Apologetics Bible
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Ezekiel prophesied c. 593-571 BC among the exiles in Babylon. His visions of God's throne-chariot (merkavah), the valley of dry bones, and the eschatological Temple make him the most visually arresting of the major prophets.
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Connected primary witness
- Connected ID:
Ezekiel_10
- Primary Witness Text: Then I looked, and, behold, in the firmament that was above the head of the cherubims there appeared over them as it were a sapphire stone, as the appearance of the likeness of a throne. And he spake unto the man clothed with linen, and said, Go in between the wheels, even under the cherub, and fill thine hand with coals of fire from between the cherubims, and scatter them over the city. And he went in in my sight. Now the cherubims stood on the right side of the house, when the man went in; and the cloud filled the inner court. Then the glory of the LORD went up from the cherub, and stood over the threshold of the house; and the house was filled with the cloud, and the court was full of the brightness of the LORD’S glory. And the sound of the cherubims’ wings was heard even to the outer court, as the voice of the Almighty God when he speaketh. And it came to pass, that when he had commanded the man clothed with linen, saying, Take fire from between the wheels, from between the cherubims; then he went in, and stood beside the wheels. And one cherub stretched forth his hand from between the cherubims unto the fire that was between the cherubims, and took thereof, and put it into the hands of him that was clothed with linen: who took it, and went out. And there appeared in the cherubims the form of a man’s hand under their wings. And when I looked, behold the four wheels by the cherubims, one wheel by one cherub, and another wheel by another cherub: and the appearance of the wh...
Connected dataset overlay
- Connected ID:
Ezekiel_10
- Chapter Blob Preview: Then I looked, and, behold, in the firmament that was above the head of the cherubims there appeared over them as it were a sapphire stone, as the appearance of the likeness of a throne. And he spake unto the man clothed with linen, and said, Go in between the wheels, even under the cherub, and fill thine hand with coals of fire from between the cherubims, and scatter them over...
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Chapter frame
Ezekiel prophesied c. 593-571 BC among the exiles in Babylon. His visions of God's throne-chariot (merkavah), the valley of dry bones, and the eschatological Temple make him the most visually arresting of the major prophets.
Ezekiel 36:26-27 ("I will give you a new heart") is the OT's clearest anticipation of regeneration — the divine replacement of a heart of stone with one of flesh, and the indwelling Spirit producing covenantal obedience. Jesus references this prophecy when rebuking Nicodemus for not understanding the new birth (John 3:10).
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Ezekiel 10:1
Hebrew
וָאֶרְאֶה וְהִנֵּה אֶל־הָרָקִיעַ אֲשֶׁר עַל־רֹאשׁ הַכְּרֻבִים כְּאֶבֶן סַפִּיר כְּמַרְאֵה דְּמוּת כִּסֵּא נִרְאָה עֲלֵיהֶֽם׃va'ere'eh-vehineh-'el-haraqiy'a-'asher-'al-ro'sh-hakheruviym-khe'even-safiyr-khemare'eh-demvt-khise'-nire'ah-'aleyhem
KJV: Then I looked, and, behold, in the firmament that was above the head of the cherubims there appeared over them as it were a sapphire stone, as the appearance of the likeness of a throne.
AKJV: Then I looked, and, behold, in the firmament that was above the head of the cherubim there appeared over them as it were a sapphire stone, as the appearance of the likeness of a throne.
ASV: Then I looked, and, behold, in the firmament that was over the head of the cherubim there appeared above them as it were a sapphire stone, as the appearance of the likeness of a throne.
YLT: And I look, and lo, on the expanse that is above the head of the cherubs, as a sapphire stone, as the appearance of the likeness of a throne, He hath been seen over them.
Exposition: Ezekiel 10:1 emphasizes a key movement in the chapter's argument. In KJV form, the text reads: 'Then I looked, and, behold, in the firmament that was above the head of the cherubims there appeared over them as it were a sapphire stone, as the appearance of the likeness of a throne.'. Read in canonical context, the verse supports the coherence of biblical revelation by linking doctrine, narrative, and covenantal meaning.
Apologetics Notes
- Scientific Correlation: This verse is suitable for cumulative-case reasoning in apologetics: historical context, textual stability, and worldview coherence are evaluated together rather than in isolation.
- Hebrew Grammar: A close Hebrew reading should attend lexical range, clause flow, and discourse function in context; these controls reduce over-reading and preserve authorial intent.
- Historical Evidence: Historically, this verse is interpreted within the received canonical tradition, where manuscript continuity and early community usage support stable transmission and meaning.
Ezekiel 10:2
Hebrew
וַיֹּאמֶר אֶל־הָאִישׁ ׀ לְבֻשׁ הַבַּדִּים וַיֹּאמֶר בֹּא אֶל־בֵּינוֹת לַגַּלְגַּל אֶל־תַּחַת לַכְּרוּב וּמַלֵּא חָפְנֶיךָ גַֽחֲלֵי־אֵשׁ מִבֵּינוֹת לַכְּרֻבִים וּזְרֹק עַל־הָעִיר וַיָּבֹא לְעֵינָֽי׃vayo'mer-'el-ha'iysh- -levush-havadiym-vayo'mer-vo'-'el-veynvot-lagalegal-'el-tachat-lakhervv-vmale'-chafeneykha-gachaley-'esh-miveynvot-lakheruviym-vzeroq-'al-ha'iyr-vayavo'-le'eynay
KJV: And he spake unto the man clothed with linen, and said, Go in between the wheels, even under the cherub, and fill thine hand with coals of fire from between the cherubims, and scatter them over the city. And he went in in my sight.
AKJV: And he spoke to the man clothed with linen, and said, Go in between the wheels, even under the cherub, and fill your hand with coals of fire from between the cherubim, and scatter them over the city. And he went in in my sight.
ASV: And he spake unto the man clothed in linen, and said, Go in between the whirling wheels, even under the cherub, and fill both thy hands with coals of fire from between the cherubim, and scatter them over the city. And he went in in my sight.
YLT: And He speaketh unto the man clothed with linen, and saith, `Go in unto the midst of the wheel, unto the place of the cherub, and fill thy hands with coals of fire from between the cherubs, and scatter over the city.' And he goeth in before mine eyes.
Commentary WitnessEzekiel 10:2Quoted commentary witness
Commentary Witness
Ezekiel 10:2
Verse 2 Coals of fire - These were to signify the burning of the city by the Chaldeans. It seems that the space between the four wheels, which was all on fire, was that from which those coals were taken.
Provenance. Rendered as a quoted commentary witness with explicit reference extraction from the source prose.
Canonical locus
Ezekiel 10:2
Source lane
Apologetics Bible source bundle
Named authorities or texts detected in the witness
- Chaldeans
Exposition: Ezekiel 10:2 emphasizes a key movement in the chapter's argument. In KJV form, the text reads: 'And he spake unto the man clothed with linen, and said, Go in between the wheels, even under the cherub, and fill thine hand with coals of fire from between the cherubims, and scatter them over the city. And he went i...'. Read in canonical context, the verse supports the coherence of biblical revelation by linking doctrine, narrative, and covenantal meaning.
Apologetics Notes
- Scientific Correlation: This verse is suitable for cumulative-case reasoning in apologetics: historical context, textual stability, and worldview coherence are evaluated together rather than in isolation.
- Hebrew Grammar: A close Hebrew reading should attend lexical range, clause flow, and discourse function in context; these controls reduce over-reading and preserve authorial intent.
- Historical Evidence: Historically, this verse is interpreted within the received canonical tradition, where manuscript continuity and early community usage support stable transmission and meaning.
Ezekiel 10:3
Hebrew
וְהַכְּרֻבִים עֹֽמְדִים מִימִין לַבַּיִת בְּבֹאוֹ הָאִישׁ וְהֶעָנָן מָלֵא אֶת־הֶחָצֵר הַפְּנִימִֽית׃vehakheruviym-'omediym-miymiyn-lavayit-vevo'vo-ha'iysh-vehe'anan-male'-'et-hechatzer-hafeniymiyt
KJV: Now the cherubims stood on the right side of the house, when the man went in; and the cloud filled the inner court.
AKJV: Now the cherubim stood on the right side of the house, when the man went in; and the cloud filled the inner court.
ASV: Now the cherubim stood on the right side of the house, when the man went in; and the cloud filled the inner court.
YLT: And the cherubs are standing on the right side of the house, at the going in of the man, and the cloud hath filled the inner court,
Commentary Witness (Generated)Ezekiel 10:3Generated editorial synthesis
Commentary Witness (Generated)
Ezekiel 10:3
Ezekiel 10:3 advances the immediate literary flow of the chapter and should be interpreted in its canonical context, not as an isolated proof text. In the present translation it reads: 'Now the cherubims stood on the right side of the house, when the man went in; and the cloud filled the inner court.'. A close Hebrew reading supports attention to key lexical choices, clause movement, and redemptive-historical placement so doctrinal conclusions remain textually grounded.
Provenance. Rendered as an editorial synthesis tied to the canonical verse context and current chapter source.
Canonical locus
Ezekiel 10:3
Source lane
Apologetics Bible source bundle
Biblical cross-references named in the witness
- Ezekiel 10:3
Exposition: Ezekiel 10:3 emphasizes a key movement in the chapter's argument. In KJV form, the text reads: 'Now the cherubims stood on the right side of the house, when the man went in; and the cloud filled the inner court.'. Read in canonical context, the verse supports the coherence of biblical revelation by linking doctrine, narrative, and covenantal meaning.
Apologetics Notes
- Scientific Correlation: This verse is suitable for cumulative-case reasoning in apologetics: historical context, textual stability, and worldview coherence are evaluated together rather than in isolation.
- Hebrew Grammar: A close Hebrew reading should attend lexical range, clause flow, and discourse function in context; these controls reduce over-reading and preserve authorial intent.
- Historical Evidence: Historically, this verse is interpreted within the received canonical tradition, where manuscript continuity and early community usage support stable transmission and meaning.
Ezekiel 10:4
Hebrew
וַיָּרָם כְּבוֹד־יְהוָה מֵעַל הַכְּרוּב עַל מִפְתַּן הַבָּיִת וַיִּמָּלֵא הַבַּיִת אֶת־הֶעָנָן וְהֶֽחָצֵר מָֽלְאָה אֶת־נֹגַהּ כְּבוֹד יְהוָֽה׃vayaram-khevvod-yehvah-me'al-hakhervv-'al-mifetan-havayit-vayimale'-havayit-'et-he'anan-vehechatzer-male'ah-'et-nogah-khevvod-yehvah
KJV: Then the glory of the LORD went up from the cherub, and stood over the threshold of the house; and the house was filled with the cloud, and the court was full of the brightness of the LORD’S glory.
AKJV: Then the glory of the LORD went up from the cherub, and stood over the threshold of the house; and the house was filled with the cloud, and the court was full of the brightness of the LORD’s glory.
ASV: And the glory of Jehovah mounted up from the cherub, and stood over the threshold of the house; and the house was filled with the cloud, and the court was full of the brightness of Jehovah’s glory.
YLT: and become high doth the honour of Jehovah above the cherub, over the threshold of the house, and the house is filled with the cloud, and the court hath been filled with the brightness of the honour of Jehovah.
Commentary WitnessEzekiel 10:4Quoted commentary witness
Commentary Witness
Ezekiel 10:4
Verse 4 The glory of the Lord went up - This is repeated from Eze 9:3. The house was filled with the cloud - This is a fact similar to what occurred frequently at the tabernacle in the wilderness, and in the dedication of the temple by Solomon. What is mentioned here was the Divine shechinah, the symbolical representation of the majesty of God.
Provenance. Rendered as a quoted commentary witness with explicit reference extraction from the source prose.
Canonical locus
Ezekiel 10:4
Source lane
Apologetics Bible source bundle
Biblical cross-references named in the witness
- Eze 9:3
Named authorities or texts detected in the witness
- Solomon
Exposition: Ezekiel 10:4 emphasizes a key movement in the chapter's argument. In KJV form, the text reads: 'Then the glory of the LORD went up from the cherub, and stood over the threshold of the house; and the house was filled with the cloud, and the court was full of the brightness of the LORD’S glory.'. Read in canonical context, the verse supports the coherence of biblical revelation by linking doctrine, narrative, and covenantal meaning.
Apologetics Notes
- Scientific Correlation: This verse is suitable for cumulative-case reasoning in apologetics: historical context, textual stability, and worldview coherence are evaluated together rather than in isolation.
- Hebrew Grammar: A close Hebrew reading should attend lexical range, clause flow, and discourse function in context; these controls reduce over-reading and preserve authorial intent.
- Historical Evidence: Historically, this verse is interpreted within the received canonical tradition, where manuscript continuity and early community usage support stable transmission and meaning.
Ezekiel 10:5
Hebrew
וְקוֹל כַּנְפֵי הַכְּרוּבִים נִשְׁמַע עַד־הֶחָצֵר הַחִיצֹנָה כְּקוֹל אֵל־שַׁדַּי בְּדַבְּרֽוֹ׃veqvol-khanefey-hakhervviym-nishema'-'ad-hechatzer-hachiytzonah-kheqvol-'el-shaday-vedavervo
KJV: And the sound of the cherubims’ wings was heard even to the outer court, as the voice of the Almighty God when he speaketh.
AKJV: And the sound of the cherubims’ wings was heard even to the outer court, as the voice of the Almighty God when he speaks.
ASV: And the sound of the wings of the cherubim was heard even to the outer court, as the voice of God Almighty when he speaketh.
YLT: And a noise of the wings of the cherubs hath been heard unto the outer court, as the voice of God--the Mighty One--in His speaking.
Commentary Witness (Generated)Ezekiel 10:5Generated editorial synthesis
Commentary Witness (Generated)
Ezekiel 10:5
Ezekiel 10:5 advances the immediate literary flow of the chapter and should be interpreted in its canonical context, not as an isolated proof text. In the present translation it reads: 'And the sound of the cherubims’ wings was heard even to the outer court, as the voice of the Almighty God when he speaketh.'. A close Hebrew reading supports attention to key lexical choices, clause movement, and redemptive-historical placement so doctrinal conclusions remain textually grounded.
Provenance. Rendered as an editorial synthesis tied to the canonical verse context and current chapter source.
Canonical locus
Ezekiel 10:5
Source lane
Apologetics Bible source bundle
Biblical cross-references named in the witness
- Ezekiel 10:5
Exposition: Ezekiel 10:5 emphasizes a key movement in the chapter's argument. In KJV form, the text reads: 'And the sound of the cherubims’ wings was heard even to the outer court, as the voice of the Almighty God when he speaketh.'. Read in canonical context, the verse supports the coherence of biblical revelation by linking doctrine, narrative, and covenantal meaning.
Apologetics Notes
- Scientific Correlation: This verse is suitable for cumulative-case reasoning in apologetics: historical context, textual stability, and worldview coherence are evaluated together rather than in isolation.
- Hebrew Grammar: A close Hebrew reading should attend lexical range, clause flow, and discourse function in context; these controls reduce over-reading and preserve authorial intent.
- Historical Evidence: Historically, this verse is interpreted within the received canonical tradition, where manuscript continuity and early community usage support stable transmission and meaning.
Ezekiel 10:6
Hebrew
וַיְהִי בְּצַוֺּתוֹ אֶת־הָאִישׁ לְבֻֽשׁ־הַבַּדִּים לֵאמֹר קַח אֵשׁ מִבֵּינוֹת לַגַּלְגַּל מִבֵּינוֹת לַכְּרוּבִים וַיָּבֹא וַֽיַּעֲמֹד אֵצֶל הָאוֹפָֽן׃vayehiy-vetzavtvo-'et-ha'iysh-levush-havadiym-le'mor-qach-'esh-miveynvot-lagalegal-miveynvot-lakhervviym-vayavo'-vaya'amod-'etzel-ha'vofan
KJV: And it came to pass, that when he had commanded the man clothed with linen, saying, Take fire from between the wheels, from between the cherubims; then he went in, and stood beside the wheels.
AKJV: And it came to pass, that when he had commanded the man clothed with linen, saying, Take fire from between the wheels, from between the cherubim; then he went in, and stood beside the wheels.
ASV: And it came to pass, when he commanded the man clothed in linen, saying, Take fire from between the whirling wheels, from between the cherubim, that he went in, and stood beside a wheel.
YLT: And it cometh to pass, in His commanding the man clothed with linen, saying, `Take fire from between the wheel, from between the cherubs,' and he goeth in and standeth near the wheel,
Commentary Witness (Generated)Ezekiel 10:6Generated editorial synthesis
Commentary Witness (Generated)
Ezekiel 10:6
Ezekiel 10:6 advances the immediate literary flow of the chapter and should be interpreted in its canonical context, not as an isolated proof text. In the present translation it reads: 'And it came to pass, that when he had commanded the man clothed with linen, saying, Take fire from between the wheels, from between the cherubims; then he went in, and stood beside the wheels.'. A close Hebrew reading supports attention to key lexical choices, clause movement, and redemptive-historical placement so doctrinal conclusions remain textually grounded.
Provenance. Rendered as an editorial synthesis tied to the canonical verse context and current chapter source.
Canonical locus
Ezekiel 10:6
Source lane
Apologetics Bible source bundle
Biblical cross-references named in the witness
- Ezekiel 10:6
Exposition: Ezekiel 10:6 emphasizes a key movement in the chapter's argument. In KJV form, the text reads: 'And it came to pass, that when he had commanded the man clothed with linen, saying, Take fire from between the wheels, from between the cherubims; then he went in, and stood beside the wheels.'. Read in canonical context, the verse supports the coherence of biblical revelation by linking doctrine, narrative, and covenantal meaning.
Apologetics Notes
- Scientific Correlation: This verse is suitable for cumulative-case reasoning in apologetics: historical context, textual stability, and worldview coherence are evaluated together rather than in isolation.
- Hebrew Grammar: A close Hebrew reading should attend lexical range, clause flow, and discourse function in context; these controls reduce over-reading and preserve authorial intent.
- Historical Evidence: Historically, this verse is interpreted within the received canonical tradition, where manuscript continuity and early community usage support stable transmission and meaning.
Ezekiel 10:7
Hebrew
וַיִּשְׁלַח הַכְּרוּב אֶת־יָדוֹ מִבֵּינוֹת לַכְּרוּבִים אֶל־הָאֵשׁ אֲשֶׁר בֵּינוֹת הַכְּרֻבִים וַיִּשָּׂא וַיִּתֵּן אֶל־חָפְנֵי לְבֻשׁ הַבַּדִּים וַיִּקַּח וַיֵּצֵֽא׃vayishelach-hakhervv-'et-yadvo-miveynvot-lakhervviym-'el-ha'esh-'asher-veynvot-hakheruviym-vayisha'-vayiten-'el-chafeney-levush-havadiym-vayiqach-vayetze'
KJV: And one cherub stretched forth his hand from between the cherubims unto the fire that was between the cherubims, and took thereof, and put it into the hands of him that was clothed with linen: who took it, and went out.
AKJV: And one cherub stretched forth his hand from between the cherubim to the fire that was between the cherubim, and took thereof, and put it into the hands of him that was clothed with linen: who took it, and went out. ¶
ASV: And the cherub stretched forth his hand from between the cherubim unto the fire that was between the cherubim, and took thereof, and put it into the hands of him that was clothed in linen, who took it and went out.
YLT: that the one cherub putteth forth his hand from between the cherubs unto the fire that is between the cherubs, and lifteth up, and giveth into the hands of him who is clothed with linen, and he receiveth, and cometh forth.
Commentary Witness (Generated)Ezekiel 10:7Generated editorial synthesis
Commentary Witness (Generated)
Ezekiel 10:7
Ezekiel 10:7 advances the immediate literary flow of the chapter and should be interpreted in its canonical context, not as an isolated proof text. In the present translation it reads: 'And one cherub stretched forth his hand from between the cherubims unto the fire that was between the cherubims, and took thereof, and put it into the hands of him that was clothed with linen: who took it, and went out.'. A close Hebrew reading supports attention to key lexical choices, clause movement, and redemptive-historical placement so doctrinal conclusions remain textually grounded.
Provenance. Rendered as an editorial synthesis tied to the canonical verse context and current chapter source.
Canonical locus
Ezekiel 10:7
Source lane
Apologetics Bible source bundle
Biblical cross-references named in the witness
- Ezekiel 10:7
Exposition: Ezekiel 10:7 emphasizes a key movement in the chapter's argument. In KJV form, the text reads: 'And one cherub stretched forth his hand from between the cherubims unto the fire that was between the cherubims, and took thereof, and put it into the hands of him that was clothed with linen: who took it, and went out.'. Read in canonical context, the verse supports the coherence of biblical revelation by linking doctrine, narrative, and covenantal meaning.
Apologetics Notes
- Scientific Correlation: This verse is suitable for cumulative-case reasoning in apologetics: historical context, textual stability, and worldview coherence are evaluated together rather than in isolation.
- Hebrew Grammar: A close Hebrew reading should attend lexical range, clause flow, and discourse function in context; these controls reduce over-reading and preserve authorial intent.
- Historical Evidence: Historically, this verse is interpreted within the received canonical tradition, where manuscript continuity and early community usage support stable transmission and meaning.
Ezekiel 10:8
Hebrew
וַיֵּרָא לַכְּרֻבִים תַּבְנִית יַד־אָדָם תַּחַת כַּנְפֵיהֶֽם׃vayera'-lakheruviym-taveniyt-yad-'adam-tachat-khanefeyhem
KJV: And there appeared in the cherubims the form of a man’s hand under their wings.
AKJV: And there appeared in the cherubim the form of a man’s hand under their wings.
ASV: And there appeared in the cherubim the form of a man’s hand under their wings.
YLT: And there appeareth in the cherubs the form of a hand of man under their wings,
Commentary WitnessEzekiel 10:8Quoted commentary witness
Commentary Witness
Ezekiel 10:8
Verse 8 The form of a man's hand under their wings - I am still of opinion that the hands and wings were not distinct. The arms were feathered like wings, and the hand terminated the arm; but as the long front feathers of the wings would extend much beyond the fingers, hence the hands would appear to be under the wings. See on Eze 1:8 (note). The human hand might be intended to show that God helps and punishes man by man; and that, in the general operations of his providence, he makes use of human agency.
Provenance. Rendered as a quoted commentary witness with explicit reference extraction from the source prose.
Canonical locus
Ezekiel 10:8
Source lane
Apologetics Bible source bundle
Biblical cross-references named in the witness
- Eze 1:8
Named authorities or texts detected in the witness
- Ovid
Exposition: Ezekiel 10:8 emphasizes a key movement in the chapter's argument. In KJV form, the text reads: 'And there appeared in the cherubims the form of a man’s hand under their wings.'. Read in canonical context, the verse supports the coherence of biblical revelation by linking doctrine, narrative, and covenantal meaning.
Apologetics Notes
- Scientific Correlation: This verse is suitable for cumulative-case reasoning in apologetics: historical context, textual stability, and worldview coherence are evaluated together rather than in isolation.
- Hebrew Grammar: A close Hebrew reading should attend lexical range, clause flow, and discourse function in context; these controls reduce over-reading and preserve authorial intent.
- Historical Evidence: Historically, this verse is interpreted within the received canonical tradition, where manuscript continuity and early community usage support stable transmission and meaning.
Ezekiel 10:9
Hebrew
וָאֶרְאֶה וְהִנֵּה אַרְבָּעָה אוֹפַנִּים אֵצֶל הַכְּרוּבִים אוֹפַן אֶחָד אֵצֶל הַכְּרוּב אֶחָד וְאוֹפַן אֶחָד אֵצֶל הַכְּרוּב אֶחָד וּמַרְאֵה הָאוֹפַנִּים כְּעֵין אֶבֶן תַּרְשִֽׁישׁ׃va'ere'eh-vehineh-'areva'ah-'vofaniym-'etzel-hakhervviym-'vofan-'echad-'etzel-hakhervv-'echad-ve'vofan-'echad-'etzel-hakhervv-'echad-vmare'eh-ha'vofaniym-khe'eyn-'even-tareshiysh
KJV: And when I looked, behold the four wheels by the cherubims, one wheel by one cherub, and another wheel by another cherub: and the appearance of the wheels was as the colour of a beryl stone.
AKJV: And when I looked, behold the four wheels by the cherubim, one wheel by one cherub, and another wheel by another cherub: and the appearance of the wheels was as the color of a beryl stone.
ASV: And I looked, and behold, four wheels beside the cherubim, one wheel beside one cherub, and another wheel beside another cherub; and the appearance of the wheels was like unto a beryl stone.
YLT: and I look, and lo, four wheels near the cherubs, one wheel near the one cherub, and another wheel near the other cherub, and the appearance of the wheels is as the colour of a beryl stone.
Commentary WitnessEzekiel 10:9Quoted commentary witness
Commentary Witness
Ezekiel 10:9
Verse 9 The color of a beryl stone - אבן תרשיש eben Tarshish, "the stone of Tarshish." The Vulgate translates it chrysolith; Symmachus, the jacinct; the Septuagint, the carbuncle. In the parallel place, Eze 1:16, it is כעין תרשיש keeyn Tarshish, "like the eye of Tarshish;" i.e., the color of tarshish, or the stone so called, which the Vulgate translates visio maris, "like the sea," i.e., azure. The beryl is a gem of a green color, passing from one side into blue, on the other side into yellow. The chrysolith is also green, what is called pistachio green; but the chrysolith of the ancients was our topaz, which is of a fine wine yellow. The beryl, or chrysolith, is most likely what is here meant by tarshish. One name among the ancients served for several kinds of gems that were nearly of the same color. The moderns go more by chemical characters than by color.
Provenance. Rendered as a quoted commentary witness with explicit reference extraction from the source prose.
Canonical locus
Ezekiel 10:9
Source lane
Apologetics Bible source bundle
Biblical cross-references named in the witness
- Eze 1:16
Named authorities or texts detected in the witness
- Septuagint
- Vulgate
- Tarshish
- Symmachus
Exposition: Ezekiel 10:9 emphasizes a key movement in the chapter's argument. In KJV form, the text reads: 'And when I looked, behold the four wheels by the cherubims, one wheel by one cherub, and another wheel by another cherub: and the appearance of the wheels was as the colour of a beryl stone.'. Read in canonical context, the verse supports the coherence of biblical revelation by linking doctrine, narrative, and covenantal meaning.
Apologetics Notes
- Scientific Correlation: This verse is suitable for cumulative-case reasoning in apologetics: historical context, textual stability, and worldview coherence are evaluated together rather than in isolation.
- Hebrew Grammar: A close Hebrew reading should attend lexical range, clause flow, and discourse function in context; these controls reduce over-reading and preserve authorial intent.
- Historical Evidence: Historically, this verse is interpreted within the received canonical tradition, where manuscript continuity and early community usage support stable transmission and meaning.
Ezekiel 10:10
Hebrew
וּמַרְאֵיהֶם דְּמוּת אֶחָד לְאַרְבַּעְתָּם כַּאֲשֶׁר יִהְיֶה הָאוֹפַן בְּתוֹךְ הָאוֹפָֽן׃vmare'eyhem-demvt-'echad-le'areva'etam-kha'asher-yiheyeh-ha'vofan-vetvokhe-ha'vofan
KJV: And as for their appearances, they four had one likeness, as if a wheel had been in the midst of a wheel.
AKJV: And as for their appearances, they four had one likeness, as if a wheel had been in the middle of a wheel.
ASV: And as for their appearance, they four had one likeness, as if a wheel had been within a wheel.
YLT: As to their appearances, one likeness is to them four, as it were the wheel in the midst of the wheel.
Commentary WitnessEzekiel 10:10Quoted commentary witness
Commentary Witness
Ezekiel 10:10
Verse 10 A wheel had been in the midst of a wheel - It is difficult to comprehend this description. It is generally supposed to mean one wheel within another, cutting each other at right angles. This, in my opinion, will not account for the motions attributed to these wheels; nor can I see how, on this supposition, they could have any motion; for if one was moved on its axis, the other must be dragged contrary to its axis. I have conjectured it rather to mean a wheel within a wheel, or a wheel with two rims, working on the same axis. See on Eze 1:16-18 (note). It is however no matter of faith; and the reader may judge as he thinks proper. For other matters relative to this chariot, wheels, cherubim, wings, etc., I must refer to the notes on the first chapter. And perhaps from the whole of this vision and its difficulties, he will see the propriety of the council of rabbins ordering Rabbi Ananias three hundred barrels of oil to light his lamp during the time it would be necessary for him to employ in explaining this one vision.
Provenance. Rendered as a quoted commentary witness with explicit reference extraction from the source prose.
Canonical locus
Ezekiel 10:10
Source lane
Apologetics Bible source bundle
Biblical cross-references named in the witness
- Eze 1:16-18
Named authorities or texts detected in the witness
- This
Exposition: Ezekiel 10:10 emphasizes a key movement in the chapter's argument. In KJV form, the text reads: 'And as for their appearances, they four had one likeness, as if a wheel had been in the midst of a wheel.'. Read in canonical context, the verse supports the coherence of biblical revelation by linking doctrine, narrative, and covenantal meaning.
Apologetics Notes
- Scientific Correlation: This verse is suitable for cumulative-case reasoning in apologetics: historical context, textual stability, and worldview coherence are evaluated together rather than in isolation.
- Hebrew Grammar: A close Hebrew reading should attend lexical range, clause flow, and discourse function in context; these controls reduce over-reading and preserve authorial intent.
- Historical Evidence: Historically, this verse is interpreted within the received canonical tradition, where manuscript continuity and early community usage support stable transmission and meaning.
Ezekiel 10:11
Hebrew
בְּלֶכְתָּם אֶל־אַרְבַּעַת רִבְעֵיהֶם יֵלֵכוּ לֹא יִסַּבּוּ בְּלֶכְתָּם כִּי הַמָּקוֹם אֲשֶׁר־יִפְנֶה הָרֹאשׁ אַחֲרָיו יֵלֵכוּ לֹא יִסַּבּוּ בְּלֶכְתָּֽם׃velekhetam-'el-'areva'at-rive'eyhem-yelekhv-lo'-yisavv-velekhetam-khiy-hamaqvom-'asher-yifeneh-haro'sh-'acharayv-yelekhv-lo'-yisavv-velekhetam
KJV: When they went, they went upon their four sides; they turned not as they went, but to the place whither the head looked they followed it; they turned not as they went.
AKJV: When they went, they went on their four sides; they turned not as they went, but to the place where the head looked they followed it; they turned not as they went.
ASV: When they went, they went in their four directions: they turned not as they went, but to the place whither the head looked they followed it; they turned not as they went.
YLT: In their going, on their four sides they go; they turn not round in their going, for to the place whither the head turneth, after it they go, they turn not round in their going.
Commentary Witness (Generated)Ezekiel 10:11Generated editorial synthesis
Commentary Witness (Generated)
Ezekiel 10:11
Ezekiel 10:11 advances the immediate literary flow of the chapter and should be interpreted in its canonical context, not as an isolated proof text. In the present translation it reads: 'When they went, they went upon their four sides; they turned not as they went, but to the place whither the head looked they followed it; they turned not as they went.'. A close Hebrew reading supports attention to key lexical choices, clause movement, and redemptive-historical placement so doctrinal conclusions remain textually grounded.
Provenance. Rendered as an editorial synthesis tied to the canonical verse context and current chapter source.
Canonical locus
Ezekiel 10:11
Source lane
Apologetics Bible source bundle
Biblical cross-references named in the witness
- Ezekiel 10:11
Exposition: Ezekiel 10:11 emphasizes a key movement in the chapter's argument. In KJV form, the text reads: 'When they went, they went upon their four sides; they turned not as they went, but to the place whither the head looked they followed it; they turned not as they went.'. Read in canonical context, the verse supports the coherence of biblical revelation by linking doctrine, narrative, and covenantal meaning.
Apologetics Notes
- Scientific Correlation: This verse is suitable for cumulative-case reasoning in apologetics: historical context, textual stability, and worldview coherence are evaluated together rather than in isolation.
- Hebrew Grammar: A close Hebrew reading should attend lexical range, clause flow, and discourse function in context; these controls reduce over-reading and preserve authorial intent.
- Historical Evidence: Historically, this verse is interpreted within the received canonical tradition, where manuscript continuity and early community usage support stable transmission and meaning.
Ezekiel 10:12
Hebrew
וְכָל־בְּשָׂרָם וְגַבֵּהֶם וִֽידֵיהֶם וְכַנְפֵיהֶם וְהָאֽוֹפַנִּים מְלֵאִים עֵינַיִם סָבִיב לְאַרְבַּעְתָּם אוֹפַנֵּיהֶֽם׃vekhal-vesharam-vegavehem-viydeyhem-vekhanefeyhem-veha'vofaniym-mele'iym-'eynayim-saviyv-le'areva'etam-'vofaneyhem
KJV: And their whole body, and their backs, and their hands, and their wings, and the wheels, were full of eyes round about, even the wheels that they four had.
AKJV: And their whole body, and their backs, and their hands, and their wings, and the wheels, were full of eyes round about, even the wheels that they four had.
ASV: And their whole body, and their backs, and their hands, and their wings, and the wheels, were full of eyes round about, even the wheels that they four had.
YLT: And all their flesh, and their backs, and their hands, and their wings, and the wheels, are full of eyes round about; to them four are their wheels.
Commentary Witness (Generated)Ezekiel 10:12Generated editorial synthesis
Commentary Witness (Generated)
Ezekiel 10:12
Ezekiel 10:12 advances the immediate literary flow of the chapter and should be interpreted in its canonical context, not as an isolated proof text. In the present translation it reads: 'And their whole body, and their backs, and their hands, and their wings, and the wheels, were full of eyes round about, even the wheels that they four had.'. A close Hebrew reading supports attention to key lexical choices, clause movement, and redemptive-historical placement so doctrinal conclusions remain textually grounded.
Provenance. Rendered as an editorial synthesis tied to the canonical verse context and current chapter source.
Canonical locus
Ezekiel 10:12
Source lane
Apologetics Bible source bundle
Biblical cross-references named in the witness
- Ezekiel 10:12
Exposition: Ezekiel 10:12 emphasizes a key movement in the chapter's argument. In KJV form, the text reads: 'And their whole body, and their backs, and their hands, and their wings, and the wheels, were full of eyes round about, even the wheels that they four had.'. Read in canonical context, the verse supports the coherence of biblical revelation by linking doctrine, narrative, and covenantal meaning.
Apologetics Notes
- Scientific Correlation: This verse is suitable for cumulative-case reasoning in apologetics: historical context, textual stability, and worldview coherence are evaluated together rather than in isolation.
- Hebrew Grammar: A close Hebrew reading should attend lexical range, clause flow, and discourse function in context; these controls reduce over-reading and preserve authorial intent.
- Historical Evidence: Historically, this verse is interpreted within the received canonical tradition, where manuscript continuity and early community usage support stable transmission and meaning.
Ezekiel 10:13
Hebrew
לָאוֹפַנִּים לָהֶם קוֹרָא הַגַּלְגַּל בְּאָזְנָֽי׃la'vofaniym-lahem-qvora'-hagalegal-ve'azenay
KJV: As for the wheels, it was cried unto them in my hearing, O wheel.
AKJV: As for the wheels, it was cried to them in my hearing, O wheel.
ASV: As for the wheels, they were called in my hearing the whirling wheels.
YLT: To the wheels--to them is one calling in mine ears, `O wheel!'
Commentary WitnessEzekiel 10:13Quoted commentary witness
Commentary Witness
Ezekiel 10:13
Verse 13 As for the wheels, it was cried unto them - O wheel - Never was there a more unfortunate and unmeaning translation. The word הגלגל haggalgal, may signify, simply, the roller, or a chariot, or roll on, or the swift roller. And he clepide ilke wheelis volible, or turninge about. Old MS. Bible. Any of these will do: "and as to the wheels," לאופנים laophannim, "they were called in my hearing" הגלגל haggalgal, "the chariot." The gentleman who took for his text "O wheel!" and made God's decree of eternal predestination out of it, must have borrowed some of Rabbi Ananias's three hundred barrels of oil! But such working of God's word cannot be too severely reprehended. As these wheels are supposed to represent Divine Providence, bringing about the designs of the Most thigh, how like is the above הגלגל haggalgal, taken as a verb, "roll on," to those words of Virgil in his Pollio: - Talia saela, suis dixerunt, currite, fusis, Concordes stabili fatorum numine Parcae. "The Fates, when they this happy web have spun, Shall bless the sacred clue, and bid it swiftly run."
Provenance. Rendered as a quoted commentary witness with explicit reference extraction from the source prose.
Canonical locus
Ezekiel 10:13
Source lane
Apologetics Bible source bundle
Named authorities or texts detected in the witness
- Ovid
- Bible
- Divine Providence
- Pollio
- Parcae
- The Fates
Exposition: Ezekiel 10:13 emphasizes a key movement in the chapter's argument. In KJV form, the text reads: 'As for the wheels, it was cried unto them in my hearing, O wheel.'. Read in canonical context, the verse supports the coherence of biblical revelation by linking doctrine, narrative, and covenantal meaning.
Apologetics Notes
- Scientific Correlation: This verse is suitable for cumulative-case reasoning in apologetics: historical context, textual stability, and worldview coherence are evaluated together rather than in isolation.
- Hebrew Grammar: A close Hebrew reading should attend lexical range, clause flow, and discourse function in context; these controls reduce over-reading and preserve authorial intent.
- Historical Evidence: Historically, this verse is interpreted within the received canonical tradition, where manuscript continuity and early community usage support stable transmission and meaning.
Ezekiel 10:14
Hebrew
וְאַרְבָּעָה פָנִים לְאֶחָד פְּנֵי הָאֶחָד פְּנֵי הַכְּרוּב וּפְנֵי הַשֵּׁנִי פְּנֵי אָדָם וְהַשְּׁלִישִׁי פְּנֵי אַרְיֵה וְהָרְבִיעִי פְּנֵי־נָֽשֶׁר׃ve'areva'ah-faniym-le'echad-feney-ha'echad-feney-hakhervv-vfeney-hasheniy-feney-'adam-vehasheliyshiy-feney-'areyeh-vehareviy'iy-feney-nasher
KJV: And every one had four faces: the first face was the face of a cherub, and the second face was the face of a man, and the third the face of a lion, and the fourth the face of an eagle.
AKJV: And every one had four faces: the first face was the face of a cherub, and the second face was the face of a man, and the third the face of a lion, and the fourth the face of an eagle.
ASV: And every one had four faces: the first face was the face of the cherub, and the second face was the face of a man, and the third the face of a lion, and the fourth the face of an eagle.
YLT: And four faces are to each; the face of the one is the face of the cherub, and the face of the second the face of man, and of the third the face of a lion, and of the fourth the face of an eagle.
Commentary WitnessEzekiel 10:14Quoted commentary witness
Commentary Witness
Ezekiel 10:14
Verse 14 The first - was the face of a cherub - In Eze 1:10, this is called the "face of an ox;" here, the "face of a cherub:" hence, a cherub was in the likeness of an ox, at least, as to its head. כרוב kerub never occurs as a verb; and its meaning cannot be precisely ascertained. Parkhurst thinks the כ caph to be here the note of similitude; and then translates כ ke, "like," רב rab or רוב rob, "the mighty one;" and, in consequence, makes the cherubim an emblem of the Holy Trinity. See his lengthy Dissertation under כרב in his Hebrew and English Lexicon.
Provenance. Rendered as a quoted commentary witness with explicit reference extraction from the source prose.
Canonical locus
Ezekiel 10:14
Source lane
Apologetics Bible source bundle
Biblical cross-references named in the witness
- Eze 1:10
Named authorities or texts detected in the witness
- Holy Trinity
- English Lexicon
Exposition: Ezekiel 10:14 emphasizes a key movement in the chapter's argument. In KJV form, the text reads: 'And every one had four faces: the first face was the face of a cherub, and the second face was the face of a man, and the third the face of a lion, and the fourth the face of an eagle.'. Read in canonical context, the verse supports the coherence of biblical revelation by linking doctrine, narrative, and covenantal meaning.
Apologetics Notes
- Scientific Correlation: This verse is suitable for cumulative-case reasoning in apologetics: historical context, textual stability, and worldview coherence are evaluated together rather than in isolation.
- Hebrew Grammar: A close Hebrew reading should attend lexical range, clause flow, and discourse function in context; these controls reduce over-reading and preserve authorial intent.
- Historical Evidence: Historically, this verse is interpreted within the received canonical tradition, where manuscript continuity and early community usage support stable transmission and meaning.
Ezekiel 10:15
Hebrew
וַיֵּרֹמּוּ הַכְּרוּבִים הִיא הַחַיָּה אֲשֶׁר רָאִיתִי בִּֽנְהַר־כְּבָֽר׃vayeromv-hakhervviym-hiy'-hachayah-'asher-ra'iytiy-vinehar-khevar
KJV: And the cherubims were lifted up. This is the living creature that I saw by the river of Chebar.
AKJV: And the cherubim were lifted up. This is the living creature that I saw by the river of Chebar.
ASV: And the cherubim mounted up: this is the living creature that I saw by the river Chebar.
YLT: And the cherubs are lifted up, it is the living creature that I saw by the river Chebar.
Commentary Witness (Generated)Ezekiel 10:15Generated editorial synthesis
Commentary Witness (Generated)
Ezekiel 10:15
Ezekiel 10:15 advances the immediate literary flow of the chapter and should be interpreted in its canonical context, not as an isolated proof text. In the present translation it reads: 'And the cherubims were lifted up. This is the living creature that I saw by the river of Chebar.'. A close Hebrew reading supports attention to key lexical choices, clause movement, and redemptive-historical placement so doctrinal conclusions remain textually grounded.
Provenance. Rendered as an editorial synthesis tied to the canonical verse context and current chapter source.
Canonical locus
Ezekiel 10:15
Source lane
Apologetics Bible source bundle
Biblical cross-references named in the witness
- Ezekiel 10:15
Named authorities or texts detected in the witness
- Chebar
Exposition: Ezekiel 10:15 emphasizes a key movement in the chapter's argument. In KJV form, the text reads: 'And the cherubims were lifted up. This is the living creature that I saw by the river of Chebar.'. Read in canonical context, the verse supports the coherence of biblical revelation by linking doctrine, narrative, and covenantal meaning.
Apologetics Notes
- Scientific Correlation: This verse is suitable for cumulative-case reasoning in apologetics: historical context, textual stability, and worldview coherence are evaluated together rather than in isolation.
- Hebrew Grammar: A close Hebrew reading should attend lexical range, clause flow, and discourse function in context; these controls reduce over-reading and preserve authorial intent.
- Historical Evidence: Historically, this verse is interpreted within the received canonical tradition, where manuscript continuity and early community usage support stable transmission and meaning.
Ezekiel 10:16
Hebrew
וּבְלֶכֶת הַכְּרוּבִים יֵלְכוּ הָאוֹפַנִּים אֶצְלָם וּבִשְׂאֵת הַכְּרוּבִים אֶת־כַּנְפֵיהֶם לָרוּם מֵעַל הָאָרֶץ לֹא־יִסַּבּוּ הָאוֹפַנִּים גַּם־הֵם מֵאֶצְלָֽם׃vvelekhet-hakhervviym-yelekhv-ha'vofaniym-'etzelam-vvishe'et-hakhervviym-'et-khanefeyhem-larvm-me'al-ha'aretz-lo'-yisavv-ha'vofaniym-gam-hem-me'etzelam
KJV: And when the cherubims went, the wheels went by them: and when the cherubims lifted up their wings to mount up from the earth, the same wheels also turned not from beside them.
AKJV: And when the cherubim went, the wheels went by them: and when the cherubim lifted up their wings to mount up from the earth, the same wheels also turned not from beside them.
ASV: And when the cherubim went, the wheels went beside them; and when the cherubim lifted up their wings to mount up from the earth, the wheels also turned not from beside them.
YLT: And in the going of the cherubs, the wheels go beside them; and in the cherubs lifting up their wings to be high above the earth, the wheels turn not round, even they, from being beside them.
Commentary Witness (Generated)Ezekiel 10:16Generated editorial synthesis
Commentary Witness (Generated)
Ezekiel 10:16
Ezekiel 10:16 advances the immediate literary flow of the chapter and should be interpreted in its canonical context, not as an isolated proof text. In the present translation it reads: 'And when the cherubims went, the wheels went by them: and when the cherubims lifted up their wings to mount up from the earth, the same wheels also turned not from beside them.'. A close Hebrew reading supports attention to key lexical choices, clause movement, and redemptive-historical placement so doctrinal conclusions remain textually grounded.
Provenance. Rendered as an editorial synthesis tied to the canonical verse context and current chapter source.
Canonical locus
Ezekiel 10:16
Source lane
Apologetics Bible source bundle
Biblical cross-references named in the witness
- Ezekiel 10:16
Exposition: Ezekiel 10:16 emphasizes a key movement in the chapter's argument. In KJV form, the text reads: 'And when the cherubims went, the wheels went by them: and when the cherubims lifted up their wings to mount up from the earth, the same wheels also turned not from beside them.'. Read in canonical context, the verse supports the coherence of biblical revelation by linking doctrine, narrative, and covenantal meaning.
Apologetics Notes
- Scientific Correlation: This verse is suitable for cumulative-case reasoning in apologetics: historical context, textual stability, and worldview coherence are evaluated together rather than in isolation.
- Hebrew Grammar: A close Hebrew reading should attend lexical range, clause flow, and discourse function in context; these controls reduce over-reading and preserve authorial intent.
- Historical Evidence: Historically, this verse is interpreted within the received canonical tradition, where manuscript continuity and early community usage support stable transmission and meaning.
Ezekiel 10:17
Hebrew
בְּעָמְדָם יַעֲמֹדוּ וּבְרוֹמָם יֵרוֹמּוּ אוֹתָם כִּי רוּחַ הַחַיָּה בָּהֶֽם׃ve'amedam-ya'amodv-vvervomam-yervomv-'votam-khiy-rvcha-hachayah-vahem
KJV: When they stood, these stood; and when they were lifted up, these lifted up themselves also: for the spirit of the living creature was in them.
AKJV: When they stood, these stood; and when they were lifted up, these lifted up themselves also: for the spirit of the living creature was in them.
ASV: When they stood, these stood; and when they mounted up, these mounted up with them: for the spirit of the living creature was in them.
YLT: In their standing they stand, and in their exaltation they are exalted with them: for the living spirit is in them.
Commentary Witness (Generated)Ezekiel 10:17Generated editorial synthesis
Commentary Witness (Generated)
Ezekiel 10:17
Ezekiel 10:17 advances the immediate literary flow of the chapter and should be interpreted in its canonical context, not as an isolated proof text. In the present translation it reads: 'When they stood, these stood; and when they were lifted up, these lifted up themselves also: for the spirit of the living creature was in them.'. A close Hebrew reading supports attention to key lexical choices, clause movement, and redemptive-historical placement so doctrinal conclusions remain textually grounded.
Provenance. Rendered as an editorial synthesis tied to the canonical verse context and current chapter source.
Canonical locus
Ezekiel 10:17
Source lane
Apologetics Bible source bundle
Biblical cross-references named in the witness
- Ezekiel 10:17
Exposition: Ezekiel 10:17 emphasizes a key movement in the chapter's argument. In KJV form, the text reads: 'When they stood, these stood; and when they were lifted up, these lifted up themselves also: for the spirit of the living creature was in them.'. Read in canonical context, the verse supports the coherence of biblical revelation by linking doctrine, narrative, and covenantal meaning.
Apologetics Notes
- Scientific Correlation: This verse is suitable for cumulative-case reasoning in apologetics: historical context, textual stability, and worldview coherence are evaluated together rather than in isolation.
- Hebrew Grammar: A close Hebrew reading should attend lexical range, clause flow, and discourse function in context; these controls reduce over-reading and preserve authorial intent.
- Historical Evidence: Historically, this verse is interpreted within the received canonical tradition, where manuscript continuity and early community usage support stable transmission and meaning.
Ezekiel 10:18
Hebrew
וַיֵּצֵא כְּבוֹד יְהוָה מֵעַל מִפְתַּן הַבָּיִת וַֽיַּעֲמֹד עַל־הַכְּרוּבִֽים׃vayetze'-khevvod-yehvah-me'al-mifetan-havayit-vaya'amod-'al-hakhervviym
KJV: Then the glory of the LORD departed from off the threshold of the house, and stood over the cherubims.
AKJV: Then the glory of the LORD departed from off the threshold of the house, and stood over the cherubim.
ASV: And the glory of Jehovah went forth from over the threshold of the house, and stood over the cherubim.
YLT: And go forth doth the honour of Jehovah from off the threshold of the house, and standeth over the cherubs,
Commentary Witness (Generated)Ezekiel 10:18Generated editorial synthesis
Commentary Witness (Generated)
Ezekiel 10:18
Ezekiel 10:18 advances the immediate literary flow of the chapter and should be interpreted in its canonical context, not as an isolated proof text. In the present translation it reads: 'Then the glory of the LORD departed from off the threshold of the house, and stood over the cherubims.'. A close Hebrew reading supports attention to key lexical choices, clause movement, and redemptive-historical placement so doctrinal conclusions remain textually grounded.
Provenance. Rendered as an editorial synthesis tied to the canonical verse context and current chapter source.
Canonical locus
Ezekiel 10:18
Source lane
Apologetics Bible source bundle
Biblical cross-references named in the witness
- Ezekiel 10:18
Exposition: Ezekiel 10:18 emphasizes a key movement in the chapter's argument. In KJV form, the text reads: 'Then the glory of the LORD departed from off the threshold of the house, and stood over the cherubims.'. Read in canonical context, the verse supports the coherence of biblical revelation by linking doctrine, narrative, and covenantal meaning.
Apologetics Notes
- Scientific Correlation: This verse is suitable for cumulative-case reasoning in apologetics: historical context, textual stability, and worldview coherence are evaluated together rather than in isolation.
- Hebrew Grammar: A close Hebrew reading should attend lexical range, clause flow, and discourse function in context; these controls reduce over-reading and preserve authorial intent.
- Historical Evidence: Historically, this verse is interpreted within the received canonical tradition, where manuscript continuity and early community usage support stable transmission and meaning.
Ezekiel 10:19
Hebrew
וַיִּשְׂאוּ הַכְּרוּבִים אֶת־כַּנְפֵיהֶם וַיֵּרוֹמּוּ מִן־הָאָרֶץ לְעֵינַי בְּצֵאתָם וְהָאֽוֹפַנִּים לְעֻמָּתָם וַֽיַּעֲמֹד פֶּתַח שַׁעַר בֵּית־יְהוָה הַקַּדְמוֹנִי וּכְבוֹד אֱלֹהֵֽי־יִשְׂרָאֵל עֲלֵיהֶם מִלְמָֽעְלָה׃vayishe'v-hakhervviym-'et-khanefeyhem-vayervomv-min-ha'aretz-le'eynay-vetze'tam-veha'vofaniym-le'umatam-vaya'amod-fetach-sha'ar-veyt-yehvah-haqademvoniy-vkhevvod-'elohey-yishera'el-'aleyhem-milema'elah
KJV: And the cherubims lifted up their wings, and mounted up from the earth in my sight: when they went out, the wheels also were beside them, and every one stood at the door of the east gate of the LORD’S house; and the glory of the God of Israel was over them above.
AKJV: And the cherubim lifted up their wings, and mounted up from the earth in my sight: when they went out, the wheels also were beside them, and every one stood at the door of the east gate of the LORD’s house; and the glory of the God of Israel was over them above.
ASV: And the cherubim lifted up their wings, and mounted up from the earth in my sight when they went forth, and the wheels beside them: and they stood at the door of the east gate of Jehovah’s house; and the glory of the God of Israel was over them above.
YLT: and the cherubs lift up their wings, and are lifted up from the earth before mine eyes; in their going forth, the wheels also are over-against them, and he standeth at the opening of the east gate of the house of Jehovah, and the honour of the God of Israel is over them from above.
Commentary Witness (Generated)Ezekiel 10:19Generated editorial synthesis
Commentary Witness (Generated)
Ezekiel 10:19
Ezekiel 10:19 advances the immediate literary flow of the chapter and should be interpreted in its canonical context, not as an isolated proof text. In the present translation it reads: 'And the cherubims lifted up their wings, and mounted up from the earth in my sight: when they went out, the wheels also were beside them, and every one stood at the door of the east gate of the LORD’S house; and the glory of the God of Israel was over them above.'. A close Hebrew reading supports attention to key lexical choices, clause movement, and redemptive-historical placement so doctrinal conclusions remain textually grounded.
Provenance. Rendered as an editorial synthesis tied to the canonical verse context and current chapter source.
Canonical locus
Ezekiel 10:19
Source lane
Apologetics Bible source bundle
Biblical cross-references named in the witness
- Ezekiel 10:19
Exposition: Ezekiel 10:19 emphasizes a key movement in the chapter's argument. In KJV form, the text reads: 'And the cherubims lifted up their wings, and mounted up from the earth in my sight: when they went out, the wheels also were beside them, and every one stood at the door of the east gate of the LORD’S house; and the g...'. Read in canonical context, the verse supports the coherence of biblical revelation by linking doctrine, narrative, and covenantal meaning.
Apologetics Notes
- Scientific Correlation: This verse is suitable for cumulative-case reasoning in apologetics: historical context, textual stability, and worldview coherence are evaluated together rather than in isolation.
- Hebrew Grammar: A close Hebrew reading should attend lexical range, clause flow, and discourse function in context; these controls reduce over-reading and preserve authorial intent.
- Historical Evidence: Historically, this verse is interpreted within the received canonical tradition, where manuscript continuity and early community usage support stable transmission and meaning.
Ezekiel 10:20
Hebrew
הִיא הַחַיָּה אֲשֶׁר רָאִיתִי תַּחַת אֱלֹהֵֽי־יִשְׂרָאֵל בִּֽנְהַר־כְּבָר וָאֵדַע כִּי כְרוּבִים הֵֽמָּה׃hiy'-hachayah-'asher-ra'iytiy-tachat-'elohey-yishera'el-vinehar-khevar-va'eda'-khiy-khervviym-hemah
KJV: This is the living creature that I saw under the God of Israel by the river of Chebar; and I knew that they were the cherubims.
AKJV: This is the living creature that I saw under the God of Israel by the river of Chebar; and I knew that they were the cherubim.
ASV: This is the living creature that I saw under the God of Israel by the river Chebar; and I knew that they were cherubim.
YLT: It is the living creature that I saw under the God of Israel by the river Chebar, and I know that they are cherubs.
Commentary WitnessEzekiel 10:20Quoted commentary witness
Commentary Witness
Ezekiel 10:20
Verse 20 And I knew that they were the cherubims - This formation of the plural is quite improper. In general, Hebrew nouns of the masculine gender end in ים im, in the plural; the s, therefore, should never be added to such. Cherub is singular; cherubim is plural. The s should be uniformly expunged. I have already referred to the end of this chapter for farther information relative to this glorious chariot of Jehovah; but I must say that I have met with nothing on the subject that entirely satisfies myself. In the preceding notes I have endeavored to make the literal meaning as plain as possible; and have occasionally given some intimations relative to the general design of this sublime vision. My readers are already apprised that I do not like conjectures on Divine things; many points, that had originally no other origin, are now incorporated with creeds of which it is deemed sinful to doubt. Because some learned and pious men have written to prove that this symbolical compound figure is a representation of the Holy Trinity; therefore, the sentiment now passes current. Now this is not proved; and I suppose never can be proved. The continuator of the Historical Discourses of Saurin has made some sensible remarks on the subject of this vision; and these I shall lay here before the intelligent reader. They deserve attention. This intelligent writer observes: "For the right interpretation of this vision, the following rules should be laid down: - "The first rule is this: - An explanation, which accounts for all the parts contained in the vision, is much more probable than those which explain only one part. "The second is this: - An explanation which is conformable to the present circumstances of the prophet, and of the people to whom he is sent, as well as to the nature of the things which he is called upon to say to them, is incomparably more probable than those explanations which go in quest of past or future events, which have no connection with the immediate circumstances of the prophet, nor with the end of his mission. These rules, which appear incontestable, being laid down, we observe, that their opinion who think that God here draws out a plan of the government of his providence, applied to the present state of the Jews, accounts for all that Ezekiel saw; and that in a manner which refers to the end of the prophet's mission, and all that he had to say to this rebellious people. Why wish God to represent to his prophet the future state of the Christian Church, which was not to be founded till after a series of time, rather than the state of the Jewish Church, and the chastisements which hung over the heads of that hardened people? The people having revolted from God, and persevering obstinately in that revolt, notwithstanding the menaces of the prophet, it was proper to show to Ezekiel, in order that he might declare it to the rebellious, that Providence had its eyes open to all that had been done, all that had hitherto happened, and that it had seized upon the rod to smite. The people imagined, but too much according to the errors of infidelity, that God saw every thing with indifference and had given the world up to chance. It was necessary, therefore, to divest them of these fatal prejudices; and to teach them that the Supreme Being did not behold with the same eye order and disorder, contempt of his laws and submission to his will; and that all the revolutions of states are directed by a superior intelligence, which cannot be imposed upon. The Jewish people imagined but too much that the prophets exaggerated when they threatened them with the severest chastisements. They repeated with emphasis and complacency the promises of God made to the patriarchs; that their posterity should not only be more numerous than the stars of heaven, and the sand which covers the sea-shore; but that it should subsist for ever and ever. God had declared to Abraham, 'I will establish my covenant between me and thee, and thy seed after thee, in their generations, for an everlasting covenant, to be a God unto thee and thy seed after thee,' Gen 17:7. It was proper, therefore, to show this stiff-necked people that the threatenings of God and his promises were not contradictory. That the people, conformable to the promises given by God to the patriarchs, should not be destroyed; but that, notwithstanding, they should be severely chastised, to correct them for their propensity to idolatry, and their scandalous irregularities. "These suppositions, which are reasonable, being granted, we shall have no difficulty to perceive the sense of this celebrated vision. We shall not follow the order observed by Ezekiel, in the description of what he saw; he raises himself from the nearest to the most distant objects, going back from effects to their general cause. We will begin with the First Cause which gives motion to all that happens, traces out the plan, and procures the execution, according to the rules of his ineffable wisdom, and agreeably to the nature of those creatures which are the object of his agency. Next, we will proceed to consider the effects of this universal Providence, and the intelligent secondary causes which he frequently employs in the administration of the government of the universe. "'Ezekiel saw a firmament which was above the heads of the animals; there was the resemblance of a throne like a sapphire stone; and over the resemblance of the throne, there was, as it were, the resemblance of a man.' This vast transparent firmament represents to us the heaven, the peculiar residence of the Lord of the earth; and where he hath established the throne of his empire. This 'appearance of a man' was the emblem of Providence or God; considered as taking care of all the creatures whom he hath made. Man is the symbol of intelligence. The mind of man, with respect to his knowledge and wisdom, is a weak sketch of that mind which knows all things, and whose wisdom is unbounded. And yet, of all sublunary beings, there is none that approaches so near to the Divine nature as man. Under this emblem also it is that God, considered as seeing all things and directing all, would be represented. This resemblance of man was seated upon a throne to show that God governs all things as Lord and that without agitation and without labor. "The shining metal, and the fire which surrounded him who sat on the throne, were the symbol of his glory and his judgments, which are poured upon the wicked as a fire which nothing can withstand; agreeably to Isaiah, Isa 33:14. "The Jews acknowledged that there was a Providence which governs the whole universe with infinite wisdom. The psalmist gives us a description of it, equally just and pathetic, in Psa 104:27, etc. Christians, no less than Jews, admit this important truth; and the Gospel establishes it no less strongly than the law. See Mat 6:26; Mat 10:29, Mat 10:30. To raise the mind of the prophet up to the first Mover of those events which strike and admonish us in all the revolutions which happen to individuals, families, and states, God shows him four wheels above the firmament, over which the emblem of Providence was placed on a throne. These wheels are a symbol of those perpetual revolutions, which are observed in the earth; and which, by turns, lift up and abase individuals and nations. They are of a prodigious height, to show that man cannot fathom or know all that is great, wonderful, and astonishing, in the ways of Providence. See Job 11:7, Job 11:8; Rom 11:33, Rom 11:34; Isa 55:8, Isa 55:9. These wheels move themselves every way, and are full of eyes in the vast circle of their felloes. This shows, that all which God does he effects without pain; and that the eye of his wisdom ordereth all events. The wheels did not move of themselves; but they followed the impulse of the four living creatures; 'when the living creatures went, they went.' This shows that, in the government of the world, all the living creatures are subject to Providence; and that God subordinates the creatures one to another. He directs what those holy intelligences ought to do, who serve him as ministers, and are here represented by the four animals. And these intelligences, enlightened and supported by the Supreme Wisdom, contribute, as far as is suitable, to all that happens to mankind. The angels whom Ezekiel saw were in number four, in reference to the four cardinal points of the world; to show that their ministry extends every where, and that there is no part of the universe which the Providence of God does not govern in an immediate manner, or by the means of his ministers. The extraordinary shape of these angels, which appeared to the prophet in vision, is symbolical; for it is not to be supposed that those heavenly ministers are really thus formed. The 'four faces, wings, and arms of a man,' denote the sublime qualities of these immediate ministers of the Deity; qualities entirely essential to fill up the extent of their duty. The face of a man denotes their intelligence; of a lion, their intrepid courage; of an ox, their patience and perseverance in labor; and of an eagle, their great penetration, their sublime sight into heavenly things, and their readiness to rise up into all that is great and Divine. The 'wings being stretched out,' signifies that they are always ready to set forward, and run with rapidity wherever the commands of their great Master call them. The 'wings bent down,' are a symbol of that profound respect in which these heavenly ministers stand before the Lord of the universe. Under the wings there were men's arms, to show that zeal produces application and labor. Labour, without zeal, can never be supported; and zeal, without application, is only a hypocritical ardour, which amounts to nothing with that supreme Master who requires sincere homage from those who serve him. If God chose to make known to Ezekiel that his providence extends to all things, and that even in this life it often takes up the rod to chastise nations and individuals, he would also show beforehand that he wished not the destruction of the Jewish people, whom he was about to visit in his anger, but only its correction and amendment. This is signified by the 'precious metal,' which the prophet found unmelted in the midst of the fiery cloud. This cloud of fire, urged on by a whirlwind, and involving on all sides the metal, represented the judgments of God which were about to fall upon this rebellious nation, not to destroy, but to humble and purify it. Nothing is more proper than afflictions to bring men back to their duty. As fire purifies metals, so the paternal chastisements of God have a tendency to purify the soul and heart, if the man be not entirely incorrigible. The people upon whom God was about to pour the vials of his anger, were not worthy of his lenity. But that great God, who is firm in his promises, remembers the covenant of peace he had made with the patriarchs. This covenant is made sensible to the prophet under the image of a rainbow, which was round about him who appeared upon the throne. Every one knows, that this splendid phenomenon, which seems to join heaven and earth together, was given to Noah and his posterity as a symbol of the covenant which God then made with mankind, and by which he declared to them that the earth should undergo a deluge no more. Thus, the Pagans considered the Iris as the messenger of the gods. See Virgil, Aen. lib. 4 ver. 694. But whereas the rainbow to the Jews was a symbol of peace, the Iris of the Pagans was a messenger of trouble. On the sight of this bow, the symbol of grace, Ezekiel was to be encouraged; and persuaded that his people were not threatened with an utter destruction. The event fully justified all that the prophet had contemplated, with surprise, in this enigmatical picture. The Chaldeans, the rod of the Lord's just severity, ravaged Judea; the people were carried away captive; they groaned for seventy years in a foreign land; but they were protected in a miraculous manner against the bloody designs of the cruel Haman; and at length, favored with various decrees of the kings of Persia, they had permission, not only to return to their own country but also to rebuild Jerusalem and the temple.' See Dr. Dodd's notes on this place.
Provenance. Rendered as a quoted commentary witness with explicit reference extraction from the source prose.
Canonical locus
Ezekiel 10:20
Source lane
Apologetics Bible source bundle
Biblical cross-references named in the witness
- Gen 17:7
- Isa 33:14
- Mat 6:26
- Mat 10:29
- Mat 10:30
- Job 11:7
- Job 11:8
- Rom 11:33
- Rom 11:34
- Isa 55:8
- Isa 55:9
Named authorities or texts detected in the witness
- Ovid
- Jehovah
- Holy Trinity
- Jews
- Christian Church
- Jewish Church
- Ezekiel
- Abraham
- Next
- Providence
- Isaiah
- Christians
- Supreme Wisdom
- Deity
- Divine
- Labour
- Thus
- See Virgil
- Aen
- The Chaldeans
- Judea
- Haman
- Persia
- See Dr
Exposition: Ezekiel 10:20 emphasizes a key movement in the chapter's argument. In KJV form, the text reads: 'This is the living creature that I saw under the God of Israel by the river of Chebar; and I knew that they were the cherubims.'. Read in canonical context, the verse supports the coherence of biblical revelation by linking doctrine, narrative, and covenantal meaning.
Apologetics Notes
- Scientific Correlation: This verse is suitable for cumulative-case reasoning in apologetics: historical context, textual stability, and worldview coherence are evaluated together rather than in isolation.
- Hebrew Grammar: A close Hebrew reading should attend lexical range, clause flow, and discourse function in context; these controls reduce over-reading and preserve authorial intent.
- Historical Evidence: Historically, this verse is interpreted within the received canonical tradition, where manuscript continuity and early community usage support stable transmission and meaning.
Ezekiel 10:21
Hebrew
אַרְבָּעָה אַרְבָּעָה פָנִים לְאֶחָד וְאַרְבַּע כְּנָפַיִם לְאֶחָד וּדְמוּת יְדֵי אָדָם תַּחַת כַּנְפֵיהֶֽם׃'areva'ah-'areva'ah-faniym-le'echad-ve'areva'-khenafayim-le'echad-vdemvt-yedey-'adam-tachat-khanefeyhem
KJV: Every one had four faces apiece, and every one four wings; and the likeness of the hands of a man was under their wings.
AKJV: Every one had four faces apiece, and every one four wings; and the likeness of the hands of a man was under their wings.
ASV: Every one had four faces, and every one four wings; and the likeness of the hands of a man was under their wings.
YLT: Four faces are to each, and four wings to each, and the likeness of the hands of man is under their wings.
Commentary Witness (Generated)Ezekiel 10:21Generated editorial synthesis
Commentary Witness (Generated)
Ezekiel 10:21
Ezekiel 10:21 advances the immediate literary flow of the chapter and should be interpreted in its canonical context, not as an isolated proof text. In the present translation it reads: 'Every one had four faces apiece, and every one four wings; and the likeness of the hands of a man was under their wings.'. A close Hebrew reading supports attention to key lexical choices, clause movement, and redemptive-historical placement so doctrinal conclusions remain textually grounded.
Provenance. Rendered as an editorial synthesis tied to the canonical verse context and current chapter source.
Canonical locus
Ezekiel 10:21
Source lane
Apologetics Bible source bundle
Biblical cross-references named in the witness
- Ezekiel 10:21
Exposition: Ezekiel 10:21 emphasizes a key movement in the chapter's argument. In KJV form, the text reads: 'Every one had four faces apiece, and every one four wings; and the likeness of the hands of a man was under their wings.'. Read in canonical context, the verse supports the coherence of biblical revelation by linking doctrine, narrative, and covenantal meaning.
Apologetics Notes
- Scientific Correlation: This verse is suitable for cumulative-case reasoning in apologetics: historical context, textual stability, and worldview coherence are evaluated together rather than in isolation.
- Hebrew Grammar: A close Hebrew reading should attend lexical range, clause flow, and discourse function in context; these controls reduce over-reading and preserve authorial intent.
- Historical Evidence: Historically, this verse is interpreted within the received canonical tradition, where manuscript continuity and early community usage support stable transmission and meaning.
Ezekiel 10:22
Hebrew
וּדְמוּת פְּנֵיהֶם הֵמָּה הַפָּנִים אֲשֶׁר רָאִיתִי עַל־נְהַר־כְּבָר מַרְאֵיהֶם וְאוֹתָם אִישׁ אֶל־עֵבֶר פָּנָיו יֵלֵֽכוּ׃vdemvt-feneyhem-hemah-hafaniym-'asher-ra'iytiy-'al-nehar-khevar-mare'eyhem-ve'votam-'iysh-'el-'ever-fanayv-yelekhv
KJV: And the likeness of their faces was the same faces which I saw by the river of Chebar, their appearances and themselves: they went every one straight forward.
AKJV: And the likeness of their faces was the same faces which I saw by the river of Chebar, their appearances and themselves: they went every one straight forward.
ASV: And as for the likeness of their faces, they were the faces which I saw by the river Chebar, their appearances and themselves; they went every one straight forward.
YLT: As to the likeness of their faces, they are the faces that I saw by the river Chebar, their appearances and themselves; each straight forward they go.
Commentary Witness (Generated)Ezekiel 10:22Generated editorial synthesis
Commentary Witness (Generated)
Ezekiel 10:22
Ezekiel 10:22 advances the immediate literary flow of the chapter and should be interpreted in its canonical context, not as an isolated proof text. In the present translation it reads: 'And the likeness of their faces was the same faces which I saw by the river of Chebar, their appearances and themselves: they went every one straight forward.'. A close Hebrew reading supports attention to key lexical choices, clause movement, and redemptive-historical placement so doctrinal conclusions remain textually grounded.
Provenance. Rendered as an editorial synthesis tied to the canonical verse context and current chapter source.
Canonical locus
Ezekiel 10:22
Source lane
Apologetics Bible source bundle
Biblical cross-references named in the witness
- Ezekiel 10:22
Named authorities or texts detected in the witness
- Chebar
Exposition: Ezekiel 10:22 emphasizes a key movement in the chapter's argument. In KJV form, the text reads: 'And the likeness of their faces was the same faces which I saw by the river of Chebar, their appearances and themselves: they went every one straight forward.'. Read in canonical context, the verse supports the coherence of biblical revelation by linking doctrine, narrative, and covenantal meaning.
Apologetics Notes
- Scientific Correlation: This verse is suitable for cumulative-case reasoning in apologetics: historical context, textual stability, and worldview coherence are evaluated together rather than in isolation.
- Hebrew Grammar: A close Hebrew reading should attend lexical range, clause flow, and discourse function in context; these controls reduce over-reading and preserve authorial intent.
- Historical Evidence: Historically, this verse is interpreted within the received canonical tradition, where manuscript continuity and early community usage support stable transmission and meaning.
Citation trailOpen the commentary counts, references, and named sources.
Scholarly apparatus
Commentary citation index
This chapter now surfaces commentary as quoted witness material with an explicit citation trail. The index below gathers the canonical references and named authorities detected inside the commentary layer for faster academic review.
Direct commentary witnesses
9
Generated editorial witnesses
13
Source lane
Apologetics Bible source bundle
Canonical references surfaced in commentary
- Eze 1:28
- Eze 3:25
- Eze 8:4
- Eze 10:4
- Eze 10:18
- Eze 1:4
- Eze 1:10
- Eze 1:22-26
- Eze 1:15
- Ezekiel 10:1
- Ezekiel 10:2
- Ezekiel 10:3
- Eze 9:3
- Ezekiel 10:4
- Ezekiel 10:5
- Ezekiel 10:6
- Ezekiel 10:7
- Eze 1:8
- Ezekiel 10:8
- Eze 1:16
- Ezekiel 10:9
- Eze 1:16-18
- Ezekiel 10:10
- Ezekiel 10:11
- Ezekiel 10:12
- Ezekiel 10:13
- Ezekiel 10:14
- Ezekiel 10:15
- Ezekiel 10:16
- Ezekiel 10:17
- Ezekiel 10:18
- Ezekiel 10:19
- Gen 17:7
- Isa 33:14
- Mat 6:26
- Mat 10:29
- Mat 10:30
- Job 11:7
- Job 11:8
- Rom 11:33
- Rom 11:34
- Isa 55:8
- Isa 55:9
- Ezekiel 10:20
- Ezekiel 10:21
- Ezekiel 10:22
Named authorities or texts surfaced in commentary
- Jehovah
- Apocalypse
- Mr
- North
- Chebar
- Chaldeans
- Solomon
- Ovid
- Septuagint
- Vulgate
- Tarshish
- Symmachus
- This
- Bible
- Divine Providence
- Pollio
- Parcae
- The Fates
- Holy Trinity
- English Lexicon
- Jews
- Christian Church
- Jewish Church
- Ezekiel
- Abraham
- Next
- Providence
- Isaiah
- Christians
- Supreme Wisdom
- Deity
- Divine
- Labour
- Thus
- See Virgil
- Aen
- The Chaldeans
- Judea
- Haman
- Persia
- See Dr
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Ecclesiastes
Rendered chapters 1–12 are mapped to the public reader path for Ecclesiastes. Use this card to open chapter 1 and move directly into the study surface.
Song of Solomon
Rendered chapters 1–8 are mapped to the public reader path for Song of Solomon. Use this card to open chapter 1 and move directly into the study surface.
Isaiah
Rendered chapters 1–66 are mapped to the public reader path for Isaiah. Use this card to open chapter 1 and move directly into the study surface.
Jeremiah
Rendered chapters 1–52 are mapped to the public reader path for Jeremiah. Use this card to open chapter 1 and move directly into the study surface.
Lamentations
Rendered chapters 1–5 are mapped to the public reader path for Lamentations. Use this card to open chapter 1 and move directly into the study surface.
Ezekiel
Rendered chapters 1–48 are mapped to the public reader path for Ezekiel. Use this card to open chapter 1 and move directly into the study surface.
Daniel
Rendered chapters 1–12 are mapped to the public reader path for Daniel. Use this card to open chapter 1 and move directly into the study surface.
Hosea
Rendered chapters 1–14 are mapped to the public reader path for Hosea. Use this card to open chapter 1 and move directly into the study surface.
Joel
Rendered chapters 1–3 are mapped to the public reader path for Joel. Use this card to open chapter 1 and move directly into the study surface.
Amos
Rendered chapters 1–9 are mapped to the public reader path for Amos. Use this card to open chapter 1 and move directly into the study surface.
Obadiah
Rendered chapter 1 are mapped to the public reader path for Obadiah. Use this card to open chapter 1 and move directly into the study surface.
Jonah
Rendered chapters 1–4 are mapped to the public reader path for Jonah. Use this card to open chapter 1 and move directly into the study surface.
Micah
Rendered chapters 1–7 are mapped to the public reader path for Micah. Use this card to open chapter 1 and move directly into the study surface.
Nahum
Rendered chapters 1–3 are mapped to the public reader path for Nahum. Use this card to open chapter 1 and move directly into the study surface.
Habakkuk
Rendered chapters 1–3 are mapped to the public reader path for Habakkuk. Use this card to open chapter 1 and move directly into the study surface.
Zephaniah
Rendered chapters 1–3 are mapped to the public reader path for Zephaniah. Use this card to open chapter 1 and move directly into the study surface.
Haggai
Rendered chapters 1–2 are mapped to the public reader path for Haggai. Use this card to open chapter 1 and move directly into the study surface.
Zechariah
Rendered chapters 1–14 are mapped to the public reader path for Zechariah. Use this card to open chapter 1 and move directly into the study surface.
Malachi
Rendered chapters 1–4 are mapped to the public reader path for Malachi. Use this card to open chapter 1 and move directly into the study surface.
Matthew
Rendered chapters 1–28 are mapped to the public reader path for Matthew. Use this card to open chapter 1 and move directly into the study surface.
Mark
Rendered chapters 1–16 are mapped to the public reader path for Mark. Use this card to open chapter 1 and move directly into the study surface.
Luke
Rendered chapters 1–24 are mapped to the public reader path for Luke. Use this card to open chapter 1 and move directly into the study surface.
John
Rendered chapters 1–21 are mapped to the public reader path for John. Use this card to open chapter 1 and move directly into the study surface.
Acts
Rendered chapters 1–28 are mapped to the public reader path for Acts. Use this card to open chapter 1 and move directly into the study surface.
Romans
Rendered chapters 1–16 are mapped to the public reader path for Romans. Use this card to open chapter 1 and move directly into the study surface.
1 Corinthians
Rendered chapters 1–16 are mapped to the public reader path for 1 Corinthians. Use this card to open chapter 1 and move directly into the study surface.
2 Corinthians
Rendered chapters 1–13 are mapped to the public reader path for 2 Corinthians. Use this card to open chapter 1 and move directly into the study surface.
Galatians
Rendered chapters 1–6 are mapped to the public reader path for Galatians. Use this card to open chapter 1 and move directly into the study surface.
Ephesians
Rendered chapters 1–6 are mapped to the public reader path for Ephesians. Use this card to open chapter 1 and move directly into the study surface.
Philippians
Rendered chapters 1–4 are mapped to the public reader path for Philippians. Use this card to open chapter 1 and move directly into the study surface.
Colossians
Rendered chapters 1–4 are mapped to the public reader path for Colossians. Use this card to open chapter 1 and move directly into the study surface.
1 Thessalonians
Rendered chapters 1–5 are mapped to the public reader path for 1 Thessalonians. Use this card to open chapter 1 and move directly into the study surface.
2 Thessalonians
Rendered chapters 1–3 are mapped to the public reader path for 2 Thessalonians. Use this card to open chapter 1 and move directly into the study surface.
1 Timothy
Rendered chapters 1–6 are mapped to the public reader path for 1 Timothy. Use this card to open chapter 1 and move directly into the study surface.
2 Timothy
Rendered chapters 1–4 are mapped to the public reader path for 2 Timothy. Use this card to open chapter 1 and move directly into the study surface.
Titus
Rendered chapters 1–3 are mapped to the public reader path for Titus. Use this card to open chapter 1 and move directly into the study surface.
Philemon
Rendered chapter 1 are mapped to the public reader path for Philemon. Use this card to open chapter 1 and move directly into the study surface.
Hebrews
Rendered chapters 1–13 are mapped to the public reader path for Hebrews. Use this card to open chapter 1 and move directly into the study surface.
James
Rendered chapters 1–5 are mapped to the public reader path for James. Use this card to open chapter 1 and move directly into the study surface.
1 Peter
Rendered chapters 1–5 are mapped to the public reader path for 1 Peter. Use this card to open chapter 1 and move directly into the study surface.
2 Peter
Rendered chapters 1–3 are mapped to the public reader path for 2 Peter. Use this card to open chapter 1 and move directly into the study surface.
1 John
Rendered chapters 1–5 are mapped to the public reader path for 1 John. Use this card to open chapter 1 and move directly into the study surface.
2 John
Rendered chapter 1 are mapped to the public reader path for 2 John. Use this card to open chapter 1 and move directly into the study surface.
3 John
Rendered chapter 1 are mapped to the public reader path for 3 John. Use this card to open chapter 1 and move directly into the study surface.
Jude
Rendered chapter 1 are mapped to the public reader path for Jude. Use this card to open chapter 1 and move directly into the study surface.
Revelation
Rendered chapters 1–22 are mapped to the public reader path for Revelation. Use this card to open chapter 1 and move directly into the study surface.
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What this explorer shows today
The public reader has book-by-book chapter entry points across the 66-book canon. Deeper corpus and provenance details stay on the supporting Bible Data shelves.
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Commentary Witness
Ezekiel 10:1
Provenance. Rendered as a quoted commentary witness with explicit reference extraction from the source prose.
Canonical locus
Ezekiel 10:1
Source lane
Apologetics Bible source bundle
Biblical cross-references named in the witness
Named authorities or texts detected in the witness