Apologetics Bible
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Galatians (c. AD 48-49, likely the earliest Pauline letter) is the Magna Carta of Christian liberty — a sustained argument that justification by faith in Christ alone replaces the works of the Mosaic Law as the basis of covenantal standing.
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Connected primary witness
- Connected ID:
Galatians_4
- Primary Witness Text: Now I say, That the heir, as long as he is a child, differeth nothing from a servant, though he be lord of all; But is under tutors and governors until the time appointed of the father. Even so we, when we were children, were in bondage under the elements of the world: But when the fulness of the time was come, God sent forth his Son, made of a woman, made under the law, To redeem them that were under the law, that we might receive the adoption of sons. And because ye are sons, God hath sent forth the Spirit of his Son into your hearts, crying, Abba, Father. Wherefore thou art no more a servant, but a son; and if a son, then an heir of God through Christ. Howbeit then, when ye knew not God, ye did service unto them which by nature are no gods. But now, after that ye have known God, or rather are known of God, how turn ye again to the weak and beggarly elements, whereunto ye desire again to be in bondage? Ye observe days, and months, and times, and years. I am afraid of you, lest I have bestowed upon you labour in vain. Brethren, I beseech you, be as I am; for I am as ye are: ye have not injured me at all. Ye know how through infirmity of the flesh I preached the gospel unto you at the first. And my temptation which was in my flesh ye despised not, nor rejected; but received me as an angel of God, even as Christ Jesus. Where is then the blessedness ye spake of? for I bear you record, that, if it had been possible, ye would have plucked out your own eyes, and have given them to...
Connected dataset overlay
- Connected ID:
Galatians_4
- Chapter Blob Preview: Now I say, That the heir, as long as he is a child, differeth nothing from a servant, though he be lord of all; But is under tutors and governors until the time appointed of the father. Even so we, when we were children, were in bondage under the elements of the world: But when the fulness of the time was come, God sent forth his Son, made of a woman, made under the law, To red...
Chapter frameStart here before opening notes.
Chapter frame
Galatians (c. AD 48-49, likely the earliest Pauline letter) is the Magna Carta of Christian liberty — a sustained argument that justification by faith in Christ alone replaces the works of the Mosaic Law as the basis of covenantal standing.
Galatians 3:13 ("Christ redeemed us from the curse of the Law, having become a curse for us") and 2:20 ("I have been crucified with Christ; it is no longer I who live, but Christ lives in me") are the crystalline statements of penal substitution and union with Christ. Luther called Galatians "my Epistle" — the letter that kept him anchored in the Reformation's doctrinal center.
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Galatians 4:1
Greek
Λέγω δέ, ἐφʼ ὅσον χρόνον ὁ κληρονόμος νήπιός ἐστιν, οὐδὲν διαφέρει δούλου κύριος πάντων ὤν,Lego de, eph oson chronon o kleronomos nepios estin, oyden diapherei doyloy kyrios panton on,
KJV: Now I say, That the heir, as long as he is a child, differeth nothing from a servant, though he be lord of all;
AKJV: Now I say, That the heir, as long as he is a child, differs nothing from a servant, though he be lord of all;
ASV: But I say that so long as the heir is a child, he differeth nothing from a bondservant though he is lord of all;
YLT: And I say, so long time as the heir is a babe, he differeth nothing from a servant--being lord of all,
Exposition: Galatians 4:1 emphasizes a key movement in the chapter's argument. In KJV form, the text reads: 'Now I say, That the heir, as long as he is a child, differeth nothing from a servant, though he be lord of all;'. Read in canonical context, the verse supports the coherence of biblical revelation by linking doctrine, narrative, and covenantal meaning.
Apologetics Notes
- Scientific Correlation: This verse is suitable for cumulative-case reasoning in apologetics: historical context, textual stability, and worldview coherence are evaluated together rather than in isolation.
- Koine Greek Grammar: A close Koine Greek reading should attend lexical range, clause flow, and discourse function in context; these controls reduce over-reading and preserve authorial intent.
- Historical Evidence: Historically, this verse is interpreted within the received canonical tradition, where manuscript continuity and early community usage support stable transmission and meaning.
Galatians 4:2
Greek
ἀλλὰ ὑπὸ ἐπιτρόπους ἐστὶ καὶ οἰκονόμους ἄχρι τῆς προθεσμίας τοῦ πατρός.alla ypo epitropoys esti kai oikonomoys achri tes prothesmias toy patros.
KJV: But is under tutors and governors until the time appointed of the father.
AKJV: But is under tutors and governors until the time appointed of the father.
ASV: but is under guardians and stewards until the day appointed of the father.
YLT: but is under tutors and stewards till the time appointed of the father,
Commentary WitnessGalatians 4:2Quoted commentary witness
Commentary Witness
Galatians 4:2
Under tutors and governors. The tutors had charge of his person; the governors were stewards who managed his estate. These had control until the time appointed of his father in his will, that he should be free and have full charge.
Provenance. Rendered as a quoted commentary witness with explicit reference extraction from the source prose.
Canonical locus
Galatians 4:2
Source lane
Apologetics Bible source bundle
Exposition: Galatians 4:2 emphasizes a key movement in the chapter's argument. In KJV form, the text reads: 'But is under tutors and governors until the time appointed of the father.'. Read in canonical context, the verse supports the coherence of biblical revelation by linking doctrine, narrative, and covenantal meaning.
Apologetics Notes
- Scientific Correlation: This verse is suitable for cumulative-case reasoning in apologetics: historical context, textual stability, and worldview coherence are evaluated together rather than in isolation.
- Koine Greek Grammar: A close Koine Greek reading should attend lexical range, clause flow, and discourse function in context; these controls reduce over-reading and preserve authorial intent.
- Historical Evidence: Historically, this verse is interpreted within the received canonical tradition, where manuscript continuity and early community usage support stable transmission and meaning.
Galatians 4:3
Greek
οὕτως καὶ ἡμεῖς, ὅτε ἦμεν νήπιοι, ὑπὸ τὰ στοιχεῖα τοῦ κόσμου ⸀ἤμεθα δεδουλωμένοι·oytos kai emeis, ote emen nepioi, ypo ta stoicheia toy kosmoy emetha dedoylomenoi·
KJV: Even so we, when we were children, were in bondage under the elements of the world:
AKJV: Even so we, when we were children, were in bondage under the elements of the world:
ASV: So we also, when we were children, were held in bondage under the rudiments of the world:
YLT: so also we, when we were babes, under the elements of the world were in servitude,
Commentary WitnessGalatians 4:3Quoted commentary witness
Commentary Witness
Galatians 4:3
Even so we, when we were children, were in bondage. Both Jews and Gentiles. We were minors, children, not yet delivered from bondage, since the time had not come appointed by the Father. Under the elements of the world. The law of Moses and whatever law might be diffused among the heathen. The law of Moses was a temporal law, having temporal promises.
Provenance. Rendered as a quoted commentary witness with explicit reference extraction from the source prose.
Canonical locus
Galatians 4:3
Source lane
Apologetics Bible source bundle
Named authorities or texts detected in the witness
- Moses
- Gentiles
- Father
Exposition: Galatians 4:3 emphasizes a key movement in the chapter's argument. In KJV form, the text reads: 'Even so we, when we were children, were in bondage under the elements of the world:'. Read in canonical context, the verse supports the coherence of biblical revelation by linking doctrine, narrative, and covenantal meaning.
Apologetics Notes
- Scientific Correlation: This verse is suitable for cumulative-case reasoning in apologetics: historical context, textual stability, and worldview coherence are evaluated together rather than in isolation.
- Koine Greek Grammar: A close Koine Greek reading should attend lexical range, clause flow, and discourse function in context; these controls reduce over-reading and preserve authorial intent.
- Historical Evidence: Historically, this verse is interpreted within the received canonical tradition, where manuscript continuity and early community usage support stable transmission and meaning.
Galatians 4:4
Greek
ὅτε δὲ ἦλθεν τὸ πλήρωμα τοῦ χρόνου, ἐξαπέστειλεν ὁ θεὸς τὸν υἱὸν αὐτοῦ, γενόμενον ἐκ γυναικός, γενόμενον ὑπὸ νόμον,ote de elthen to pleroma toy chronoy, exapesteilen o theos ton yion aytoy, genomenon ek gynaikos, genomenon ypo nomon,
KJV: But when the fulness of the time was come, God sent forth his Son, made of a woman, made under the law,
AKJV: But when the fullness of the time was come, God sent forth his Son, made of a woman, made under the law,
ASV: but when the fulness of the time came, God sent forth his Son, born of a woman, born under the law,
YLT: and when the fulness of time did come, God sent forth His Son, come of a woman, come under law,
Commentary WitnessGalatians 4:4Quoted commentary witness
Commentary Witness
Galatians 4:4
When the fulness of time. The time appointed by the Father. See Ga 4:2. God sent forth his Son, made of a woman, made under the law. Not only by taking upon himself the nature of humanity, but also subjecting himself to our legal conditions.
Provenance. Rendered as a quoted commentary witness with explicit reference extraction from the source prose.
Canonical locus
Galatians 4:4
Source lane
Apologetics Bible source bundle
Named authorities or texts detected in the witness
- Father
- Son
Exposition: Galatians 4:4 emphasizes a key movement in the chapter's argument. In KJV form, the text reads: 'But when the fulness of the time was come, God sent forth his Son, made of a woman, made under the law,'. Read in canonical context, the verse supports the coherence of biblical revelation by linking doctrine, narrative, and covenantal meaning.
Apologetics Notes
- Scientific Correlation: This verse is suitable for cumulative-case reasoning in apologetics: historical context, textual stability, and worldview coherence are evaluated together rather than in isolation.
- Koine Greek Grammar: A close Koine Greek reading should attend lexical range, clause flow, and discourse function in context; these controls reduce over-reading and preserve authorial intent.
- Historical Evidence: Historically, this verse is interpreted within the received canonical tradition, where manuscript continuity and early community usage support stable transmission and meaning.
Galatians 4:5
Greek
ἵνα τοὺς ὑπὸ νόμον ἐξαγοράσῃ, ἵνα τὴν υἱοθεσίαν ἀπολάβωμεν.ina toys ypo nomon exagorase, ina ten yiothesian apolabomen.
KJV: To redeem them that were under the law, that we might receive the adoption of sons.
AKJV: To redeem them that were under the law, that we might receive the adoption of sons.
ASV: that he might redeem them that were under the law, that we might receive the adoption of sons.
YLT: that those under law he may redeem, that the adoption of sons we may receive;
Commentary WitnessGalatians 4:5Quoted commentary witness
Commentary Witness
Galatians 4:5
To redeem them that were under the law. Those under bondage need redemption in order to secure freedom. Paul has shown that those under the law were in bondage. From this bondage Christ came to redeem us. How the redemption was wrought is shown in Ga 3:13. That we might receive the adoption of sons. This "adoption of sons" is bestowed as a gift. We cannot have it, and still be in bondage.
Provenance. Rendered as a quoted commentary witness with explicit reference extraction from the source prose.
Canonical locus
Galatians 4:5
Source lane
Apologetics Bible source bundle
Exposition: Galatians 4:5 emphasizes a key movement in the chapter's argument. In KJV form, the text reads: 'To redeem them that were under the law, that we might receive the adoption of sons.'. Read in canonical context, the verse supports the coherence of biblical revelation by linking doctrine, narrative, and covenantal meaning.
Apologetics Notes
- Scientific Correlation: This verse is suitable for cumulative-case reasoning in apologetics: historical context, textual stability, and worldview coherence are evaluated together rather than in isolation.
- Koine Greek Grammar: A close Koine Greek reading should attend lexical range, clause flow, and discourse function in context; these controls reduce over-reading and preserve authorial intent.
- Historical Evidence: Historically, this verse is interpreted within the received canonical tradition, where manuscript continuity and early community usage support stable transmission and meaning.
Galatians 4:6
Greek
ὅτι δέ ἐστε υἱοί, ἐξαπέστειλεν ὁ θεὸς τὸ πνεῦμα τοῦ υἱοῦ αὐτοῦ εἰς τὰς καρδίας ⸀ἡμῶν, κρᾶζον· Αββα ὁ πατήρ.oti de este yioi, exapesteilen o theos to pneyma toy yioy aytoy eis tas kardias emon, krazon· Abba o pater.
KJV: And because ye are sons, God hath sent forth the Spirit of his Son into your hearts, crying, Abba, Father.
AKJV: And because you are sons, God has sent forth the Spirit of his Son into your hearts, crying, Abba, Father.
ASV: And because ye are sons, God sent forth the Spirit of his Son into our hearts, crying, Abba, Father.
YLT: and because ye are sons, God did send forth the spirit of His Son into your hearts, crying, `Abba, Father!'
Commentary WitnessGalatians 4:6Quoted commentary witness
Commentary Witness
Galatians 4:6
Because ye are sons, God hath sent forth the Spirit. The spirit is bestowed not to make us sons, but because we have become sons by the faith. See Joh 1:12. Crying, Abba, Father. See PNT Ro 8:15. "Abba" is simply the Syriac for "father". It is found also in Mr 14:36 Ro 8:15. This spirit of adoption helps the son to realize that he is a son, and to look up to God and to address him, if a Semitic, as "Abba"; if a Greek as "Pater"; is an Anglo-Saxon, as "Father".
Provenance. Rendered as a quoted commentary witness with explicit reference extraction from the source prose.
Canonical locus
Galatians 4:6
Source lane
Apologetics Bible source bundle
Biblical cross-references named in the witness
- Joh 1:12
Named authorities or texts detected in the witness
- Crying
- Abba
- Father
- Semitic
- Saxon
Exposition: Galatians 4:6 emphasizes a key movement in the chapter's argument. In KJV form, the text reads: 'And because ye are sons, God hath sent forth the Spirit of his Son into your hearts, crying, Abba, Father.'. Read in canonical context, the verse supports the coherence of biblical revelation by linking doctrine, narrative, and covenantal meaning.
Apologetics Notes
- Scientific Correlation: This verse is suitable for cumulative-case reasoning in apologetics: historical context, textual stability, and worldview coherence are evaluated together rather than in isolation.
- Koine Greek Grammar: A close Koine Greek reading should attend lexical range, clause flow, and discourse function in context; these controls reduce over-reading and preserve authorial intent.
- Historical Evidence: Historically, this verse is interpreted within the received canonical tradition, where manuscript continuity and early community usage support stable transmission and meaning.
Galatians 4:7
Greek
ὥστε οὐκέτι εἶ δοῦλος ἀλλὰ υἱός· εἰ δὲ υἱός, καὶ κληρονόμος ⸂διὰ θεοῦ⸃.oste oyketi ei doylos alla yios· ei de yios, kai kleronomos dia theoy.
KJV: Wherefore thou art no more a servant, but a son; and if a son, then an heir of God through Christ.
AKJV: Why you are no more a servant, but a son; and if a son, then an heir of God through Christ.
ASV: So that thou art no longer a bondservant, but a son; and if a son, then an heir through God.
YLT: so that thou art no more a servant, but a son, and if a son, also an heir of God through Christ.
Commentary WitnessGalatians 4:7Quoted commentary witness
Commentary Witness
Galatians 4:7
Wherefore thou art no more a servant, but a son. Because redeemed, adopted as a son, having received the spirit of adoption. If a son, then an heir of God through Christ. Heirs of a heavenly inheritance. Compare Ro 8:17.
Provenance. Rendered as a quoted commentary witness with explicit reference extraction from the source prose.
Canonical locus
Galatians 4:7
Source lane
Apologetics Bible source bundle
Named authorities or texts detected in the witness
- Christ
Exposition: Galatians 4:7 emphasizes a key movement in the chapter's argument. In KJV form, the text reads: 'Wherefore thou art no more a servant, but a son; and if a son, then an heir of God through Christ.'. Read in canonical context, the verse supports the coherence of biblical revelation by linking doctrine, narrative, and covenantal meaning.
Apologetics Notes
- Scientific Correlation: This verse is suitable for cumulative-case reasoning in apologetics: historical context, textual stability, and worldview coherence are evaluated together rather than in isolation.
- Koine Greek Grammar: A close Koine Greek reading should attend lexical range, clause flow, and discourse function in context; these controls reduce over-reading and preserve authorial intent.
- Historical Evidence: Historically, this verse is interpreted within the received canonical tradition, where manuscript continuity and early community usage support stable transmission and meaning.
Galatians 4:8
Greek
Ἀλλὰ τότε μὲν οὐκ εἰδότες θεὸν ἐδουλεύσατε τοῖς ⸂φύσει μὴ⸃ οὖσι θεοῖς·Alla tote men oyk eidotes theon edoyleysate tois physei me oysi theois·
KJV: Howbeit then, when ye knew not God, ye did service unto them which by nature are no gods.
AKJV: However, then, when you knew not God, you did service to them which by nature are no gods.
ASV: Howbeit at that time, not knowing God, ye were in bondage to them that by nature are no gods:
YLT: But then, indeed, not having known God, ye were in servitude to those not by nature gods,
Commentary WitnessGalatians 4:8Quoted commentary witness
Commentary Witness
Galatians 4:8
Howbeit then. These Galatian brethren had been idolaters, and had worshiped idols which were not gods at all. At that time they knew not God, the true God, at all.
Provenance. Rendered as a quoted commentary witness with explicit reference extraction from the source prose.
Canonical locus
Galatians 4:8
Source lane
Apologetics Bible source bundle
Exposition: Galatians 4:8 emphasizes a key movement in the chapter's argument. In KJV form, the text reads: 'Howbeit then, when ye knew not God, ye did service unto them which by nature are no gods.'. Read in canonical context, the verse supports the coherence of biblical revelation by linking doctrine, narrative, and covenantal meaning.
Apologetics Notes
- Scientific Correlation: This verse is suitable for cumulative-case reasoning in apologetics: historical context, textual stability, and worldview coherence are evaluated together rather than in isolation.
- Koine Greek Grammar: A close Koine Greek reading should attend lexical range, clause flow, and discourse function in context; these controls reduce over-reading and preserve authorial intent.
- Historical Evidence: Historically, this verse is interpreted within the received canonical tradition, where manuscript continuity and early community usage support stable transmission and meaning.
Galatians 4:9
Greek
νῦν δὲ γνόντες θεόν, μᾶλλον δὲ γνωσθέντες ὑπὸ θεοῦ, πῶς ἐπιστρέφετε πάλιν ἐπὶ τὰ ἀσθενῆ καὶ πτωχὰ στοιχεῖα, οἷς πάλιν ἄνωθεν ⸀δουλεύειν θέλετε;nyn de gnontes theon, mallon de gnosthentes ypo theoy, pos epistrephete palin epi ta asthene kai ptocha stoicheia, ois palin anothen doyleyein thelete;
KJV: But now, after that ye have known God, or rather are known of God, how turn ye again to the weak and beggarly elements, whereunto ye desire again to be in bondage?
AKJV: But now, after that you have known God, or rather are known of God, how turn you again to the weak and beggarly elements, to which you desire again to be in bondage?
ASV: but now that ye have come to know God, or rather to be known by God, how turn ye back again to the weak and beggarly rudiments, whereunto ye desire to be in bondage over again?
YLT: and now, having known God--and rather being known by God--how turn ye again unto the weak and poor elements to which anew ye desire to be in servitude?
Commentary WitnessGalatians 4:9Quoted commentary witness
Commentary Witness
Galatians 4:9
But now, after that ye have known God. Having learned the knowledge of the true God. Or rather are known of God. God, himself, had sought them through the gospel, and had offered them eternal life. They knew God because God had taken note of them and sent them the gospel. How turn ye again? How can they, known of God, called from the bondage of those that are not gods (Ga 4:8), turn back again to bondage? The bondage referred to is that of the law. They had been delivered from the bondage of idolatry, but were relapsing into another bondage. The weak and beggarly elements. Weak, because they have no spiritual power to strengthen us; beggarly, because they have no rich promises like the gospel; elements, because they belong to a rudimentary condition, to an undeveloped state to the childhood of the race.
Provenance. Rendered as a quoted commentary witness with explicit reference extraction from the source prose.
Canonical locus
Galatians 4:9
Source lane
Apologetics Bible source bundle
Named authorities or texts detected in the witness
- Weak
Exposition: Galatians 4:9 emphasizes a key movement in the chapter's argument. In KJV form, the text reads: 'But now, after that ye have known God, or rather are known of God, how turn ye again to the weak and beggarly elements, whereunto ye desire again to be in bondage?'. Read in canonical context, the verse supports the coherence of biblical revelation by linking doctrine, narrative, and covenantal meaning.
Apologetics Notes
- Scientific Correlation: This verse is suitable for cumulative-case reasoning in apologetics: historical context, textual stability, and worldview coherence are evaluated together rather than in isolation.
- Koine Greek Grammar: A close Koine Greek reading should attend lexical range, clause flow, and discourse function in context; these controls reduce over-reading and preserve authorial intent.
- Historical Evidence: Historically, this verse is interpreted within the received canonical tradition, where manuscript continuity and early community usage support stable transmission and meaning.
Galatians 4:10
Greek
ἡμέρας παρατηρεῖσθε καὶ μῆνας καὶ καιροὺς καὶ ἐνιαυτούς.emeras paratereisthe kai menas kai kairoys kai eniaytoys.
KJV: Ye observe days, and months, and times, and years.
AKJV: You observe days, and months, and times, and years.
ASV: Ye observe days, and months, and seasons, and years.
YLT: days ye observe, and months, and times, and years!
Commentary WitnessGalatians 4:10Quoted commentary witness
Commentary Witness
Galatians 4:10
Ye observe. These are specifications of how they were "turning back" to the Jewish law. Compare Col 2:16. Days. The Jewish Sabbaths. Months. The new moons. Times. The Jewish festivals. Years. The Sabbatical years. In observing these there was legal bondage to an obsolete system.
Provenance. Rendered as a quoted commentary witness with explicit reference extraction from the source prose.
Canonical locus
Galatians 4:10
Source lane
Apologetics Bible source bundle
Biblical cross-references named in the witness
- Col 2:16
Named authorities or texts detected in the witness
- Days
- The Jewish Sabbaths
- Months
- Times
- Years
Exposition: Galatians 4:10 emphasizes a key movement in the chapter's argument. In KJV form, the text reads: 'Ye observe days, and months, and times, and years.'. Read in canonical context, the verse supports the coherence of biblical revelation by linking doctrine, narrative, and covenantal meaning.
Apologetics Notes
- Scientific Correlation: This verse is suitable for cumulative-case reasoning in apologetics: historical context, textual stability, and worldview coherence are evaluated together rather than in isolation.
- Koine Greek Grammar: A close Koine Greek reading should attend lexical range, clause flow, and discourse function in context; these controls reduce over-reading and preserve authorial intent.
- Historical Evidence: Historically, this verse is interpreted within the received canonical tradition, where manuscript continuity and early community usage support stable transmission and meaning.
Galatians 4:11
Greek
φοβοῦμαι ὑμᾶς μή πως εἰκῇ κεκοπίακα εἰς ὑμᾶς.phoboymai ymas me pos eike kekopiaka eis ymas.
KJV: I am afraid of you, lest I have bestowed upon you labour in vain.
AKJV: I am afraid of you, lest I have bestowed on you labor in vain.
ASV: I am afraid of you, lest by any means I have bestowed labor upon you in vain.
YLT: I am afraid of you, lest in vain I did labour toward you.
Commentary Witness (Generated)Galatians 4:11Generated editorial synthesis
Commentary Witness (Generated)
Galatians 4:11
Galatians 4:11 advances the immediate literary flow of the chapter and should be interpreted in its canonical context, not as an isolated proof text. In the present translation it reads: 'I am afraid of you, lest I have bestowed upon you labour in vain.'. A close Koine Greek reading supports attention to key lexical choices, clause movement, and redemptive-historical placement so doctrinal conclusions remain textually grounded.
Provenance. Rendered as an editorial synthesis tied to the canonical verse context and current chapter source.
Canonical locus
Galatians 4:11
Source lane
Apologetics Bible source bundle
Biblical cross-references named in the witness
- Galatians 4:11
Exposition: Galatians 4:11 emphasizes a key movement in the chapter's argument. In KJV form, the text reads: 'I am afraid of you, lest I have bestowed upon you labour in vain.'. Read in canonical context, the verse supports the coherence of biblical revelation by linking doctrine, narrative, and covenantal meaning.
Apologetics Notes
- Scientific Correlation: This verse is suitable for cumulative-case reasoning in apologetics: historical context, textual stability, and worldview coherence are evaluated together rather than in isolation.
- Koine Greek Grammar: A close Koine Greek reading should attend lexical range, clause flow, and discourse function in context; these controls reduce over-reading and preserve authorial intent.
- Historical Evidence: Historically, this verse is interpreted within the received canonical tradition, where manuscript continuity and early community usage support stable transmission and meaning.
Galatians 4:12
Greek
Γίνεσθε ὡς ἐγώ, ὅτι κἀγὼ ὡς ὑμεῖς, ἀδελφοί, δέομαι ὑμῶν. οὐδέν με ἠδικήσατε·Ginesthe os ego, oti kago os ymeis, adelphoi, deomai ymon. oyden me edikesate·
KJV: Brethren, I beseech you, be as I am; for I am as ye are: ye have not injured me at all.
AKJV: Brothers, I beseech you, be as I am; for I am as you are: you have not injured me at all.
ASV: I beseech you, brethren, become as I am, for I also am become as ye are. Ye did me no wrong:
YLT: Become as I am --because I also am as ye brethren, I beseech you; to me ye did no hurt,
Commentary WitnessGalatians 4:12Quoted commentary witness
Commentary Witness
Galatians 4:12
Brethren, I beseech you, be as I [am]. Literally, "Become as I am". Come to my ground. For I [am] as ye [are]. Rather, I become as ye are. I gave up my bondage to Judaism, the religion of my fathers, and made myself as a Gentile to Gentiles. Ye have not injured me at all. My complaint against you is not on personal grounds. You have not wronged me.
Provenance. Rendered as a quoted commentary witness with explicit reference extraction from the source prose.
Canonical locus
Galatians 4:12
Source lane
Apologetics Bible source bundle
Named authorities or texts detected in the witness
- Brethren
- Literally
- Rather
- Judaism
- Gentiles
Exposition: Galatians 4:12 emphasizes a key movement in the chapter's argument. In KJV form, the text reads: 'Brethren, I beseech you, be as I am; for I am as ye are: ye have not injured me at all.'. Read in canonical context, the verse supports the coherence of biblical revelation by linking doctrine, narrative, and covenantal meaning.
Apologetics Notes
- Scientific Correlation: This verse is suitable for cumulative-case reasoning in apologetics: historical context, textual stability, and worldview coherence are evaluated together rather than in isolation.
- Koine Greek Grammar: A close Koine Greek reading should attend lexical range, clause flow, and discourse function in context; these controls reduce over-reading and preserve authorial intent.
- Historical Evidence: Historically, this verse is interpreted within the received canonical tradition, where manuscript continuity and early community usage support stable transmission and meaning.
Galatians 4:13
Greek
οἴδατε δὲ ὅτι διʼ ἀσθένειαν τῆς σαρκὸς εὐηγγελισάμην ὑμῖν τὸ πρότερον,oidate de oti di astheneian tes sarkos eyeggelisamen ymin to proteron,
KJV: Ye know how through infirmity of the flesh I preached the gospel unto you at the first.
AKJV: You know how through infirmity of the flesh I preached the gospel to you at the first.
ASV: but ye know that because of an infirmity of the flesh I preached the gospel unto you the first time:
YLT: and ye have known that through infirmity of the flesh I did proclaim good news to you at the first,
Commentary WitnessGalatians 4:13Quoted commentary witness
Commentary Witness
Galatians 4:13
Ye know how through infirmity of the flesh I preached the gospel. The Revised Version is clearer: "Ye know that because of an infirmity of the flesh. . . ". Some fact, not explained to us, but well known to the Galatians, is referred to. It is implied that some physical weakness caused him to preach in Galatia the first time. Perhaps he was passing through and was stopped by an infirmity that prevented him from traveling. At the first. This implies he had preached there more than once. The Acts speak of two visits to Galatia (Ac 16:6 18:23).
Provenance. Rendered as a quoted commentary witness with explicit reference extraction from the source prose.
Canonical locus
Galatians 4:13
Source lane
Apologetics Bible source bundle
Named authorities or texts detected in the witness
- Galatians
Exposition: Galatians 4:13 emphasizes a key movement in the chapter's argument. In KJV form, the text reads: 'Ye know how through infirmity of the flesh I preached the gospel unto you at the first.'. Read in canonical context, the verse supports the coherence of biblical revelation by linking doctrine, narrative, and covenantal meaning.
Apologetics Notes
- Scientific Correlation: This verse is suitable for cumulative-case reasoning in apologetics: historical context, textual stability, and worldview coherence are evaluated together rather than in isolation.
- Koine Greek Grammar: A close Koine Greek reading should attend lexical range, clause flow, and discourse function in context; these controls reduce over-reading and preserve authorial intent.
- Historical Evidence: Historically, this verse is interpreted within the received canonical tradition, where manuscript continuity and early community usage support stable transmission and meaning.
Galatians 4:14
Greek
καὶ τὸν πειρασμὸν ⸀ὑμῶν ἐν τῇ σαρκί μου οὐκ ἐξουθενήσατε οὐδὲ ἐξεπτύσατε, ἀλλὰ ὡς ἄγγελον θεοῦ ἐδέξασθέ με, ὡς Χριστὸν Ἰησοῦν.kai ton peirasmon ymon en te sarki moy oyk exoythenesate oyde exeptysate, alla os aggelon theoy edexasthe me, os Christon Iesoyn.
KJV: And my temptation which was in my flesh ye despised not, nor rejected; but received me as an angel of God, even as Christ Jesus.
AKJV: And my temptation which was in my flesh you despised not, nor rejected; but received me as an angel of God, even as Christ Jesus.
ASV: and that which was a temptation to you in my flesh ye despised not, nor rejected; but ye received me as an angel of God, even as Christ Jesus.
YLT: and my trial that is in my flesh ye did not despise nor reject, but as a messenger of God ye did receive me--as Christ Jesus;
Commentary WitnessGalatians 4:14Quoted commentary witness
Commentary Witness
Galatians 4:14
And my temptation which was in my flesh. The Revised Version follows the best manuscripts: "Your temptation, which was in my flesh". His "infirmity" is meant. It was probably some malady which hindered his work--might have disfigured him, and been a temptation to the Galatians to ridicule and despise him. Probably 2Co 12:7 refers to the same affliction. Both these allusions show that the infirmity was one that he severely felt. But the Galatians despised not, nor rejected him on that account, but received him heartily, even as an angel of God, God's messenger.
Provenance. Rendered as a quoted commentary witness with explicit reference extraction from the source prose.
Canonical locus
Galatians 4:14
Source lane
Apologetics Bible source bundle
Exposition: Galatians 4:14 emphasizes a key movement in the chapter's argument. In KJV form, the text reads: 'And my temptation which was in my flesh ye despised not, nor rejected; but received me as an angel of God, even as Christ Jesus.'. Read in canonical context, the verse supports the coherence of biblical revelation by linking doctrine, narrative, and covenantal meaning.
Apologetics Notes
- Scientific Correlation: This verse is suitable for cumulative-case reasoning in apologetics: historical context, textual stability, and worldview coherence are evaluated together rather than in isolation.
- Koine Greek Grammar: A close Koine Greek reading should attend lexical range, clause flow, and discourse function in context; these controls reduce over-reading and preserve authorial intent.
- Historical Evidence: Historically, this verse is interpreted within the received canonical tradition, where manuscript continuity and early community usage support stable transmission and meaning.
Galatians 4:15
Greek
⸀ποῦ ⸀οὖν ὁ μακαρισμὸς ὑμῶν; μαρτυρῶ γὰρ ὑμῖν ὅτι εἰ δυνατὸν τοὺς ὀφθαλμοὺς ὑμῶν ⸀ἐξορύξαντες ἐδώκατέ μοι.poy oyn o makarismos ymon; martyro gar ymin oti ei dynaton toys ophthalmoys ymon exoryxantes edokate moi.
KJV: Where is then the blessedness ye spake of? for I bear you record, that, if it had been possible, ye would have plucked out your own eyes, and have given them to me.
AKJV: Where is then the blessedness you spoke of? for I bear you record, that, if it had been possible, you would have plucked out your own eyes, and have given them to me.
ASV: Where then is that gratulation of yourselves? for I bear you witness, that, if possible, ye would have plucked out your eyes and given them to me.
YLT: what then was your happiness? for I testify to you, that if possible, your eyes having plucked out, ye would have given to me;
Commentary WitnessGalatians 4:15Quoted commentary witness
Commentary Witness
Galatians 4:15
Where is then the blessedness ye spake of? They then congratulated themselves that Paul had come to them with the gospel. I bear you record. So great was then their joy and sense of obligation, that they could not do enough to show their gratitude. Ye would have plucked out your own eyes, and have given them to me. Why, they would even have given him their own eyes!--a proverbial expression denoting very strong devotion. 4:15 for I bear you record, that, if [it had been] possible,
Provenance. Rendered as a quoted commentary witness with explicit reference extraction from the source prose.
Canonical locus
Galatians 4:15
Source lane
Apologetics Bible source bundle
Named authorities or texts detected in the witness
- Why
Exposition: Galatians 4:15 emphasizes a key movement in the chapter's argument. In KJV form, the text reads: 'Where is then the blessedness ye spake of? for I bear you record, that, if it had been possible, ye would have plucked out your own eyes, and have given them to me.'. Read in canonical context, the verse supports the coherence of biblical revelation by linking doctrine, narrative, and covenantal meaning.
Apologetics Notes
- Scientific Correlation: This verse is suitable for cumulative-case reasoning in apologetics: historical context, textual stability, and worldview coherence are evaluated together rather than in isolation.
- Koine Greek Grammar: A close Koine Greek reading should attend lexical range, clause flow, and discourse function in context; these controls reduce over-reading and preserve authorial intent.
- Historical Evidence: Historically, this verse is interpreted within the received canonical tradition, where manuscript continuity and early community usage support stable transmission and meaning.
Galatians 4:16
Greek
ὥστε ἐχθρὸς ὑμῶν γέγονα ἀληθεύων ὑμῖν;oste echthros ymon gegona aletheyon ymin;
KJV: Am I therefore become your enemy, because I tell you the truth?
AKJV: Am I therefore become your enemy, because I tell you the truth?
ASV: So then am I become your enemy, by telling you the truth?
YLT: so that your enemy have I become, being true to you?
Commentary WitnessGalatians 4:16Quoted commentary witness
Commentary Witness
Galatians 4:16
Am I therefore become your enemy. Then, you were so devoted to me. Because I tell you the truth? Has the fact that I tell you the truth alienated you? It is probable that he refers to truth told on his second visit.
Provenance. Rendered as a quoted commentary witness with explicit reference extraction from the source prose.
Canonical locus
Galatians 4:16
Source lane
Apologetics Bible source bundle
Named authorities or texts detected in the witness
- Then
Exposition: Galatians 4:16 emphasizes a key movement in the chapter's argument. In KJV form, the text reads: 'Am I therefore become your enemy, because I tell you the truth?'. Read in canonical context, the verse supports the coherence of biblical revelation by linking doctrine, narrative, and covenantal meaning.
Apologetics Notes
- Scientific Correlation: This verse is suitable for cumulative-case reasoning in apologetics: historical context, textual stability, and worldview coherence are evaluated together rather than in isolation.
- Koine Greek Grammar: A close Koine Greek reading should attend lexical range, clause flow, and discourse function in context; these controls reduce over-reading and preserve authorial intent.
- Historical Evidence: Historically, this verse is interpreted within the received canonical tradition, where manuscript continuity and early community usage support stable transmission and meaning.
Galatians 4:17
Greek
ζηλοῦσιν ὑμᾶς οὐ καλῶς, ἀλλὰ ἐκκλεῖσαι ὑμᾶς θέλουσιν, ἵνα αὐτοὺς ζηλοῦτε.zeloysin ymas oy kalos, alla ekkleisai ymas theloysin, ina aytoys zeloyte.
KJV: They zealously affect you, but not well; yea, they would exclude you, that ye might affect them.
AKJV: They zealously affect you, but not well; yes, they would exclude you, that you might affect them.
ASV: They zealously seek you in no good way; nay, they desire to shut you out, that ye may seek them.
YLT: they are zealous for you-- yet not well, but they wish to shut us out, that for them ye may be zealous;
Commentary WitnessGalatians 4:17Quoted commentary witness
Commentary Witness
Galatians 4:17
They zealously affect you, [but] not well. The false, Judaizing teachers are meant. They showed great zeal for them, but they were not seeking their good. Yea, they would exclude you, that ye might affect them. Exclude you from the great body of Gentile believers and bind you to their clique.
Provenance. Rendered as a quoted commentary witness with explicit reference extraction from the source prose.
Canonical locus
Galatians 4:17
Source lane
Apologetics Bible source bundle
Named authorities or texts detected in the witness
- Yea
Exposition: Galatians 4:17 emphasizes a key movement in the chapter's argument. In KJV form, the text reads: 'They zealously affect you, but not well; yea, they would exclude you, that ye might affect them.'. Read in canonical context, the verse supports the coherence of biblical revelation by linking doctrine, narrative, and covenantal meaning.
Apologetics Notes
- Scientific Correlation: This verse is suitable for cumulative-case reasoning in apologetics: historical context, textual stability, and worldview coherence are evaluated together rather than in isolation.
- Koine Greek Grammar: A close Koine Greek reading should attend lexical range, clause flow, and discourse function in context; these controls reduce over-reading and preserve authorial intent.
- Historical Evidence: Historically, this verse is interpreted within the received canonical tradition, where manuscript continuity and early community usage support stable transmission and meaning.
Galatians 4:18
Greek
καλὸν ⸀δὲ ζηλοῦσθαι ἐν καλῷ πάντοτε, καὶ μὴ μόνον ἐν τῷ παρεῖναί με πρὸς ὑμᾶς,kalon de zeloysthai en kalo pantote, kai me monon en to pareinai me pros ymas,
KJV: But it is good to be zealously affected always in a good thing, and not only when I am present with you.
AKJV: But it is good to be zealously affected always in a good thing, and not only when I am present with you.
ASV: But it is good to be zealously sought in a good matter at all times, and not only when I am present with you.
YLT: and it is good to be zealously regarded, in what is good, at all times, and not only in my being present with you;
Commentary WitnessGalatians 4:18Quoted commentary witness
Commentary Witness
Galatians 4:18
[It is] good to be zealously sought affected always in [a] good [thing]. To exhibit zeal and feeling is a good thing. It was good to show this feeling when he was present with them. But now it was changed in respect of himself. It was "only when he was present".
Provenance. Rendered as a quoted commentary witness with explicit reference extraction from the source prose.
Canonical locus
Galatians 4:18
Source lane
Apologetics Bible source bundle
Exposition: Galatians 4:18 emphasizes a key movement in the chapter's argument. In KJV form, the text reads: 'But it is good to be zealously affected always in a good thing, and not only when I am present with you.'. Read in canonical context, the verse supports the coherence of biblical revelation by linking doctrine, narrative, and covenantal meaning.
Apologetics Notes
- Scientific Correlation: This verse is suitable for cumulative-case reasoning in apologetics: historical context, textual stability, and worldview coherence are evaluated together rather than in isolation.
- Koine Greek Grammar: A close Koine Greek reading should attend lexical range, clause flow, and discourse function in context; these controls reduce over-reading and preserve authorial intent.
- Historical Evidence: Historically, this verse is interpreted within the received canonical tradition, where manuscript continuity and early community usage support stable transmission and meaning.
Galatians 4:19
Greek
⸀τέκνα μου, οὓς πάλιν ὠδίνω ⸀μέχρις οὗ μορφωθῇ Χριστὸς ἐν ὑμῖν·tekna moy, oys palin odino mechris oy morphothe Christos en ymin·
KJV: My little children, of whom I travail in birth again until Christ be formed in you,
AKJV: My little children, of whom I travail in birth again until Christ be formed in you,
ASV: My little children, of whom I am again in travail until Christ be formed in you—
YLT: my little children, of whom again I travail in birth, till Christ may be formed in you,
Commentary WitnessGalatians 4:19Quoted commentary witness
Commentary Witness
Galatians 4:19
My little children. He addresses them very tenderly as their spiritual parent. Of whom I travail in birth again. He is more than a father; he travails for them as a mother. He had done so when they were converted; he did not now again Until Christ be formed in you. Until they were so matured in Christ that they would cling to the gospel.
Provenance. Rendered as a quoted commentary witness with explicit reference extraction from the source prose.
Canonical locus
Galatians 4:19
Source lane
Apologetics Bible source bundle
Exposition: Galatians 4:19 emphasizes a key movement in the chapter's argument. In KJV form, the text reads: 'My little children, of whom I travail in birth again until Christ be formed in you,'. Read in canonical context, the verse supports the coherence of biblical revelation by linking doctrine, narrative, and covenantal meaning.
Apologetics Notes
- Scientific Correlation: This verse is suitable for cumulative-case reasoning in apologetics: historical context, textual stability, and worldview coherence are evaluated together rather than in isolation.
- Koine Greek Grammar: A close Koine Greek reading should attend lexical range, clause flow, and discourse function in context; these controls reduce over-reading and preserve authorial intent.
- Historical Evidence: Historically, this verse is interpreted within the received canonical tradition, where manuscript continuity and early community usage support stable transmission and meaning.
Galatians 4:20
Greek
ἤθελον δὲ παρεῖναι πρὸς ὑμᾶς ἄρτι, καὶ ἀλλάξαι τὴν φωνήν μου, ὅτι ἀποροῦμαι ἐν ὑμῖν.ethelon de pareinai pros ymas arti, kai allaxai ten phonen moy, oti aporoymai en ymin.
KJV: I desire to be present with you now, and to change my voice; for I stand in doubt of you.
AKJV: I desire to be present with you now, and to change my voice; for I stand in doubt of you.
ASV: but I could wish to be present with you now, and to change my tone; for I am perplexed about you.
YLT: and I was wishing to be present with you now, and to change my voice, because I am in doubt about you.
Commentary WitnessGalatians 4:20Quoted commentary witness
Commentary Witness
Galatians 4:20
I desire to be present with you now. When present they had shown warm feeling for him (Ga 4:18). He would now that they were face to face. To change my voice. To speak, not severely, as a letter would sound, but tenderly. I stand in doubt of you. Is perplexed by what he hears, and filled with fears.
Provenance. Rendered as a quoted commentary witness with explicit reference extraction from the source prose.
Canonical locus
Galatians 4:20
Source lane
Apologetics Bible source bundle
Exposition: Galatians 4:20 emphasizes a key movement in the chapter's argument. In KJV form, the text reads: 'I desire to be present with you now, and to change my voice; for I stand in doubt of you.'. Read in canonical context, the verse supports the coherence of biblical revelation by linking doctrine, narrative, and covenantal meaning.
Apologetics Notes
- Scientific Correlation: This verse is suitable for cumulative-case reasoning in apologetics: historical context, textual stability, and worldview coherence are evaluated together rather than in isolation.
- Koine Greek Grammar: A close Koine Greek reading should attend lexical range, clause flow, and discourse function in context; these controls reduce over-reading and preserve authorial intent.
- Historical Evidence: Historically, this verse is interpreted within the received canonical tradition, where manuscript continuity and early community usage support stable transmission and meaning.
Galatians 4:21
Greek
Λέγετέ μοι, οἱ ὑπὸ νόμον θέλοντες εἶναι, τὸν νόμον οὐκ ἀκούετε;Legete moi, oi ypo nomon thelontes einai, ton nomon oyk akoyete;
KJV: Tell me, ye that desire to be under the law, do ye not hear the law?
AKJV: Tell me, you that desire to be under the law, do you not hear the law?
ASV: Tell me, ye that desire to be under the law, do ye not hear the law?
YLT: Tell me, ye who are willing to be under law, the law do ye not hear?
Commentary WitnessGalatians 4:21Quoted commentary witness
Commentary Witness
Galatians 4:21
Tell me, ye that desire to be under the law. What troubled him was their tendency to accept the obsolete law of Moses. He now addressed all such a question. Do ye not hear the law? Will they hear the law itself?
Provenance. Rendered as a quoted commentary witness with explicit reference extraction from the source prose.
Canonical locus
Galatians 4:21
Source lane
Apologetics Bible source bundle
Named authorities or texts detected in the witness
- Moses
Exposition: Galatians 4:21 emphasizes a key movement in the chapter's argument. In KJV form, the text reads: 'Tell me, ye that desire to be under the law, do ye not hear the law?'. Read in canonical context, the verse supports the coherence of biblical revelation by linking doctrine, narrative, and covenantal meaning.
Apologetics Notes
- Scientific Correlation: This verse is suitable for cumulative-case reasoning in apologetics: historical context, textual stability, and worldview coherence are evaluated together rather than in isolation.
- Koine Greek Grammar: A close Koine Greek reading should attend lexical range, clause flow, and discourse function in context; these controls reduce over-reading and preserve authorial intent.
- Historical Evidence: Historically, this verse is interpreted within the received canonical tradition, where manuscript continuity and early community usage support stable transmission and meaning.
Galatians 4:22
Greek
γέγραπται γὰρ ὅτι Ἀβραὰμ δύο υἱοὺς ἔσχεν, ἕνα ἐκ τῆς παιδίσκης καὶ ἕνα ἐκ τῆς ἐλευθέρας·gegraptai gar oti Abraam dyo yioys eschen, ena ek tes paidiskes kai ena ek tes eleytheras·
KJV: For it is written, that Abraham had two sons, the one by a bondmaid, the other by a freewoman.
AKJV: For it is written, that Abraham had two sons, the one by a female slave, the other by a free woman.
ASV: For it is written, that Abraham had two sons, one by the handmaid, and one by the freewoman.
YLT: for it hath been written, that Abraham had two sons, one by the maid-servant, and one by the free-woman,
Commentary WitnessGalatians 4:22Quoted commentary witness
Commentary Witness
Galatians 4:22
Abraham had two sons, the one by a bondmaid. Hagar, whose child was Ishmael (Ge 16:15). The other by a freewoman. Sarah, whose child was Isaac (Ge 21:3).
Provenance. Rendered as a quoted commentary witness with explicit reference extraction from the source prose.
Canonical locus
Galatians 4:22
Source lane
Apologetics Bible source bundle
Named authorities or texts detected in the witness
- Hagar
- Sarah
Exposition: Galatians 4:22 emphasizes a key movement in the chapter's argument. In KJV form, the text reads: 'For it is written, that Abraham had two sons, the one by a bondmaid, the other by a freewoman.'. Read in canonical context, the verse supports the coherence of biblical revelation by linking doctrine, narrative, and covenantal meaning.
Apologetics Notes
- Scientific Correlation: This verse is suitable for cumulative-case reasoning in apologetics: historical context, textual stability, and worldview coherence are evaluated together rather than in isolation.
- Koine Greek Grammar: A close Koine Greek reading should attend lexical range, clause flow, and discourse function in context; these controls reduce over-reading and preserve authorial intent.
- Historical Evidence: Historically, this verse is interpreted within the received canonical tradition, where manuscript continuity and early community usage support stable transmission and meaning.
Galatians 4:23
Greek
ἀλλʼ ὁ μὲν ἐκ τῆς παιδίσκης κατὰ σάρκα γεγέννηται, ὁ δὲ ἐκ τῆς ἐλευθέρας ⸀διʼ ἐπαγγελίας.all o men ek tes paidiskes kata sarka gegennetai, o de ek tes eleytheras di epaggelias.
KJV: But he who was of the bondwoman was born after the flesh; but he of the freewoman was by promise.
AKJV: But he who was of the female slave was born after the flesh; but he of the free woman was by promise.
ASV: Howbeit the son by the handmaid is born after the flesh; but the son by the freewoman is born through promise.
YLT: but he who is of the maid-servant, according to flesh hath been, and he who is of the free-woman, through the promise;
Commentary WitnessGalatians 4:23Quoted commentary witness
Commentary Witness
Galatians 4:23
He [who was] of the bondwoman was born after the flesh. The son of the bondwoman was born in the ordinary course of nature. He of the freewoman [was] by promise. The son of Sarah was a child of promise, born when she was long past the age of bearing children. See Ge 18:1,14 21:1,2 Heb 11:11.
Provenance. Rendered as a quoted commentary witness with explicit reference extraction from the source prose.
Canonical locus
Galatians 4:23
Source lane
Apologetics Bible source bundle
Biblical cross-references named in the witness
- 2 Heb 11:11
Exposition: Galatians 4:23 emphasizes a key movement in the chapter's argument. In KJV form, the text reads: 'But he who was of the bondwoman was born after the flesh; but he of the freewoman was by promise.'. Read in canonical context, the verse supports the coherence of biblical revelation by linking doctrine, narrative, and covenantal meaning.
Apologetics Notes
- Scientific Correlation: This verse is suitable for cumulative-case reasoning in apologetics: historical context, textual stability, and worldview coherence are evaluated together rather than in isolation.
- Koine Greek Grammar: A close Koine Greek reading should attend lexical range, clause flow, and discourse function in context; these controls reduce over-reading and preserve authorial intent.
- Historical Evidence: Historically, this verse is interpreted within the received canonical tradition, where manuscript continuity and early community usage support stable transmission and meaning.
Galatians 4:24
Greek
ἅτινά ἐστιν ἀλληγορούμενα· αὗται γάρ εἰσιν δύο διαθῆκαι, μία μὲν ἀπὸ ὄρους Σινᾶ, εἰς δουλείαν γεννῶσα, ἥτις ἐστὶν Ἁγάρ,atina estin allegoroymena· aytai gar eisin dyo diathekai, mia men apo oroys Sina, eis doyleian gennosa, etis estin Agar,
KJV: Which things are an allegory: for these are the two covenants; the one from the mount Sinai, which gendereth to bondage, which is Agar.
AKJV: Which things are an allegory: for these are the two covenants; the one from the mount Sinai, which engenders to bondage, which is Agar.
ASV: Which things contain an allegory: for these women are two covenants; one from mount Sinai, bearing children unto bondage, which is Hagar.
YLT: which things are allegorized, for these are the two covenants: one, indeed, from mount Sinai, to servitude bringing forth, which is Hagar;
Commentary WitnessGalatians 4:24Quoted commentary witness
Commentary Witness
Galatians 4:24
Which things are an allegory. Though literally true, the facts had an allegorical interpretation. The two women and their children were types. For these are the two covenants. One, the bondwoman, represents the covenant given at Sinai, the covenant of bondage. The other, the freewoman, represents the covenant of Christ, the gospel.
Provenance. Rendered as a quoted commentary witness with explicit reference extraction from the source prose.
Canonical locus
Galatians 4:24
Source lane
Apologetics Bible source bundle
Named authorities or texts detected in the witness
- One
- Sinai
- Christ
Exposition: Galatians 4:24 emphasizes a key movement in the chapter's argument. In KJV form, the text reads: 'Which things are an allegory: for these are the two covenants; the one from the mount Sinai, which gendereth to bondage, which is Agar.'. Read in canonical context, the verse supports the coherence of biblical revelation by linking doctrine, narrative, and covenantal meaning.
Apologetics Notes
- Scientific Correlation: This verse is suitable for cumulative-case reasoning in apologetics: historical context, textual stability, and worldview coherence are evaluated together rather than in isolation.
- Koine Greek Grammar: A close Koine Greek reading should attend lexical range, clause flow, and discourse function in context; these controls reduce over-reading and preserve authorial intent.
- Historical Evidence: Historically, this verse is interpreted within the received canonical tradition, where manuscript continuity and early community usage support stable transmission and meaning.
Galatians 4:25
Greek
τὸ ⸀δὲ Ἁγὰρ Σινᾶ ὄρος ἐστὶν ἐν τῇ Ἀραβίᾳ, συστοιχεῖ δὲ τῇ νῦν Ἰερουσαλήμ, δουλεύει ⸀γὰρ μετὰ τῶν τέκνων αὐτῆς·to de Agar Sina oros estin en te Arabia, systoichei de te nyn Ieroysalem, doyleyei gar meta ton teknon aytes·
KJV: For this Agar is mount Sinai in Arabia, and answereth to Jerusalem which now is, and is in bondage with her children.
AKJV: For this Agar is mount Sinai in Arabia, and answers to Jerusalem which now is, and is in bondage with her children.
ASV: Now this Hagar is mount Sinai in Arabia and answereth to the Jerusalem that now is: for she is in bondage with her children.
YLT: for this Hagar is mount Sinai in Arabia, and doth correspond to the Jerusalem that now is , and is in servitude with her children,
Commentary WitnessGalatians 4:25Quoted commentary witness
Commentary Witness
Galatians 4:25
For this Agar is mount Sinai in Arabia. Represents Sinai. This Mount Sinai is in Arabia, the very home of Ishmael and his race. Some also add that one name of the mountain is Hagar, but this is not certain. Answereth to Jerusalem which is now. Represents the earthly Jerusalem, under bondage, bondage to the law herself, and also her children, as Hagar and her child were under bondage.
Provenance. Rendered as a quoted commentary witness with explicit reference extraction from the source prose.
Canonical locus
Galatians 4:25
Source lane
Apologetics Bible source bundle
Named authorities or texts detected in the witness
- Arabia
- Represents Sinai
- Hagar
- Jerusalem
Exposition: Galatians 4:25 emphasizes a key movement in the chapter's argument. In KJV form, the text reads: 'For this Agar is mount Sinai in Arabia, and answereth to Jerusalem which now is, and is in bondage with her children.'. Read in canonical context, the verse supports the coherence of biblical revelation by linking doctrine, narrative, and covenantal meaning.
Apologetics Notes
- Scientific Correlation: This verse is suitable for cumulative-case reasoning in apologetics: historical context, textual stability, and worldview coherence are evaluated together rather than in isolation.
- Koine Greek Grammar: A close Koine Greek reading should attend lexical range, clause flow, and discourse function in context; these controls reduce over-reading and preserve authorial intent.
- Historical Evidence: Historically, this verse is interpreted within the received canonical tradition, where manuscript continuity and early community usage support stable transmission and meaning.
Galatians 4:26
Greek
ἡ δὲ ἄνω Ἰερουσαλὴμ ἐλευθέρα ἐστίν, ἥτις ἐστὶν ⸀μήτηρ ἡμῶν·e de ano Ieroysalem eleythera estin, etis estin meter emon·
KJV: But Jerusalem which is above is free, which is the mother of us all.
AKJV: But Jerusalem which is above is free, which is the mother of us all.
ASV: But the Jerusalem that is above is free, which is our mother.
YLT: and the Jerusalem above is the free-woman, which is mother of us all,
Commentary WitnessGalatians 4:26Quoted commentary witness
Commentary Witness
Galatians 4:26
But Jerusalem which is above is free. The freewoman and her free child represent the heavenly Jerusalem, the church of Christ. The mother of us all. The mother of those in Christ.
Provenance. Rendered as a quoted commentary witness with explicit reference extraction from the source prose.
Canonical locus
Galatians 4:26
Source lane
Apologetics Bible source bundle
Named authorities or texts detected in the witness
- Jerusalem
- Christ
Exposition: Galatians 4:26 emphasizes a key movement in the chapter's argument. In KJV form, the text reads: 'But Jerusalem which is above is free, which is the mother of us all.'. Read in canonical context, the verse supports the coherence of biblical revelation by linking doctrine, narrative, and covenantal meaning.
Apologetics Notes
- Scientific Correlation: This verse is suitable for cumulative-case reasoning in apologetics: historical context, textual stability, and worldview coherence are evaluated together rather than in isolation.
- Koine Greek Grammar: A close Koine Greek reading should attend lexical range, clause flow, and discourse function in context; these controls reduce over-reading and preserve authorial intent.
- Historical Evidence: Historically, this verse is interpreted within the received canonical tradition, where manuscript continuity and early community usage support stable transmission and meaning.
Galatians 4:27
Greek
γέγραπται γάρ· Εὐφράνθητι, στεῖρα ἡ οὐ τίκτουσα, ῥῆξον καὶ βόησον, ἡ οὐκ ὠδίνουσα· ὅτι πολλὰ τὰ τέκνα τῆς ἐρήμου μᾶλλον ἢ τῆς ἐχούσης τὸν ἄνδρα.gegraptai gar· Eyphrantheti, steira e oy tiktoysa, rexon kai boeson, e oyk odinoysa· oti polla ta tekna tes eremoy mallon e tes echoyses ton andra.
KJV: For it is written, Rejoice, thou barren that bearest not; break forth and cry, thou that travailest not: for the desolate hath many more children than she which hath an husband.
AKJV: For it is written, Rejoice, you barren that bore not; break forth and cry, you that travail not: for the desolate has many more children than she which has an husband.
ASV: For it is written, Rejoice, thou barren that bearest not;
YLT: for it hath been written, `Rejoice, O barren, who art not bearing; break forth and cry, thou who art not travailing, because many are the children of the desolate--more than of her having the husband.'
Commentary WitnessGalatians 4:27Quoted commentary witness
Commentary Witness
Galatians 4:27
For it is written. See Isa 54:1. In that connection the prophet speaks of the Babylonian bondage, of Abraham and Sarah, and then of the deliverance, looking onward to the glorious deliverance in Christ. Chapter 53 is all concerning Christ, and chapter 54 speaks of the great deliverance. [Thou] barren that bearest not. Sarah, the type of the church, long childless. The desolate hath many more children than she which hath an husband. Sarah, or rather the church, that has more children by far than the children of the old covenant.
Provenance. Rendered as a quoted commentary witness with explicit reference extraction from the source prose.
Canonical locus
Galatians 4:27
Source lane
Apologetics Bible source bundle
Biblical cross-references named in the witness
- Isa 54:1
Named authorities or texts detected in the witness
- Sarah
- Christ
Exposition: Galatians 4:27 emphasizes a key movement in the chapter's argument. In KJV form, the text reads: 'For it is written, Rejoice, thou barren that bearest not; break forth and cry, thou that travailest not: for the desolate hath many more children than she which hath an husband.'. Read in canonical context, the verse supports the coherence of biblical revelation by linking doctrine, narrative, and covenantal meaning.
Apologetics Notes
- Scientific Correlation: This verse is suitable for cumulative-case reasoning in apologetics: historical context, textual stability, and worldview coherence are evaluated together rather than in isolation.
- Koine Greek Grammar: A close Koine Greek reading should attend lexical range, clause flow, and discourse function in context; these controls reduce over-reading and preserve authorial intent.
- Historical Evidence: Historically, this verse is interpreted within the received canonical tradition, where manuscript continuity and early community usage support stable transmission and meaning.
Galatians 4:28
Greek
⸂ὑμεῖς δέ, ἀδελφοί, κατὰ Ἰσαὰκ ἐπαγγελίας τέκνα ἐστέ⸃·ymeis de, adelphoi, kata Isaak epaggelias tekna este·
KJV: Now we, brethren, as Isaac was, are the children of promise.
AKJV: Now we, brothers, as Isaac was, are the children of promise.
ASV: Now we, brethren, as Isaac was, are children of promise.
YLT: And we, brethren, as Isaac, are children of promise,
Commentary WitnessGalatians 4:28Quoted commentary witness
Commentary Witness
Galatians 4:28
Now we, brethren, as Isaac was, are the children of promise. As Isaac was the child of promise, so are we, Gentile and Jewish Christians, of the promise to Abraham of a Seed in which all nations should be blessed.
Provenance. Rendered as a quoted commentary witness with explicit reference extraction from the source prose.
Canonical locus
Galatians 4:28
Source lane
Apologetics Bible source bundle
Named authorities or texts detected in the witness
- Jewish Christians
Exposition: Galatians 4:28 emphasizes a key movement in the chapter's argument. In KJV form, the text reads: 'Now we, brethren, as Isaac was, are the children of promise.'. Read in canonical context, the verse supports the coherence of biblical revelation by linking doctrine, narrative, and covenantal meaning.
Apologetics Notes
- Scientific Correlation: This verse is suitable for cumulative-case reasoning in apologetics: historical context, textual stability, and worldview coherence are evaluated together rather than in isolation.
- Koine Greek Grammar: A close Koine Greek reading should attend lexical range, clause flow, and discourse function in context; these controls reduce over-reading and preserve authorial intent.
- Historical Evidence: Historically, this verse is interpreted within the received canonical tradition, where manuscript continuity and early community usage support stable transmission and meaning.
Galatians 4:29
Greek
ἀλλʼ ὥσπερ τότε ὁ κατὰ σάρκα γεννηθεὶς ἐδίωκε τὸν κατὰ πνεῦμα, οὕτως καὶ νῦν.all osper tote o kata sarka gennetheis edioke ton kata pneyma, oytos kai nyn.
KJV: But as then he that was born after the flesh persecuted him that was born after the Spirit, even so it is now.
AKJV: But as then he that was born after the flesh persecuted him that was born after the Spirit, even so it is now.
ASV: But as then he that was born after the flesh persecuted himthat was bornafter the Spirit, so also it is now.
YLT: but as then he who was born according to the flesh did persecute him according to the spirit, so also now;
Commentary WitnessGalatians 4:29Quoted commentary witness
Commentary Witness
Galatians 4:29
As then he that was born according the flesh persecuted him. See Ge 21:9. Ishmael persecuted Isaac. Even so [it is] now. So the Jews still persecuted God's spiritual children, the heirs of the promise. Paul "of the Jews had five times received forty stripes save one" (2Co 11:24).
Provenance. Rendered as a quoted commentary witness with explicit reference extraction from the source prose.
Canonical locus
Galatians 4:29
Source lane
Apologetics Bible source bundle
Named authorities or texts detected in the witness
- Isaac
Exposition: Galatians 4:29 emphasizes a key movement in the chapter's argument. In KJV form, the text reads: 'But as then he that was born after the flesh persecuted him that was born after the Spirit, even so it is now.'. Read in canonical context, the verse supports the coherence of biblical revelation by linking doctrine, narrative, and covenantal meaning.
Apologetics Notes
- Scientific Correlation: This verse is suitable for cumulative-case reasoning in apologetics: historical context, textual stability, and worldview coherence are evaluated together rather than in isolation.
- Koine Greek Grammar: A close Koine Greek reading should attend lexical range, clause flow, and discourse function in context; these controls reduce over-reading and preserve authorial intent.
- Historical Evidence: Historically, this verse is interpreted within the received canonical tradition, where manuscript continuity and early community usage support stable transmission and meaning.
Galatians 4:30
Greek
ἀλλὰ τί λέγει ἡ γραφή; Ἔκβαλε τὴν παιδίσκην καὶ τὸν υἱὸν αὐτῆς, οὐ γὰρ μὴ ⸀κληρονομήσει ὁ υἱὸς τῆς παιδίσκης μετὰ τοῦ υἱοῦ τῆς ἐλευθέρας.alla ti legei e graphe; Ekbale ten paidisken kai ton yion aytes, oy gar me kleronomesei o yios tes paidiskes meta toy yioy tes eleytheras.
KJV: Nevertheless what saith the scripture? Cast out the bondwoman and her son: for the son of the bondwoman shall not be heir with the son of the freewoman.
AKJV: Nevertheless what says the scripture? Cast out the female slave and her son: for the son of the female slave shall not be heir with the son of the free woman.
ASV: Howbeit what saith the scripture? Cast out the handmaid and her son: for the son of the handmaid shall not inherit with the son of the freewoman.
YLT: but what saith the Writing? `Cast forth the maid-servant and her son, for the son of the maid-servant may not be heir with the son of the free-woman;'
Commentary WitnessGalatians 4:30Quoted commentary witness
Commentary Witness
Galatians 4:30
What saith the scripture? See Ge 21:10. Cast out the bondwoman and her son. The allegory will hold good still further. Abraham, when it was impossible that the two families should get along in peace, cast out the bondwoman and her son. For the son of the bondwoman shall not be heir with the son of the freewoman. So, too, the Jews, the children of the old covenant, had lost the divine favor, and the children of the promise, whether Jews or Gentiles, made heirs.
Provenance. Rendered as a quoted commentary witness with explicit reference extraction from the source prose.
Canonical locus
Galatians 4:30
Source lane
Apologetics Bible source bundle
Named authorities or texts detected in the witness
- Abraham
- So
- Jews
- Gentiles
Exposition: Galatians 4:30 emphasizes a key movement in the chapter's argument. In KJV form, the text reads: 'Nevertheless what saith the scripture? Cast out the bondwoman and her son: for the son of the bondwoman shall not be heir with the son of the freewoman.'. Read in canonical context, the verse supports the coherence of biblical revelation by linking doctrine, narrative, and covenantal meaning.
Apologetics Notes
- Scientific Correlation: This verse is suitable for cumulative-case reasoning in apologetics: historical context, textual stability, and worldview coherence are evaluated together rather than in isolation.
- Koine Greek Grammar: A close Koine Greek reading should attend lexical range, clause flow, and discourse function in context; these controls reduce over-reading and preserve authorial intent.
- Historical Evidence: Historically, this verse is interpreted within the received canonical tradition, where manuscript continuity and early community usage support stable transmission and meaning.
Galatians 4:31
Greek
⸀διό, ἀδελφοί, οὐκ ἐσμὲν παιδίσκης τέκνα ἀλλὰ τῆς ἐλευθέρας.dio, adelphoi, oyk esmen paidiskes tekna alla tes eleytheras.
KJV: So then, brethren, we are not children of the bondwoman, but of the free.
AKJV: So then, brothers, we are not children of the female slave, but of the free.
ASV: Wherefore, brethren, we are not children of a handmaid, but of the freewoman.
YLT: then, brethren, we are not a maid-servant's children, but the free-woman's.
Commentary WitnessGalatians 4:31Quoted commentary witness
Commentary Witness
Galatians 4:31
So then, brethren. This, then, is the conclusion. We are not children of the bondwoman, but of the free. We Christians are not children of the bondwoman, and are not under the bondage of the law. Dr. Schaff contrasts the two covenants as follows: HAGAR AND ISHMAEL--JUDAISM | SARAH AND ISAAC--CHRISTIANITY ----------------------------------------------------------------------- The Old Covenant | The New Covenant The Law | The Gospel Natural Birth | Spiritual Birth Mount Sinai in Arabia | Mount Sion Above The Earthly Jerusalem | The Heavenly Jerusalem Bondage | Freedom Persecuting | Persecuted To be Cast Out and Off | Heirs of the Inheritance
Provenance. Rendered as a quoted commentary witness with explicit reference extraction from the source prose.
Canonical locus
Galatians 4:31
Source lane
Apologetics Bible source bundle
Named authorities or texts detected in the witness
- This
- Dr
Exposition: Galatians 4:31 emphasizes a key movement in the chapter's argument. In KJV form, the text reads: 'So then, brethren, we are not children of the bondwoman, but of the free.'. Read in canonical context, the verse supports the coherence of biblical revelation by linking doctrine, narrative, and covenantal meaning.
Apologetics Notes
- Scientific Correlation: This verse is suitable for cumulative-case reasoning in apologetics: historical context, textual stability, and worldview coherence are evaluated together rather than in isolation.
- Koine Greek Grammar: A close Koine Greek reading should attend lexical range, clause flow, and discourse function in context; these controls reduce over-reading and preserve authorial intent.
- Historical Evidence: Historically, this verse is interpreted within the received canonical tradition, where manuscript continuity and early community usage support stable transmission and meaning.
Citation trailOpen the commentary counts, references, and named sources.
Scholarly apparatus
Commentary citation index
This chapter now surfaces commentary as quoted witness material with an explicit citation trail. The index below gathers the canonical references and named authorities detected inside the commentary layer for faster academic review.
Direct commentary witnesses
30
Generated editorial witnesses
1
Source lane
Apologetics Bible source bundle
Canonical references surfaced in commentary
- Galatians 4:1
- Galatians 4:2
- Galatians 4:3
- Galatians 4:4
- Galatians 4:5
- Joh 1:12
- Galatians 4:6
- Galatians 4:7
- Galatians 4:8
- Galatians 4:9
- Col 2:16
- Galatians 4:10
- Galatians 4:11
- Galatians 4:12
- Galatians 4:13
- Galatians 4:14
- Galatians 4:15
- Galatians 4:16
- Galatians 4:17
- Galatians 4:18
- Galatians 4:19
- Galatians 4:20
- Galatians 4:21
- Galatians 4:22
- 2 Heb 11:11
- Galatians 4:23
- Galatians 4:24
- Galatians 4:25
- Galatians 4:26
- Isa 54:1
- Galatians 4:27
- Galatians 4:28
- Galatians 4:29
- Galatians 4:30
- Galatians 4:31
Named authorities or texts surfaced in commentary
- Children
- While Minors
- Not Free
- Until Christ Came
- This Bondage
- Seeking This Bondage
- Gospel
- The Two Covenants
- Hagar
- Sarah
- Their Significance
- Moses
- Gentiles
- Father
- Son
- Crying
- Abba
- Semitic
- Saxon
- Christ
- Weak
- Days
- The Jewish Sabbaths
- Months
- Times
- Years
- Brethren
- Literally
- Rather
- Judaism
- Galatians
- Why
- Then
- Yea
- One
- Sinai
- Arabia
- Represents Sinai
- Jerusalem
- Jewish Christians
- Isaac
- Abraham
- So
- Jews
- This
- Dr
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Commentary Witness
Galatians 4:1
Provenance. Rendered as a quoted commentary witness with explicit reference extraction from the source prose.
Canonical locus
Galatians 4:1
Source lane
Apologetics Bible source bundle
Named authorities or texts detected in the witness