according to this judgment shall it be done unto him.'. Read in canonical context, the verse supports the coherence of biblical revelation by linking doctrine, narrative, and covenantal meaning.
Apologetics Notes
- Scientific Correlation: This verse is suitable for cumulative-case reasoning in apologetics: historical context, textual stability, and worldview coherence are evaluated together rather than in isolation.
- Hebrew Grammar: A close Hebrew reading should attend lexical range, clause flow, and discourse function in context; these controls reduce over-reading and preserve authorial intent.
- Historical Evidence: Historically, this verse is interpreted within the received canonical tradition, where manuscript continuity and early community usage support stable transmission and meaning.
Exodus 21:32
Hebrew
אִם־עֶבֶד יִגַּח הַשּׁוֹר אוֹ אָמָה כֶּסֶף ׀ שְׁלֹשִׁים שְׁקָלִים יִתֵּן לַֽאדֹנָיו וְהַשּׁוֹר יִסָּקֵֽל׃'im-'eved-yigach-hashvor-'vo-'amah-khesef- -sheloshiym-sheqaliym-yiten-la'donayv-vehashvor-yisaqel
KJV: If the ox shall push a manservant or a maidservant; he shall give unto their master thirty shekels of silver, and the ox shall be stoned.
AKJV: If the ox shall push a manservant or a maidservant; he shall give to their master thirty shekels of silver, and the ox shall be stoned. ¶
ASV: If the ox gore a man-servant or a maid-servant, there shall be given unto their master thirty shekels of silver, and the ox shall be stoned.
YLT: `If the ox gore a man-servant or a handmaid, thirty silver shekels he doth give to their lord, and the ox is stoned.
Commentary WitnessExodus 21:32Quoted commentary witness
Commentary Witness
Exodus 21:32
Verse 32 Thirty shekels - Each worth about three shillings English; see Gen 20:16; Gen 23:15. So, counting the shekel at its utmost value, the life of a slave was valued at four pounds ten shillings. And at this price these same vile people valued the life of our blessed Lord; see Zac 11:12, Zac 11:13; Mat 26:15. And in return, the justice of God has ordered it so, that they have been sold for slaves into every country of the universe. And yet, strange to tell, they see not the hand of God in so visible a retribution!
Provenance. Rendered as a quoted commentary witness with explicit reference extraction from the source prose.
Canonical locus
Exodus 21:32
Source lane
Apologetics Bible source bundle
Biblical cross-references named in the witness
- Gen 20:16
- Gen 23:15
- Mat 26:15
Named authorities or texts detected in the witness
- English
- So
- Lord
Exposition: Exodus 21:32 emphasizes a key movement in the chapter's argument. In KJV form, the text reads: 'If the ox shall push a manservant or a maidservant; he shall give unto their master thirty shekels of silver, and the ox shall be stoned.'. Read in canonical context, the verse supports the coherence of biblical revelation by linking doctrine, narrative, and covenantal meaning.
Apologetics Notes
- Scientific Correlation: This verse is suitable for cumulative-case reasoning in apologetics: historical context, textual stability, and worldview coherence are evaluated together rather than in isolation.
- Hebrew Grammar: A close Hebrew reading should attend lexical range, clause flow, and discourse function in context; these controls reduce over-reading and preserve authorial intent.
- Historical Evidence: Historically, this verse is interpreted within the received canonical tradition, where manuscript continuity and early community usage support stable transmission and meaning.
Exodus 21:33
Hebrew
וְכִֽי־יִפְתַּח אִישׁ בּוֹר אוֹ כִּֽי־יִכְרֶה אִישׁ בֹּר וְלֹא יְכַסֶּנּוּ וְנָֽפַל־שָׁמָּה שּׁוֹר אוֹ חֲמֽוֹר׃vekhiy-yifetach-'iysh-vvor-'vo-khiy-yikhereh-'iysh-vor-velo'-yekhasenv-venafal-shamah-shvor-'vo-chamvor
KJV: And if a man shall open a pit, or if a man shall dig a pit, and not cover it, and an ox or an ass fall therein;
AKJV: And if a man shall open a pit, or if a man shall dig a pit, and not cover it, and an ox or an ass fall therein;
ASV: And if a man shall open a pit, or if a man shall dig a pit and not cover it, and an ox or an ass fall therein,
YLT: `And when a man doth open a pit, or when a man doth dig a pit, and doth not cover it, and an ox or ass hath fallen thither, --
Commentary WitnessExodus 21:33Quoted commentary witness
Commentary Witness
Exodus 21:33
Verse 33 And if a man shall open a pit, or - dig a pit - That is, if a man shall open a well or cistern that had been before closed up, or dig a new one; for these two cases are plainly intimated: and if he did this in some public place where there was danger that men or cattle might fall into it; for a man might do as he pleased in his own grounds, as those were his private right. In the above case, if he had neglected to cover the pit, and his neighbor's ox or ass was killed by falling into it, he was to pay its value in money. Exo 21:33 and Exo 21:34 seem to be out of their places. They probably should conclude the chapters, as, where they are, they interrupt the statutes concerning the goring ox, which begin at Exo 21:28. These different regulations are as remarkable for their justice and prudence as for their humanity. Their great tendency is to show the valuableness of human life, and the necessity of having peace and good understanding in every neighborhood; and they possess that quality which should be the object of all good and wholesome laws - the prevention of crimes. Most criminal codes of jurisprudence seem more intent on the punishment of crimes than on preventing the commission of them. The law of God always teaches and warns, that his creatures may not fall into condemnation; for judgment is his strange work, i.e., one reluctantly and seldom executed, as this text is frequently understood.
Provenance. Rendered as a quoted commentary witness with explicit reference extraction from the source prose.
Canonical locus
Exodus 21:33
Source lane
Apologetics Bible source bundle
Exposition: Exodus 21:33 emphasizes a key movement in the chapter's argument. In KJV form, the text reads: 'And if a man shall open a pit, or if a man shall dig a pit, and not cover it, and an ox or an ass fall therein;'. Read in canonical context, the verse supports the coherence of biblical revelation by linking doctrine, narrative, and covenantal meaning.
Apologetics Notes
- Scientific Correlation: This verse is suitable for cumulative-case reasoning in apologetics: historical context, textual stability, and worldview coherence are evaluated together rather than in isolation.
- Hebrew Grammar: A close Hebrew reading should attend lexical range, clause flow, and discourse function in context; these controls reduce over-reading and preserve authorial intent.
- Historical Evidence: Historically, this verse is interpreted within the received canonical tradition, where manuscript continuity and early community usage support stable transmission and meaning.
Exodus 21:34
Hebrew
בַּעַל הַבּוֹר יְשַׁלֵּם כֶּסֶף יָשִׁיב לִבְעָלָיו וְהַמֵּת יִֽהְיֶה־לּֽוֹ׃va'al-havvor-yeshalem-khesef-yashiyv-live'alayv-vehamet-yiheyeh-lvo
KJV: The owner of the pit shall make it good, and give money unto the owner of them; and the dead beast shall be his.
AKJV: The owner of the pit shall make it good, and give money to the owner of them; and the dead beast shall be his. ¶
ASV: the owner of the pit shall make it good; he shall give money unto the owner thereof, and the dead beast shall be his.
YLT: the owner of the pit doth repay, money he doth give back to its owner, and the dead is his.
Commentary Witness (Generated)Exodus 21:34Generated editorial synthesis
Commentary Witness (Generated)
Exodus 21:34
Exodus 21:34 advances the immediate literary flow of the chapter and should be interpreted in its canonical context, not as an isolated proof text. In the present translation it reads: 'The owner of the pit shall make it good, and give money unto the owner of them; and the dead beast shall be his.'. A close Hebrew reading supports attention to key lexical choices, clause movement, and redemptive-historical placement so doctrinal conclusions remain textually grounded.
Provenance. Rendered as an editorial synthesis tied to the canonical verse context and current chapter source.
Canonical locus
Exodus 21:34
Source lane
Apologetics Bible source bundle
Biblical cross-references named in the witness
- Exodus 21:34
Exposition: Exodus 21:34 emphasizes a key movement in the chapter's argument. In KJV form, the text reads: 'The owner of the pit shall make it good, and give money unto the owner of them; and the dead beast shall be his.'. Read in canonical context, the verse supports the coherence of biblical revelation by linking doctrine, narrative, and covenantal meaning.
Apologetics Notes
- Scientific Correlation: This verse is suitable for cumulative-case reasoning in apologetics: historical context, textual stability, and worldview coherence are evaluated together rather than in isolation.
- Hebrew Grammar: A close Hebrew reading should attend lexical range, clause flow, and discourse function in context; these controls reduce over-reading and preserve authorial intent.
- Historical Evidence: Historically, this verse is interpreted within the received canonical tradition, where manuscript continuity and early community usage support stable transmission and meaning.
Exodus 21:35
Hebrew
וְכִֽי־יִגֹּף שֽׁוֹר־אִישׁ אֶת־שׁוֹר רֵעֵהוּ וָמֵת וּמָכְרוּ אֶת־הַשּׁוֹר הַחַי וְחָצוּ אֶת־כַּסְפּוֹ וְגַם אֶת־הַמֵּת יֽ͏ֶחֱצֽוּן׃vekhiy-yigof-shvor-'iysh-'et-shvor-re'ehv-vamet-vmakherv-'et-hashvor-hachay-vechatzv-'et-khasefvo-vegam-'et-hamet-yechetzvn
KJV: And if one man’s ox hurt another’s, that he die; then they shall sell the live ox, and divide the money of it; and the dead ox also they shall divide.
AKJV: And if one man’s ox hurt another’s, that he die; then they shall sell the live ox, and divide the money of it; and the dead ox also they shall divide.
ASV: And if one man’s ox hurt another’s, so that it dieth, then they shall sell the live ox, and divide the price of it; and the dead also they shall divide.
YLT: `And when a man's ox doth smite the ox of his neighbour, and it hath died, then they have sold the living ox, and halved its money, and also the dead one they do halve;
Commentary Witness (Generated)Exodus 21:35Generated editorial synthesis
Commentary Witness (Generated)
Exodus 21:35
Exodus 21:35 advances the immediate literary flow of the chapter and should be interpreted in its canonical context, not as an isolated proof text. In the present translation it reads: 'And if one man’s ox hurt another’s, that he die; then they shall sell the live ox, and divide the money of it; and the dead ox also they shall divide.'. A close Hebrew reading supports attention to key lexical choices, clause movement, and redemptive-historical placement so doctrinal conclusions remain textually grounded.
Provenance. Rendered as an editorial synthesis tied to the canonical verse context and current chapter source.
Canonical locus
Exodus 21:35
Source lane
Apologetics Bible source bundle
Biblical cross-references named in the witness
- Exodus 21:35
Exposition: Exodus 21:35 emphasizes a key movement in the chapter's argument. In KJV form, the text reads: 'And if one man’s ox hurt another’s, that he die; then they shall sell the live ox, and divide the money of it; and the dead ox also they shall divide.'. Read in canonical context, the verse supports the coherence of biblical revelation by linking doctrine, narrative, and covenantal meaning.
Apologetics Notes
- Scientific Correlation: This verse is suitable for cumulative-case reasoning in apologetics: historical context, textual stability, and worldview coherence are evaluated together rather than in isolation.
- Hebrew Grammar: A close Hebrew reading should attend lexical range, clause flow, and discourse function in context; these controls reduce over-reading and preserve authorial intent.
- Historical Evidence: Historically, this verse is interpreted within the received canonical tradition, where manuscript continuity and early community usage support stable transmission and meaning.
Exodus 21:36
Hebrew
אוֹ נוֹדַע כִּי שׁוֹר נַגָּח הוּא מִתְּמוֹל שִׁלְשֹׁם וְלֹא יִשְׁמְרֶנּוּ בְּעָלָיו שַׁלֵּם יְשַׁלֵּם שׁוֹר תַּחַת הַשּׁוֹר וְהַמֵּת יִֽהְיֶה־לּֽוֹ׃'vo-nvoda'-khiy-shvor-nagach-hv'-mitemvol-shileshom-velo'-yishemerenv-ve'alayv-shalem-yeshalem-shvor-tachat-hashvor-vehamet-yiheyeh-lvo
KJV: Or if it be known that the ox hath used to push in time past, and his owner hath not kept him in; he shall surely pay ox for ox; and the dead shall be his own.
AKJV: Or if it be known that the ox has used to push in time past, and his owner has not kept him in; he shall surely pay ox for ox; and the dead shall be his own.
ASV: Or if it be known that the ox was wont to gore in time past, and its owner hath not kept it in; he shall surely pay ox for ox, and the dead beast shall be his own.
YLT: or, it hath been known that the ox is one accustomed to gore heretofore, and its owner doth not watch it, he certainly repayeth ox for ox, and the dead is his.
Commentary Witness (Generated)Exodus 21:36Generated editorial synthesis
Commentary Witness (Generated)
Exodus 21:36
Exodus 21:36 advances the immediate literary flow of the chapter and should be interpreted in its canonical context, not as an isolated proof text. In the present translation it reads: 'Or if it be known that the ox hath used to push in time past, and his owner hath not kept him in; he shall surely pay ox for ox; and the dead shall be his own.'. A close Hebrew reading supports attention to key lexical choices, clause movement, and redemptive-historical placement so doctrinal conclusions remain textually grounded.
Provenance. Rendered as an editorial synthesis tied to the canonical verse context and current chapter source.
Canonical locus
Exodus 21:36
Source lane
Apologetics Bible source bundle
Biblical cross-references named in the witness
- Exodus 21:36
Exposition: Exodus 21:36 emphasizes a key movement in the chapter's argument. In KJV form, the text reads: 'Or if it be known that the ox hath used to push in time past, and his owner hath not kept him in; he shall surely pay ox for ox; and the dead shall be his own.'. Read in canonical context, the verse supports the coherence of biblical revelation by linking doctrine, narrative, and covenantal meaning.
Apologetics Notes
- Scientific Correlation: This verse is suitable for cumulative-case reasoning in apologetics: historical context, textual stability, and worldview coherence are evaluated together rather than in isolation.
- Hebrew Grammar: A close Hebrew reading should attend lexical range, clause flow, and discourse function in context; these controls reduce over-reading and preserve authorial intent.
- Historical Evidence: Historically, this verse is interpreted within the received canonical tradition, where manuscript continuity and early community usage support stable transmission and meaning.
Citation trailOpen the commentary counts, references, and named sources.
Scholarly apparatus
Commentary citation index
This chapter now surfaces commentary as quoted witness material with an explicit citation trail. The index below gathers the canonical references and named authorities detected inside the commentary layer for faster academic review.
Direct commentary witnesses
21
Generated editorial witnesses
15
Source lane
Apologetics Bible source bundle
Canonical references surfaced in commentary
- Exodus 21:1
- Lev 25:39
- 2Kgs 4:1
- Exodus 21:2
- Exodus 21:3
- Exodus 21:4
- Exodus 21:5
- Exodus 21:6
- Exodus 21:7
- Exodus 21:8
- Exodus 21:9
- Exodus 21:10
- Exodus 21:11
- Exodus 21:12
- Exodus 21:13
- Exodus 21:14
- Exodus 21:15
- Exodus 21:16
- Exodus 21:17
- Exodus 21:18
- Exodus 21:19
- Exodus 21:20
- Gen 9:5
- Gen 9:6
- Exodus 21:21
- Exodus 21:22
- Exodus 21:23
- Exodus 21:24
- Exodus 21:25
- Exodus 21:26
- Exodus 21:27
- Exodus 21:28
- Exodus 21:29
- Exodus 21:30
- Exodus 21:31
- Gen 20:16
- Gen 23:15
- Mat 26:15
- Exodus 21:32
- Exodus 21:33
- Exodus 21:34
- Exodus 21:35
- Exodus 21:36
Named authorities or texts surfaced in commentary
- Moses
- If
- The Lex Talionis
- Clarke
- St
- Hebrews
- Dryden
- Septuagint
- Juvenal
- Prior
- Euphraten
- Aure Fenestrae Arguerint
- Sat
- Bored
- Cicero
- And
- Ovid
- Romans
- Calumniator
- Horace
- English
- So
- Lord
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Commentary Witness
Exodus 21:1
Provenance. Rendered as a quoted commentary witness with explicit reference extraction from the source prose.
Canonical locus
Exodus 21:1
Source lane
Apologetics Bible source bundle
Named authorities or texts detected in the witness