Apologetics Bible

Ezekiel 28:1

Hebrew

וַיְהִי דְבַר־יְהוָה אֵלַי לֵאמֹֽר׃

vayehiy-devar-yehvah-'elay-le'mor

KJV: The word of the LORD came again unto me, saying,

AKJV: The word of the LORD came again to me, saying,

ASV: The word of Jehovah came again unto me, saying,

YLT: And there is a word of Jehovah unto me, saying:

Exposition: Ezekiel 28:1 emphasizes a key movement in the chapter's argument. In KJV form, the text reads: 'The word of the LORD came again unto me, saying,'. Read in canonical context, the verse supports the coherence of biblical revelation by linking doctrine, narrative, and covenantal meaning.

Apologetics Notes

• Scientific Correlation: This verse is suitable for cumulative-case reasoning in apologetics: historical context, textual stability, and worldview coherence are evaluated together rather than in isolation.

• Hebrew Grammar: A close Hebrew reading should attend lexical range, clause flow, and discourse function in context; these controls reduce over-reading and preserve authorial intent.

• Historical Evidence: Historically, this verse is interpreted within the received canonical tradition, where manuscript continuity and early community usage support stable transmission and meaning.

Ezekiel 28:2

Hebrew

בֶּן־אָדָם אֱמֹר לִנְגִיד צֹר כֹּֽה־אָמַר ׀ אֲדֹנָי יְהֹוִה יַעַן גָּבַהּ לִבְּךָ וַתֹּאמֶר אֵל אָנִי מוֹשַׁב אֱלֹהִים יָשַׁבְתִּי בְּלֵב יַמִּים וְאַתָּה אָדָם וְֽלֹא־אֵל וַתִּתֵּן לִבְּךָ כְּלֵב אֱלֹהִֽים׃

ven-'adam-'emor-linegiyd-tzor-khoh-'amar- -'adonay-yehovih-ya'an-gavah-livekha-vato'mer-'el-'aniy-mvoshav-'elohiym-yashavetiy-velev-yamiym-ve'atah-'adam-velo'-'el-vatiten-livekha-khelev-'elohiym

KJV: Son of man, say unto the prince of Tyrus, Thus saith the Lord GOD; Because thine heart is lifted up, and thou hast said, I am a God, I sit in the seat of God, in the midst of the seas; yet thou art a man, and not God, though thou set thine heart as the heart of God:

AKJV: Son of man, say to the prince of Tyrus, Thus says the Lord GOD; Because your heart is lifted up, and you have said, I am a God, I sit in the seat of God, in the middle of the seas; yet you are a man, and not God, though you set your heart as the heart of God:

ASV: Son of man, say unto the prince of Tyre, Thus saith the Lord Jehovah: Because thy heart is lifted up, and thou hast said, I am a god, I sit in the seat of God, in the midst of the seas; yet thou art man, and not God, though thou didst set thy heart as the heart of God;—

YLT: `Son of man, say to the leader of Tyre: Thus said the Lord Jehovah: Because thy heart hath been high, And thou dost say: A god I am , The habitation of God I have inhabited, In the heart of the seas, And thou art man, and not God, And thou givest out thy heart as the heart of God,

Exposition: Ezekiel 28:2 emphasizes a key movement in the chapter's argument. In KJV form, the text reads: 'Son of man, say unto the prince of Tyrus, Thus saith the Lord GOD; Because thine heart is lifted up, and thou hast said, I am a God, I sit in the seat of God, in the midst of the seas; yet thou art a man, and not God,...'. Read in canonical context, the verse supports the coherence of biblical revelation by linking doctrine, narrative, and covenantal meaning.

Apologetics Notes

• Scientific Correlation: This verse is suitable for cumulative-case reasoning in apologetics: historical context, textual stability, and worldview coherence are evaluated together rather than in isolation.

• Hebrew Grammar: A close Hebrew reading should attend lexical range, clause flow, and discourse function in context; these controls reduce over-reading and preserve authorial intent.

• Historical Evidence: Historically, this verse is interpreted within the received canonical tradition, where manuscript continuity and early community usage support stable transmission and meaning.

Ezekiel 28:3

Hebrew

הִנֵּה חָכָם אַתָּה מדנאל מִדָּֽנִיֵּאל כָּל־סָתוּם לֹא עֲמָמֽוּךָ׃

hineh-chakham-'atah-mdn'l-midaniye'l-khal-satvm-lo'-'amamvkha

KJV: Behold, thou art wiser than Daniel; there is no secret that they can hide from thee:

AKJV: Behold, you are wiser than Daniel; there is no secret that they can hide from you:

ASV: behold, thou art wiser than Daniel; there is no secret that is hidden from thee;

YLT: Lo, thou art wiser than Daniel, No hidden thing have they concealed from thee.

Exposition: Ezekiel 28:3 emphasizes a key movement in the chapter's argument. In KJV form, the text reads: 'Behold, thou art wiser than Daniel; there is no secret that they can hide from thee:'. Read in canonical context, the verse supports the coherence of biblical revelation by linking doctrine, narrative, and covenantal meaning.

Apologetics Notes

• Scientific Correlation: This verse is suitable for cumulative-case reasoning in apologetics: historical context, textual stability, and worldview coherence are evaluated together rather than in isolation.

• Hebrew Grammar: A close Hebrew reading should attend lexical range, clause flow, and discourse function in context; these controls reduce over-reading and preserve authorial intent.

• Historical Evidence: Historically, this verse is interpreted within the received canonical tradition, where manuscript continuity and early community usage support stable transmission and meaning.

Ezekiel 28:4

Hebrew

בְּחָכְמָֽתְךָ וּבִתְבוּנָתְךָ עָשִׂיתָ לְּךָ חָיִל וַתַּעַשׂ זָהָב וָכֶסֶף בְּאוֹצְרוֹתֶֽיךָ׃

vechakhematekha-vvitevvnatekha-'ashiyta-lekha-chayil-vata'ash-zahav-vakhesef-ve'votzervoteykha

KJV: With thy wisdom and with thine understanding thou hast gotten thee riches, and hast gotten gold and silver into thy treasures:

AKJV: With your wisdom and with your understanding you have gotten you riches, and have gotten gold and silver into your treasures:

ASV: by thy wisdom and by thine understanding thou hast gotten thee riches, and hast gotten gold and silver into thy treasures;

YLT: By thy wisdom and by thine understanding Thou hast made for thee wealth, And makest gold and silver in thy treasuries.

Exposition: Ezekiel 28:4 emphasizes a key movement in the chapter's argument. In KJV form, the text reads: 'With thy wisdom and with thine understanding thou hast gotten thee riches, and hast gotten gold and silver into thy treasures:'. Read in canonical context, the verse supports the coherence of biblical revelation by linking doctrine, narrative, and covenantal meaning.

Apologetics Notes

• Scientific Correlation: This verse is suitable for cumulative-case reasoning in apologetics: historical context, textual stability, and worldview coherence are evaluated together rather than in isolation.

• Hebrew Grammar: A close Hebrew reading should attend lexical range, clause flow, and discourse function in context; these controls reduce over-reading and preserve authorial intent.

• Historical Evidence: Historically, this verse is interpreted within the received canonical tradition, where manuscript continuity and early community usage support stable transmission and meaning.

Ezekiel 28:5

Hebrew

בְּרֹב חָכְמָתְךָ בִּרְכֻלָּתְךָ הִרְבִּיתָ חֵילֶךָ וַיִּגְבַּהּ לְבָבְךָ בְּחֵילֶֽךָ׃

verov-chakhematekha-virekhulatekha-hireviyta-cheylekha-vayigevah-levavekha-vecheylekha

KJV: By thy great wisdom and by thy traffick hast thou increased thy riches, and thine heart is lifted up because of thy riches:

AKJV: By your great wisdom and by your traffic have you increased your riches, and your heart is lifted up because of your riches:

ASV: by thy great wisdom and by thy traffic hast thou increased thy riches, and thy heart is lifted up because of thy riches;—

YLT: By the abundance of thy wisdom, Through thy merchandise, Thou hast multiplied thy wealth, And high is thy heart through thy wealth.

Exposition: Ezekiel 28:5 emphasizes a key movement in the chapter's argument. In KJV form, the text reads: 'By thy great wisdom and by thy traffick hast thou increased thy riches, and thine heart is lifted up because of thy riches:'. Read in canonical context, the verse supports the coherence of biblical revelation by linking doctrine, narrative, and covenantal meaning.

Apologetics Notes

• Scientific Correlation: This verse is suitable for cumulative-case reasoning in apologetics: historical context, textual stability, and worldview coherence are evaluated together rather than in isolation.

• Hebrew Grammar: A close Hebrew reading should attend lexical range, clause flow, and discourse function in context; these controls reduce over-reading and preserve authorial intent.

• Historical Evidence: Historically, this verse is interpreted within the received canonical tradition, where manuscript continuity and early community usage support stable transmission and meaning.

Ezekiel 28:6

Hebrew

לָכֵן כֹּה אָמַר אֲדֹנָי יְהוִה יַעַן תִּתְּךָ אֶת־לְבָבְךָ כְּלֵב אֱלֹהִֽים׃

lakhen-khoh-'amar-'adonay-yehvih-ya'an-titekha-'et-levavekha-khelev-'elohiym

KJV: Therefore thus saith the Lord GOD; Because thou hast set thine heart as the heart of God;

AKJV: Therefore thus says the Lord GOD; Because you have set your heart as the heart of God;

ASV: therefore thus saith the Lord Jehovah: Because thou hast set thy heart as the heart of God,

YLT: Therefore, thus said the Lord Jehovah: Because of thy giving out thy heart as the heart of God,

Exposition: Ezekiel 28:6 emphasizes a key movement in the chapter's argument. In KJV form, the text reads: 'Therefore thus saith the Lord GOD; Because thou hast set thine heart as the heart of God;'. Read in canonical context, the verse supports the coherence of biblical revelation by linking doctrine, narrative, and covenantal meaning.

Apologetics Notes

• Scientific Correlation: This verse is suitable for cumulative-case reasoning in apologetics: historical context, textual stability, and worldview coherence are evaluated together rather than in isolation.

• Hebrew Grammar: A close Hebrew reading should attend lexical range, clause flow, and discourse function in context; these controls reduce over-reading and preserve authorial intent.

• Historical Evidence: Historically, this verse is interpreted within the received canonical tradition, where manuscript continuity and early community usage support stable transmission and meaning.

Ezekiel 28:7

Hebrew

לָכֵן הִנְנִי מֵבִיא עָלֶיךָ זָרִים עָרִיצֵי גּוֹיִם וְהֵרִיקוּ חַרְבוֹתָם עַל־יְפִי חָכְמָתֶךָ וְחִלְּלוּ יִפְעָתֶֽךָ׃

lakhen-hineniy-meviy'-'aleykha-zariym-'ariytzey-gvoyim-veheriyqv-charevvotam-'al-yefiy-chakhematekha-vechilelv-yife'atekha

KJV: Behold, therefore I will bring strangers upon thee, the terrible of the nations: and they shall draw their swords against the beauty of thy wisdom, and they shall defile thy brightness.

AKJV: Behold, therefore I will bring strangers on you, the terrible of the nations: and they shall draw their swords against the beauty of your wisdom, and they shall defile your brightness.

ASV: therefore, behold, I will bring strangers upon thee, the terrible of the nations; and they shall draw their swords against the beauty of thy wisdom, and they shall defile thy brightness.

YLT: Therefore, lo, I am bringing in against thee strangers, The terrible of the nations, And they have drawn out their swords Against the beauty of thy wisdom, And they have pierced thy brightness.

Exposition: Ezekiel 28:7 emphasizes a key movement in the chapter's argument. In KJV form, the text reads: 'Behold, therefore I will bring strangers upon thee, the terrible of the nations: and they shall draw their swords against the beauty of thy wisdom, and they shall defile thy brightness.'. Read in canonical context, the verse supports the coherence of biblical revelation by linking doctrine, narrative, and covenantal meaning.

Apologetics Notes

• Scientific Correlation: This verse is suitable for cumulative-case reasoning in apologetics: historical context, textual stability, and worldview coherence are evaluated together rather than in isolation.

• Hebrew Grammar: A close Hebrew reading should attend lexical range, clause flow, and discourse function in context; these controls reduce over-reading and preserve authorial intent.

• Historical Evidence: Historically, this verse is interpreted within the received canonical tradition, where manuscript continuity and early community usage support stable transmission and meaning.

Ezekiel 28:8

Hebrew

לַשַּׁחַת יֽוֹרִדוּךָ וָמַתָּה מְמוֹתֵי חָלָל בְּלֵב יַמִּֽים׃

lashachat-yvoridvkha-vamatah-memvotey-chalal-velev-yamiym

KJV: They shall bring thee down to the pit, and thou shalt die the deaths of them that are slain in the midst of the seas.

AKJV: They shall bring you down to the pit, and you shall die the deaths of them that are slain in the middle of the seas.

ASV: They shall bring thee down to the pit; and thou shalt die the death of them that are slain, in the heart of the seas.

YLT: To destruction they bring thee down, Thou diest by the deaths of the wounded, in the heart of the seas.

Exposition: Ezekiel 28:8 emphasizes a key movement in the chapter's argument. In KJV form, the text reads: 'They shall bring thee down to the pit, and thou shalt die the deaths of them that are slain in the midst of the seas.'. Read in canonical context, the verse supports the coherence of biblical revelation by linking doctrine, narrative, and covenantal meaning.

Apologetics Notes

• Scientific Correlation: This verse is suitable for cumulative-case reasoning in apologetics: historical context, textual stability, and worldview coherence are evaluated together rather than in isolation.

• Hebrew Grammar: A close Hebrew reading should attend lexical range, clause flow, and discourse function in context; these controls reduce over-reading and preserve authorial intent.

• Historical Evidence: Historically, this verse is interpreted within the received canonical tradition, where manuscript continuity and early community usage support stable transmission and meaning.

Ezekiel 28:9

Hebrew

הֶאָמֹר תֹּאמַר אֱלֹהִים אָנִי לִפְנֵי הֹֽרְגֶךָ וְאַתָּה אָדָם וְלֹא־אֵל בְּיַד מְחַלְלֶֽיךָ׃

he'amor-to'mar-'elohiym-'aniy-lifeney-horegekha-ve'atah-'adam-velo'-'el-veyad-mechaleleykha

KJV: Wilt thou yet say before him that slayeth thee, I am God? but thou shalt be a man, and no God, in the hand of him that slayeth thee.

AKJV: Will you yet say before him that slays you, I am God? but you shall be a man, and no God, in the hand of him that slays you.

ASV: Wilt thou yet say before him that slayeth thee, I am God? but thou art man, and not God, in the hand of him that woundeth thee.

YLT: Dost thou really say, `I am God,' Before him who is slaying thee? And thou art man, and not God, In the hand of him who is piercing thee.

Exposition: Ezekiel 28:9 emphasizes a key movement in the chapter's argument. In KJV form, the text reads: 'Wilt thou yet say before him that slayeth thee, I am God? but thou shalt be a man, and no God, in the hand of him that slayeth thee.'. Read in canonical context, the verse supports the coherence of biblical revelation by linking doctrine, narrative, and covenantal meaning.

Apologetics Notes

• Scientific Correlation: This verse is suitable for cumulative-case reasoning in apologetics: historical context, textual stability, and worldview coherence are evaluated together rather than in isolation.

• Hebrew Grammar: A close Hebrew reading should attend lexical range, clause flow, and discourse function in context; these controls reduce over-reading and preserve authorial intent.

• Historical Evidence: Historically, this verse is interpreted within the received canonical tradition, where manuscript continuity and early community usage support stable transmission and meaning.

Ezekiel 28:10

Hebrew

מוֹתֵי עֲרֵלִים תָּמוּת בְּיַד־זָרִים כִּי אֲנִי דִבַּרְתִּי נְאֻם אֲדֹנָי יְהוִֽה׃

mvotey-'areliym-tamvt-veyad-zariym-khiy-'aniy-divaretiy-ne'um-'adonay-yehvih

KJV: Thou shalt die the deaths of the uncircumcised by the hand of strangers: for I have spoken it, saith the Lord GOD.

AKJV: You shall die the deaths of the uncircumcised by the hand of strangers: for I have spoken it, says the Lord GOD. ¶

ASV: Thou shalt die the death of the uncircumcised by the hand of strangers: for I have spoken it, saith the Lord Jehovah.

YLT: The deaths of the uncircumcised thou diest, By the hand of strangers, for I have spoken, An affirmation of the Lord Jehovah.'

Exposition: Ezekiel 28:10 emphasizes a key movement in the chapter's argument. In KJV form, the text reads: 'Thou shalt die the deaths of the uncircumcised by the hand of strangers: for I have spoken it, saith the Lord GOD.'. Read in canonical context, the verse supports the coherence of biblical revelation by linking doctrine, narrative, and covenantal meaning.

Apologetics Notes

• Scientific Correlation: This verse is suitable for cumulative-case reasoning in apologetics: historical context, textual stability, and worldview coherence are evaluated together rather than in isolation.

• Hebrew Grammar: A close Hebrew reading should attend lexical range, clause flow, and discourse function in context; these controls reduce over-reading and preserve authorial intent.

• Historical Evidence: Historically, this verse is interpreted within the received canonical tradition, where manuscript continuity and early community usage support stable transmission and meaning.

Ezekiel 28:11

Hebrew

וַיְהִי דְבַר־יְהוָה אֵלַי לֵאמֹֽר׃

vayehiy-devar-yehvah-'elay-le'mor

KJV: Moreover the word of the LORD came unto me, saying,

AKJV: Moreover the word of the LORD came to me, saying,

ASV: Moreover the word of Jehovah came unto me, saying,

YLT: And there is a word of Jehovah unto me, saying:

Exposition: Ezekiel 28:11 emphasizes a key movement in the chapter's argument. In KJV form, the text reads: 'Moreover the word of the LORD came unto me, saying,'. Read in canonical context, the verse supports the coherence of biblical revelation by linking doctrine, narrative, and covenantal meaning.

Apologetics Notes

• Scientific Correlation: This verse is suitable for cumulative-case reasoning in apologetics: historical context, textual stability, and worldview coherence are evaluated together rather than in isolation.

• Hebrew Grammar: A close Hebrew reading should attend lexical range, clause flow, and discourse function in context; these controls reduce over-reading and preserve authorial intent.

• Historical Evidence: Historically, this verse is interpreted within the received canonical tradition, where manuscript continuity and early community usage support stable transmission and meaning.

Ezekiel 28:12

Hebrew

בֶּן־אָדָם שָׂא קִינָה עַל־מֶלֶךְ צוֹר וְאָמַרְתָּ לּוֹ כֹּה אָמַר אֲדֹנָי יְהוִה אַתָּה חוֹתֵם תָּכְנִית מָלֵא חָכְמָה וּכְלִיל יֹֽפִי׃

ven-'adam-sha'-qiynah-'al-melekhe-tzvor-ve'amareta-lvo-khoh-'amar-'adonay-yehvih-'atah-chvotem-takheniyt-male'-chakhemah-vkheliyl-yofiy

KJV: Son of man, take up a lamentation upon the king of Tyrus, and say unto him, Thus saith the Lord GOD; Thou sealest up the sum, full of wisdom, and perfect in beauty.

AKJV: Son of man, take up a lamentation on the king of Tyrus, and say to him, Thus says the Lord GOD; You seal up the sum, full of wisdom, and perfect in beauty.

ASV: Son of man, take up a lamentation over the king of Tyre, and say unto him, Thus saith the Lord Jehovah: Thou sealest up the sum, full of wisdom, and perfect in beauty.

YLT: `Son of man, lift up a lamentation for the king of Tyre, And thou hast said to him: Thus said the Lord Jehovah: Thou art sealing up a measurement, Full of wisdom, and perfect in beauty.

Exposition: Ezekiel 28:12 emphasizes a key movement in the chapter's argument. In KJV form, the text reads: 'Son of man, take up a lamentation upon the king of Tyrus, and say unto him, Thus saith the Lord GOD; Thou sealest up the sum, full of wisdom, and perfect in beauty.'. Read in canonical context, the verse supports the coherence of biblical revelation by linking doctrine, narrative, and covenantal meaning.

Apologetics Notes

• Scientific Correlation: This verse is suitable for cumulative-case reasoning in apologetics: historical context, textual stability, and worldview coherence are evaluated together rather than in isolation.

• Hebrew Grammar: A close Hebrew reading should attend lexical range, clause flow, and discourse function in context; these controls reduce over-reading and preserve authorial intent.

• Historical Evidence: Historically, this verse is interpreted within the received canonical tradition, where manuscript continuity and early community usage support stable transmission and meaning.

Ezekiel 28:13

Hebrew

בְּעֵדֶן גַּן־אֱלֹהִים הָיִיתָ כָּל־אֶבֶן יְקָרָה מְסֻכָתֶךָ אֹדֶם פִּטְדָה וְיָהֲלֹם תַּרְשִׁישׁ שֹׁהַם וְיָשְׁפֵה סַפִּיר נֹפֶךְ וּבָרְקַת וְזָהָב מְלֶאכֶת תֻּפֶּיךָ וּנְקָבֶיךָ בָּךְ בְּיוֹם הִבָּרַאֲךָ כּוֹנָֽנוּ׃

ve'eden-gan-'elohiym-hayiyta-khal-'even-yeqarah-mesukhatekha-'odem-fitedah-veyahalom-tareshiysh-shoham-veyashefeh-safiyr-nofekhe-vvareqat-vezahav-mele'khet-tufeykha-vneqaveykha-vakhe-veyvom-hivara'akha-khvonanv

KJV: Thou hast been in Eden the garden of God; every precious stone was thy covering, the sardius, topaz, and the diamond, the beryl, the onyx, and the jasper, the sapphire, the emerald, and the carbuncle, and gold: the workmanship of thy tabrets and of thy pipes was prepared in thee in the day that thou wast created.

AKJV: You have been in Eden the garden of God; every precious stone was your covering, the sardius, topaz, and the diamond, the beryl, the onyx, and the jasper, the sapphire, the emerald, and the carbuncle, and gold: the workmanship of your tabrets and of your pipes was prepared in you in the day that you were created.

ASV: Thou wast in Eden, the garden of God; every precious stone was thy covering, the sardius, the topaz, and the diamond, the beryl, the onyx, and the jasper, the sapphire, the emerald, and the carbuncle, and gold: the workmanship of thy tabrets and of thy pipes was in thee; in the day that thou wast created they were prepared.

YLT: In Eden, the garden of God, thou hast been, Every precious stone thy covering, Ruby, topaz, and diamond, beryl, onyx, and jasper, Sapphire, emerald, and carbuncle, and gold, The workmanship of thy tabrets, and of thy pipes, In thee in the day of thy being produced, have been prepared.

Exposition: Ezekiel 28:13 emphasizes a key movement in the chapter's argument. In KJV form, the text reads: 'Thou hast been in Eden the garden of God; every precious stone was thy covering, the sardius, topaz, and the diamond, the beryl, the onyx, and the jasper, the sapphire, the emerald, and the carbuncle, and gold: the wo...'. Read in canonical context, the verse supports the coherence of biblical revelation by linking doctrine, narrative, and covenantal meaning.

Apologetics Notes

• Scientific Correlation: This verse is suitable for cumulative-case reasoning in apologetics: historical context, textual stability, and worldview coherence are evaluated together rather than in isolation.

• Hebrew Grammar: A close Hebrew reading should attend lexical range, clause flow, and discourse function in context; these controls reduce over-reading and preserve authorial intent.

• Historical Evidence: Historically, this verse is interpreted within the received canonical tradition, where manuscript continuity and early community usage support stable transmission and meaning.

Ezekiel 28:14

Hebrew

אַתְּ־כְּרוּב מִמְשַׁח הַסּוֹכֵךְ וּנְתַתִּיךָ בְּהַר קֹדֶשׁ אֱלֹהִים הָיִיתָ בְּתוֹךְ אַבְנֵי־אֵשׁ הִתְהַלָּֽכְתָּ׃

'ate-khervv-mimeshach-hasvokhekhe-vnetatiykha-vehar-qodesh-'elohiym-hayiyta-vetvokhe-'aveney-'esh-hitehalakheta

KJV: Thou art the anointed cherub that covereth; and I have set thee so: thou wast upon the holy mountain of God; thou hast walked up and down in the midst of the stones of fire.

AKJV: You are the anointed cherub that covers; and I have set you so: you were on the holy mountain of God; you have walked up and down in the middle of the stones of fire.

ASV: Thou wast the anointed cherub that covereth: and I set thee, so that thou wast upon the holy mountain of God; thou hast walked up and down in the midst of the stones of fire.

YLT: Thou art an anointed cherub who is covering, And I have set thee in the holy mount, God thou hast been, In the midst of stones of fire thou hast walked up and down.

Exposition: Ezekiel 28:14 emphasizes a key movement in the chapter's argument. In KJV form, the text reads: 'Thou art the anointed cherub that covereth; and I have set thee so: thou wast upon the holy mountain of God; thou hast walked up and down in the midst of the stones of fire.'. Read in canonical context, the verse supports the coherence of biblical revelation by linking doctrine, narrative, and covenantal meaning.

Apologetics Notes

• Scientific Correlation: This verse is suitable for cumulative-case reasoning in apologetics: historical context, textual stability, and worldview coherence are evaluated together rather than in isolation.

• Hebrew Grammar: A close Hebrew reading should attend lexical range, clause flow, and discourse function in context; these controls reduce over-reading and preserve authorial intent.

• Historical Evidence: Historically, this verse is interpreted within the received canonical tradition, where manuscript continuity and early community usage support stable transmission and meaning.

Ezekiel 28:15

Hebrew

תָּמִים אַתָּה בִּדְרָכֶיךָ מִיּוֹם הִבָּֽרְאָךְ עַד־נִמְצָא עַוְלָתָה בָּֽךְ׃

tamiym-'atah-viderakheykha-miyvom-hivare'akhe-'ad-nimetza'-'avelatah-vakhe

KJV: Thou wast perfect in thy ways from the day that thou wast created, till iniquity was found in thee.

AKJV: You were perfect in your ways from the day that you were created, till iniquity was found in you.

ASV: Thou wast perfect in thy ways from the day that thou wast created, till unrighteousness was found in thee.

YLT: Perfect art thou in thy ways, From the day of thy being produced, Till perversity hath been found in thee.

Exposition: Ezekiel 28:15 emphasizes a key movement in the chapter's argument. In KJV form, the text reads: 'Thou wast perfect in thy ways from the day that thou wast created, till iniquity was found in thee.'. Read in canonical context, the verse supports the coherence of biblical revelation by linking doctrine, narrative, and covenantal meaning.

Apologetics Notes

• Scientific Correlation: This verse is suitable for cumulative-case reasoning in apologetics: historical context, textual stability, and worldview coherence are evaluated together rather than in isolation.

• Hebrew Grammar: A close Hebrew reading should attend lexical range, clause flow, and discourse function in context; these controls reduce over-reading and preserve authorial intent.

• Historical Evidence: Historically, this verse is interpreted within the received canonical tradition, where manuscript continuity and early community usage support stable transmission and meaning.

Ezekiel 28:16

Hebrew

בְּרֹב רְכֻלָּתְךָ מָלוּ תוֹכְךָ חָמָס וַֽתֶּחֱטָא וָאֶחַלֶּלְךָ מֵהַר אֱלֹהִים וָֽאַבֶּדְךָ כְּרוּב הַסֹּכֵךְ מִתּוֹךְ אַבְנֵי־אֵֽשׁ׃

verov-rekhulatekha-malv-tvokhekha-chamas-vatecheta'-va'echalelekha-mehar-'elohiym-va'avedekha-khervv-hasokhekhe-mitvokhe-'aveney-'esh

KJV: By the multitude of thy merchandise they have filled the midst of thee with violence, and thou hast sinned: therefore I will cast thee as profane out of the mountain of God: and I will destroy thee, O covering cherub, from the midst of the stones of fire.

AKJV: By the multitude of your merchandise they have filled the middle of you with violence, and you have sinned: therefore I will cast you as profane out of the mountain of God: and I will destroy you, O covering cherub, from the middle of the stones of fire.

ASV: By the abundance of thy traffic they filled the midst of thee with violence, and thou hast sinned: therefore have I cast thee as profane out of the mountain of God; and I have destroyed thee, O covering cherub, from the midst of the stones of fire.

YLT: By the abundance of thy merchandise They have filled thy midst with violence, And thou dost sin, And I thrust thee from the mount of God, And I destroy thee, O covering cherub, From the midst of the stones of fire.

Exposition: Ezekiel 28:16 emphasizes a key movement in the chapter's argument. In KJV form, the text reads: 'By the multitude of thy merchandise they have filled the midst of thee with violence, and thou hast sinned: therefore I will cast thee as profane out of the mountain of God: and I will destroy thee, O covering cherub,...'. Read in canonical context, the verse supports the coherence of biblical revelation by linking doctrine, narrative, and covenantal meaning.

Apologetics Notes

• Scientific Correlation: This verse is suitable for cumulative-case reasoning in apologetics: historical context, textual stability, and worldview coherence are evaluated together rather than in isolation.

• Hebrew Grammar: A close Hebrew reading should attend lexical range, clause flow, and discourse function in context; these controls reduce over-reading and preserve authorial intent.

• Historical Evidence: Historically, this verse is interpreted within the received canonical tradition, where manuscript continuity and early community usage support stable transmission and meaning.

Ezekiel 28:17

Hebrew

גָּבַהּ לִבְּךָ בְּיָפְיֶךָ שִׁחַתָּ חָכְמָתְךָ עַל־יִפְעָתֶךָ עַל־אֶרֶץ הִשְׁלַכְתִּיךָ לִפְנֵי מְלָכִים נְתַתִּיךָ לְרַאֲוָה בָֽךְ׃

gavah-livekha-veyafeyekha-shichata-chakhematekha-'al-yife'atekha-'al-'eretz-hishelakhetiykha-lifeney-melakhiym-netatiykha-lera'avah-vakhe

KJV: Thine heart was lifted up because of thy beauty, thou hast corrupted thy wisdom by reason of thy brightness: I will cast thee to the ground, I will lay thee before kings, that they may behold thee.

AKJV: Your heart was lifted up because of your beauty, you have corrupted your wisdom by reason of your brightness: I will cast you to the ground, I will lay you before kings, that they may behold you.

ASV: Thy heart was lifted up because of thy beauty; thou hast corrupted thy wisdom by reason of thy brightness: I have cast thee to the ground; I have laid thee before kings, that they may behold thee.

YLT: High hath been thy heart, because of thy beauty, Thou hast corrupted thy wisdom because of thy brightness, On the earth I have cast thee, Before kings I have set thee, to look on thee,

Exposition: Ezekiel 28:17 emphasizes a key movement in the chapter's argument. In KJV form, the text reads: 'Thine heart was lifted up because of thy beauty, thou hast corrupted thy wisdom by reason of thy brightness: I will cast thee to the ground, I will lay thee before kings, that they may behold thee.'. Read in canonical context, the verse supports the coherence of biblical revelation by linking doctrine, narrative, and covenantal meaning.

Apologetics Notes

• Scientific Correlation: This verse is suitable for cumulative-case reasoning in apologetics: historical context, textual stability, and worldview coherence are evaluated together rather than in isolation.

• Hebrew Grammar: A close Hebrew reading should attend lexical range, clause flow, and discourse function in context; these controls reduce over-reading and preserve authorial intent.

• Historical Evidence: Historically, this verse is interpreted within the received canonical tradition, where manuscript continuity and early community usage support stable transmission and meaning.

Ezekiel 28:18

Hebrew

מֵרֹב עֲוֺנֶיךָ בְּעֶוֶל רְכֻלָּתְךָ חִלַּלְתָּ מִקְדָּשֶׁיךָ וָֽאוֹצִא־אֵשׁ מִתּֽוֹכְךָ הִיא אֲכָלַתְךָ וָאֶתֶּנְךָ לְאֵפֶר עַל־הָאָרֶץ לְעֵינֵי כָּל־רֹאֶֽיךָ׃

merov-'avneykha-ve'evel-rekhulatekha-chilaleta-miqedasheykha-va'votzi'-'esh-mitvokhekha-hiy'-'akhalatekha-va'etenekha-le'efer-'al-ha'aretz-le'eyney-khal-ro'eykha

KJV: Thou hast defiled thy sanctuaries by the multitude of thine iniquities, by the iniquity of thy traffick; therefore will I bring forth a fire from the midst of thee, it shall devour thee, and I will bring thee to ashes upon the earth in the sight of all them that behold thee.

AKJV: You have defiled your sanctuaries by the multitude of your iniquities, by the iniquity of your traffic; therefore will I bring forth a fire from the middle of you, it shall devour you, and I will bring you to ashes on the earth in the sight of all them that behold you.

ASV: By the multitude of thine iniquities, in the unrighteousness of thy traffic, thou hast profaned thy sanctuaries; therefore have I brought forth a fire from the midst of thee; it hath devoured thee, and I have turned thee to ashes upon the earth in the sight of all them that behold thee.

YLT: From the abundance of thy iniquity, By the perversity of thy traffic, Thou hast polluted thy sanctuaries, And I bring forth fire from thy midst, It hath devoured thee, And I make thee become ashes on the earth, Before the eyes of all beholding thee.

Exposition: Ezekiel 28:18 emphasizes a key movement in the chapter's argument. In KJV form, the text reads: 'Thou hast defiled thy sanctuaries by the multitude of thine iniquities, by the iniquity of thy traffick; therefore will I bring forth a fire from the midst of thee, it shall devour thee, and I will bring thee to ashes...'. Read in canonical context, the verse supports the coherence of biblical revelation by linking doctrine, narrative, and covenantal meaning.

Apologetics Notes

• Scientific Correlation: This verse is suitable for cumulative-case reasoning in apologetics: historical context, textual stability, and worldview coherence are evaluated together rather than in isolation.

• Hebrew Grammar: A close Hebrew reading should attend lexical range, clause flow, and discourse function in context; these controls reduce over-reading and preserve authorial intent.

• Historical Evidence: Historically, this verse is interpreted within the received canonical tradition, where manuscript continuity and early community usage support stable transmission and meaning.

Ezekiel 28:19

Hebrew

כָּל־יוֹדְעֶיךָ בָּֽעַמִּים שָׁמְמוּ עָלֶיךָ בַּלָּהוֹת הָיִיתָ וְאֵינְךָ עַד־עוֹלָֽם׃

khal-yvode'eykha-va'amiym-shamemv-'aleykha-valahvot-hayiyta-ve'eynekha-'ad-'volam

KJV: All they that know thee among the people shall be astonished at thee: thou shalt be a terror, and never shalt thou be any more.

AKJV: All they that know you among the people shall be astonished at you: you shall be a terror, and never shall you be any more. ¶

ASV: All they that know thee among the peoples shall be astonished at thee: thou art become a terror, and thou shalt nevermore have any being.

YLT: All knowing thee among the peoples Have been astonished at thee, Wastes thou hast been, and thou art not--to the age.'

Exposition: Ezekiel 28:19 emphasizes a key movement in the chapter's argument. In KJV form, the text reads: 'All they that know thee among the people shall be astonished at thee: thou shalt be a terror, and never shalt thou be any more.'. Read in canonical context, the verse supports the coherence of biblical revelation by linking doctrine, narrative, and covenantal meaning.

Apologetics Notes

• Scientific Correlation: This verse is suitable for cumulative-case reasoning in apologetics: historical context, textual stability, and worldview coherence are evaluated together rather than in isolation.

• Hebrew Grammar: A close Hebrew reading should attend lexical range, clause flow, and discourse function in context; these controls reduce over-reading and preserve authorial intent.

• Historical Evidence: Historically, this verse is interpreted within the received canonical tradition, where manuscript continuity and early community usage support stable transmission and meaning.

Ezekiel 28:20

Hebrew

וַיְהִי דְבַר־יְהוָה אֵלַי לֵאמֹֽר׃

vayehiy-devar-yehvah-'elay-le'mor

KJV: Again the word of the LORD came unto me, saying,

AKJV: Again the word of the LORD came to me, saying,

ASV: And the word of Jehovah came unto me, saying,

YLT: And there is a word of Jehovah unto me, saying,

Exposition: Ezekiel 28:20 emphasizes a key movement in the chapter's argument. In KJV form, the text reads: 'Again the word of the LORD came unto me, saying,'. Read in canonical context, the verse supports the coherence of biblical revelation by linking doctrine, narrative, and covenantal meaning.

Apologetics Notes

• Scientific Correlation: This verse is suitable for cumulative-case reasoning in apologetics: historical context, textual stability, and worldview coherence are evaluated together rather than in isolation.

• Hebrew Grammar: A close Hebrew reading should attend lexical range, clause flow, and discourse function in context; these controls reduce over-reading and preserve authorial intent.

• Historical Evidence: Historically, this verse is interpreted within the received canonical tradition, where manuscript continuity and early community usage support stable transmission and meaning.

Ezekiel 28:21

Hebrew

בֶּן־אָדָם שִׂים פָּנֶיךָ אֶל־צִידוֹן וְהִנָּבֵא עָלֶֽיהָ׃

ven-'adam-shiym-faneykha-'el-tziydvon-vehinave'-'aleyha

KJV: Son of man, set thy face against Zidon, and prophesy against it,

AKJV: Son of man, set your face against Zidon, and prophesy against it,

ASV: Son of man, set thy face toward Sidon, and prophesy against it,

YLT: `Son of man, set thy face unto Zidon, and prophesy concerning it;

Exposition: Ezekiel 28:21 emphasizes a key movement in the chapter's argument. In KJV form, the text reads: 'Son of man, set thy face against Zidon, and prophesy against it,'. Read in canonical context, the verse supports the coherence of biblical revelation by linking doctrine, narrative, and covenantal meaning.

Apologetics Notes

• Scientific Correlation: This verse is suitable for cumulative-case reasoning in apologetics: historical context, textual stability, and worldview coherence are evaluated together rather than in isolation.

• Hebrew Grammar: A close Hebrew reading should attend lexical range, clause flow, and discourse function in context; these controls reduce over-reading and preserve authorial intent.

• Historical Evidence: Historically, this verse is interpreted within the received canonical tradition, where manuscript continuity and early community usage support stable transmission and meaning.

Ezekiel 28:22

Hebrew

וְאָמַרְתָּ כֹּה אָמַר אֲדֹנָי יְהוִה הִנְנִי עָלַיִךְ צִידוֹן וְנִכְבַּדְתִּי בְּתוֹכֵךְ וְֽיָדְעוּ כִּֽי־אֲנִי יְהוָה בַּעֲשׂוֹתִי בָהּ שְׁפָטִים וְנִקְדַּשְׁתִּי בָֽהּ׃

ve'amareta-khoh-'amar-'adonay-yehvih-hineniy-'alayikhe-tziydvon-venikhevadetiy-vetvokhekhe-veyade'v-khiy-'aniy-yehvah-va'ashvotiy-vah-shefatiym-veniqedashetiy-vah

KJV: And say, Thus saith the Lord GOD; Behold, I am against thee, O Zidon; and I will be glorified in the midst of thee: and they shall know that I am the LORD, when I shall have executed judgments in her, and shall be sanctified in her.

AKJV: And say, Thus says the Lord GOD; Behold, I am against you, O Zidon; and I will be glorified in the middle of you: and they shall know that I am the LORD, when I shall have executed judgments in her, and shall be sanctified in her.

ASV: and say, Thus saith the Lord Jehovah: Behold, I am against thee, O Sidon; and I will be glorified in the midst of thee; and they shall know that I am Jehovah, when I shall have executed judgments in her, and shall be sanctified in her.

YLT: and thou hast said: Thus said the Lord Jehovah: Lo, I am against thee, O Zidon, And I have been honoured in thy midst, And they have known that I am Jehovah, In My doing in her judgments, And I have been sanctified in her.

Exposition: Ezekiel 28:22 emphasizes a key movement in the chapter's argument. In KJV form, the text reads: 'And say, Thus saith the Lord GOD; Behold, I am against thee, O Zidon; and I will be glorified in the midst of thee: and they shall know that I am the LORD, when I shall have executed judgments in her, and shall be san...'. Read in canonical context, the verse supports the coherence of biblical revelation by linking doctrine, narrative, and covenantal meaning.

Apologetics Notes

• Scientific Correlation: This verse is suitable for cumulative-case reasoning in apologetics: historical context, textual stability, and worldview coherence are evaluated together rather than in isolation.

• Hebrew Grammar: A close Hebrew reading should attend lexical range, clause flow, and discourse function in context; these controls reduce over-reading and preserve authorial intent.

• Historical Evidence: Historically, this verse is interpreted within the received canonical tradition, where manuscript continuity and early community usage support stable transmission and meaning.

Ezekiel 28:23

Hebrew

וְשִׁלַּחְתִּי־בָהּ דֶּבֶר וָדָם בְּחוּצוֹתֶיהָ וְנִפְלַל חָלָל בְּתוֹכָהּ בְּחֶרֶב עָלֶיהָ מִסָּבִיב וְיָדְעוּ כִּֽי־אֲנִי יְהוָֽה׃

veshilachetiy-vah-dever-vadam-vechvtzvoteyha-venifelal-chalal-vetvokhah-vecherev-'aleyha-misaviyv-veyade'v-khiy-'aniy-yehvah

KJV: For I will send into her pestilence, and blood into her streets; and the wounded shall be judged in the midst of her by the sword upon her on every side; and they shall know that I am the LORD.

AKJV: For I will send into her pestilence, and blood into her streets; and the wounded shall be judged in the middle of her by the sword on her on every side; and they shall know that I am the LORD. ¶

ASV: For I will send pestilence into her, and blood into her streets; and the wounded shall fall in the midst of her, with the sword upon her on every side; and they shall know that I am Jehovah.

YLT: And I have sent into her pestilence, And blood into her out-places, The wounded hath been judged in her midst, By the sword upon her round about, And they have known that I am Jehovah.

Exposition: Ezekiel 28:23 emphasizes a key movement in the chapter's argument. In KJV form, the text reads: 'For I will send into her pestilence, and blood into her streets; and the wounded shall be judged in the midst of her by the sword upon her on every side; and they shall know that I am the LORD.'. Read in canonical context, the verse supports the coherence of biblical revelation by linking doctrine, narrative, and covenantal meaning.

Apologetics Notes

• Scientific Correlation: This verse is suitable for cumulative-case reasoning in apologetics: historical context, textual stability, and worldview coherence are evaluated together rather than in isolation.

• Hebrew Grammar: A close Hebrew reading should attend lexical range, clause flow, and discourse function in context; these controls reduce over-reading and preserve authorial intent.

• Historical Evidence: Historically, this verse is interpreted within the received canonical tradition, where manuscript continuity and early community usage support stable transmission and meaning.

Ezekiel 28:24

Hebrew

וְלֹֽא־יִהְיֶה עוֹד לְבֵית יִשְׂרָאֵל סִלּוֹן מַמְאִיר וְקוֹץ מַכְאִב מִכֹּל סְבִיבֹתָם הַשָּׁאטִים אוֹתָם וְיָדְעוּ כִּי אֲנִי אֲדֹנָי יְהוִֽה׃

velo'-yiheyeh-'vod-leveyt-yishera'el-silvon-mame'iyr-veqvotz-makhe'iv-mikhol-seviyvotam-hasha'tiym-'votam-veyade'v-khiy-'aniy-'adonay-yehvih

KJV: And there shall be no more a pricking brier unto the house of Israel, nor any grieving thorn of all that are round about them, that despised them; and they shall know that I am the Lord GOD.

AKJV: And there shall be no more a pricking brier to the house of Israel, nor any grieving thorn of all that are round about them, that despised them; and they shall know that I am the Lord GOD.

ASV: And there shall be no more a pricking brier unto the house of Israel, nor a hurting thorn of any that are round about them, that did despite unto them; and they shall know that I am the Lord Jehovah.

YLT: And there is no more to the house of Israel A pricking brier, and paining thorn, Of all round about them--despising them, And they have known that I am the Lord Jehovah.

Exposition: Ezekiel 28:24 emphasizes a key movement in the chapter's argument. In KJV form, the text reads: 'And there shall be no more a pricking brier unto the house of Israel, nor any grieving thorn of all that are round about them, that despised them; and they shall know that I am the Lord GOD.'. Read in canonical context, the verse supports the coherence of biblical revelation by linking doctrine, narrative, and covenantal meaning.

Apologetics Notes

• Scientific Correlation: This verse is suitable for cumulative-case reasoning in apologetics: historical context, textual stability, and worldview coherence are evaluated together rather than in isolation.

• Hebrew Grammar: A close Hebrew reading should attend lexical range, clause flow, and discourse function in context; these controls reduce over-reading and preserve authorial intent.

• Historical Evidence: Historically, this verse is interpreted within the received canonical tradition, where manuscript continuity and early community usage support stable transmission and meaning.

Ezekiel 28:25

Hebrew

כֹּֽה־אָמַר אֲדֹנָי יְהוִה בְּקַבְּצִי ׀ אֶת־בֵּית יִשְׂרָאֵל מִן־הָֽעַמִּים אֲשֶׁר נָפֹצוּ בָם וְנִקְדַּשְׁתִּי בָם לְעֵינֵי הַגּוֹיִם וְיָֽשְׁבוּ עַל־אַדְמָתָם אֲשֶׁר נָתַתִּי לְעַבְדִּי לְיַעֲקֹֽב׃

khoh-'amar-'adonay-yehvih-veqavetziy- -'et-veyt-yishera'el-min-ha'amiym-'asher-nafotzv-vam-veniqedashetiy-vam-le'eyney-hagvoyim-veyashevv-'al-'adematam-'asher-natatiy-le'avediy-leya'aqov

KJV: Thus saith the Lord GOD; When I shall have gathered the house of Israel from the people among whom they are scattered, and shall be sanctified in them in the sight of the heathen, then shall they dwell in their land that I have given to my servant Jacob.

AKJV: Thus says the Lord GOD; When I shall have gathered the house of Israel from the people among whom they are scattered, and shall be sanctified in them in the sight of the heathen, then shall they dwell in their land that I have given to my servant Jacob.

ASV: Thus saith the Lord Jehovah: When I shall have gathered the house of Israel from the peoples among whom they are scattered, and shall be sanctified in them in the sight of the nations, then shall they dwell in their own land which I gave to my servant Jacob.

YLT: Thus said the Lord Jehovah: In My gathering the house of Israel, Out of the peoples among whom they were scattered, I have been sanctified in them, Before the eyes of the nations, And they have dwelt on their ground, That I gave to My servant, to Jacob,

Exposition: Ezekiel 28:25 emphasizes a key movement in the chapter's argument. In KJV form, the text reads: 'Thus saith the Lord GOD; When I shall have gathered the house of Israel from the people among whom they are scattered, and shall be sanctified in them in the sight of the heathen, then shall they dwell in their land t...'. Read in canonical context, the verse supports the coherence of biblical revelation by linking doctrine, narrative, and covenantal meaning.

Apologetics Notes

• Scientific Correlation: This verse is suitable for cumulative-case reasoning in apologetics: historical context, textual stability, and worldview coherence are evaluated together rather than in isolation.

• Hebrew Grammar: A close Hebrew reading should attend lexical range, clause flow, and discourse function in context; these controls reduce over-reading and preserve authorial intent.

• Historical Evidence: Historically, this verse is interpreted within the received canonical tradition, where manuscript continuity and early community usage support stable transmission and meaning.

Ezekiel 28:26

Hebrew

וְיָשְׁבוּ עָלֶיהָ לָבֶטַח וּבָנוּ בָתִּים וְנָטְעוּ כְרָמִים וְיָשְׁבוּ לָבֶטַח בַּעֲשׂוֹתִי שְׁפָטִים בְּכֹל הַשָּׁאטִים אֹתָם מִסְּבִיבוֹתָם וְיָדְעוּ כִּי אֲנִי יְהוָה אֱלֹהֵיהֶֽם׃

veyashevv-'aleyha-lavetach-vvanv-vatiym-venate'v-kheramiym-veyashevv-lavetach-va'ashvotiy-shefatiym-vekhol-hasha'tiym-'otam-miseviyvvotam-veyade'v-khiy-'aniy-yehvah-'eloheyhem

KJV: And they shall dwell safely therein, and shall build houses, and plant vineyards; yea, they shall dwell with confidence, when I have executed judgments upon all those that despise them round about them; and they shall know that I am the LORD their God.

AKJV: And they shall dwell safely therein, and shall build houses, and plant vineyards; yes, they shall dwell with confidence, when I have executed judgments on all those that despise them round about them; and they shall know that I am the LORD their God.

ASV: And they shall dwell securely therein; yea, they shall build houses, and plant vineyards, and shall dwell securely, when I have executed judgments upon all those that do them despite round about them; and they shall know that I am Jehovah their God.

YLT: And they have dwelt on it confidently, And builded houses, and planted vineyards, And dwelt confidently--in My doing judgments, On all those despising them round about, And they have known that I, Jehovah, am their God!'

Exposition: Ezekiel 28:26 emphasizes a key movement in the chapter's argument. In KJV form, the text reads: 'And they shall dwell safely therein, and shall build houses, and plant vineyards; yea, they shall dwell with confidence, when I have executed judgments upon all those that despise them round about them; and they shall...'. Read in canonical context, the verse supports the coherence of biblical revelation by linking doctrine, narrative, and covenantal meaning.

Apologetics Notes

• Scientific Correlation: This verse is suitable for cumulative-case reasoning in apologetics: historical context, textual stability, and worldview coherence are evaluated together rather than in isolation.

• Hebrew Grammar: A close Hebrew reading should attend lexical range, clause flow, and discourse function in context; these controls reduce over-reading and preserve authorial intent.

• Historical Evidence: Historically, this verse is interpreted within the received canonical tradition, where manuscript continuity and early community usage support stable transmission and meaning.