Apologetics Bible
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Job is the most penetrating treatment of suffering, divine justice, and epistemological humility in the Hebrew Bible. Its probable date is pre-Mosaic (patriarchal setting), making it one of the oldest compositions in Scripture.
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Connected primary witness
- Connected ID:
Job_18
- Primary Witness Text: Then answered Bildad the Shuhite, and said, How long will it be ere ye make an end of words? mark, and afterwards we will speak. Wherefore are we counted as beasts, and reputed vile in your sight? He teareth himself in his anger: shall the earth be forsaken for thee? and shall the rock be removed out of his place? Yea, the light of the wicked shall be put out, and the spark of his fire shall not shine. The light shall be dark in his tabernacle, and his candle shall be put out with him. The steps of his strength shall be straitened, and his own counsel shall cast him down. For he is cast into a net by his own feet, and he walketh upon a snare. The gin shall take him by the heel, and the robber shall prevail against him. The snare is laid for him in the ground, and a trap for him in the way. Terrors shall make him afraid on every side, and shall drive him to his feet. His strength shall be hungerbitten, and destruction shall be ready at his side. It shall devour the strength of his skin: even the firstborn of death shall devour his strength. His confidence shall be rooted out of his tabernacle, and it shall bring him to the king of terrors. It shall dwell in his tabernacle, because it is none of his: brimstone shall be scattered upon his habitation. His roots shall be dried up beneath, and above shall his branch be cut off. His remembrance shall perish from the earth, and he shall have no name in the street. He shall be driven from light into darkness, and chased out of the wor...
Connected dataset overlay
- Connected ID:
Job_18
- Chapter Blob Preview: Then answered Bildad the Shuhite, and said, How long will it be ere ye make an end of words? mark, and afterwards we will speak. Wherefore are we counted as beasts, and reputed vile in your sight? He teareth himself in his anger: shall the earth be forsaken for thee? and shall the rock be removed out of his place? Yea, the light of the wicked shall be put out, and the spark of ...
Chapter frameStart here before opening notes.
Chapter frame
Job is the most penetrating treatment of suffering, divine justice, and epistemological humility in the Hebrew Bible. Its probable date is pre-Mosaic (patriarchal setting), making it one of the oldest compositions in Scripture.
Job's friends represent the dominant ancient Near Eastern theodicy: suffering = sin. God's answer from the whirlwind (chs. 38-41) does not explain the suffering but confronts Job with the staggering scale and wisdom of the creation — demanding the creature's epistemological humility before the Creator. Job 19:25-27 ("I know that my Redeemer lives") stands as the OT's most personal resurrection confession.
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Verse-by-verse study lane
Job 18:1
Hebrew
וַיַּעַן בִּלְדַּד הַשֻּׁחִי וַיֹּאמַֽר׃vaya'an-viledad-hashuchiy-vayo'mar
KJV: Then answered Bildad the Shuhite, and said,
AKJV: Then answered Bildad the Shuhite, and said,
ASV: Then answered Bildad the Shuhite, and said,
YLT: And Bildad the Shuhite answereth and saith: --
Exposition: Job 18:1 emphasizes a key movement in the chapter's argument. In KJV form, the text reads: 'Then answered Bildad the Shuhite, and said,'. Read in canonical context, the verse supports the coherence of biblical revelation by linking doctrine, narrative, and covenantal meaning.
Apologetics Notes
- Scientific Correlation: This verse is suitable for cumulative-case reasoning in apologetics: historical context, textual stability, and worldview coherence are evaluated together rather than in isolation.
- Hebrew Grammar: A close Hebrew reading should attend lexical range, clause flow, and discourse function in context; these controls reduce over-reading and preserve authorial intent.
- Historical Evidence: Historically, this verse is interpreted within the received canonical tradition, where manuscript continuity and early community usage support stable transmission and meaning.
Job 18:2
Hebrew
עַד־אָנָה ׀ תְּשִׂימוּן קִנְצֵי לְמִלִּין תָּבִינוּ וְאַחַר נְדַבֵּֽר׃'ad-'anah- -teshiymvn-qinetzey-lemiliyn-taviynv-ve'achar-nedaver
KJV: How long will it be ere ye make an end of words? mark, and afterwards we will speak.
AKJV: How long will it be before you make an end of words? mark, and afterwards we will speak.
ASV: How long will ye hunt for words?
YLT: When do ye set an end to words? Consider ye, and afterwards do we speak.
Commentary WitnessJob 18:2Quoted commentary witness
Commentary Witness
Job 18:2
Verse 2 How long will it be ere ye make an end - It is difficult to say to whom this address is made: being in the plural number, it can hardly be supposed to mean Job only. It probably means all present; as if he had said, It is vain to talk with this man, and follow him through all his quibbles: take notice of this, and then let us all deliver our sentiments fully to him, without paying any regard to his self-vindications. It must be owned that this is the plan which Bildad followed; and he amply unburdens a mind that was laboring under the spirit of rancour and abuse. Instead of How long will it be ere ye make an end of words? Mr. Good translates: "How long will ye plant thorns (irritating, lacerating, wounding invectives) among words?" translating the unusual term קנצי kintsey, thorns, instead of bounds or limits. The word קנצי kintsey may be the Chaldee form for קצי kitsey, the נ nun being inserted by the Chaldeans for the sake of euphony, as is frequently done; and it may be considered as the contracted plural from קץ kats, a thorn, from קץ kats, to lacerate, rather than קץ kets, an end, from קצה katsah, to cut off. Schultens and others have contended that קנץ kanats, is an Arabic word, used also in Hebrew; that (Arabic) kanasa, signifies to hunt, to lay snares; and hence (Arabic) maknas, a snare: and that the words should be translated, "How long will you put captious snares in words?" But I prefer קנצי kintsey, as being the Chaldee form for קצי kitsey, whether it be considered as expressing limits or thorns; as the whole instance is formed after the Chaldee model, as is evident, not only in the word in question, but also in למלין lemillin, to words, the Chaldee plural instead of למלים lemillim, the Hebrew plural.
Provenance. Rendered as a quoted commentary witness with explicit reference extraction from the source prose.
Canonical locus
Job 18:2
Source lane
Apologetics Bible source bundle
Named authorities or texts detected in the witness
- Mr
Exposition: Job 18:2 emphasizes a key movement in the chapter's argument. In KJV form, the text reads: 'How long will it be ere ye make an end of words? mark, and afterwards we will speak.'. Read in canonical context, the verse supports the coherence of biblical revelation by linking doctrine, narrative, and covenantal meaning.
Apologetics Notes
- Scientific Correlation: This verse is suitable for cumulative-case reasoning in apologetics: historical context, textual stability, and worldview coherence are evaluated together rather than in isolation.
- Hebrew Grammar: A close Hebrew reading should attend lexical range, clause flow, and discourse function in context; these controls reduce over-reading and preserve authorial intent.
- Historical Evidence: Historically, this verse is interpreted within the received canonical tradition, where manuscript continuity and early community usage support stable transmission and meaning.
Job 18:3
Hebrew
מַדּוּעַ נֶחְשַׁבְנוּ כַבְּהֵמָה נִטְמִינוּ בְּעֵינֵיכֶֽם׃madv'a-necheshavenv-khavehemah-nitemiynv-ve'eyneykhem
KJV: Wherefore are we counted as beasts, and reputed vile in your sight?
AKJV: Why are we counted as beasts, and reputed vile in your sight?
ASV: Wherefore are we counted as beasts,
YLT: Wherefore have we been reckoned as cattle? We have been defiled in your eyes!
Commentary Witness (Generated)Job 18:3Generated editorial synthesis
Commentary Witness (Generated)
Job 18:3
Job 18:3 advances the immediate literary flow of the chapter and should be interpreted in its canonical context, not as an isolated proof text. In the present translation it reads: 'Wherefore are we counted as beasts, and reputed vile in your sight?'. A close Hebrew reading supports attention to key lexical choices, clause movement, and redemptive-historical placement so doctrinal conclusions remain textually grounded.
Provenance. Rendered as an editorial synthesis tied to the canonical verse context and current chapter source.
Canonical locus
Job 18:3
Source lane
Apologetics Bible source bundle
Biblical cross-references named in the witness
- Job 18:3
Exposition: Job 18:3 emphasizes a key movement in the chapter's argument. In KJV form, the text reads: 'Wherefore are we counted as beasts, and reputed vile in your sight?'. Read in canonical context, the verse supports the coherence of biblical revelation by linking doctrine, narrative, and covenantal meaning.
Apologetics Notes
- Scientific Correlation: This verse is suitable for cumulative-case reasoning in apologetics: historical context, textual stability, and worldview coherence are evaluated together rather than in isolation.
- Hebrew Grammar: A close Hebrew reading should attend lexical range, clause flow, and discourse function in context; these controls reduce over-reading and preserve authorial intent.
- Historical Evidence: Historically, this verse is interpreted within the received canonical tradition, where manuscript continuity and early community usage support stable transmission and meaning.
Job 18:4
Hebrew
טֹֽרֵף נַפְשׁוֹ בְּאַפּוֹ הַלְמַעַנְךָ תֵּעָזַב אָרֶץ וְיֶעְתַּק־צוּר מִמְּקֹמֽוֹ׃toref-nafeshvo-ve'afvo-halema'anekha-te'azav-'aretz-veye'etaq-tzvr-mimeqomvo
KJV: He teareth himself in his anger: shall the earth be forsaken for thee? and shall the rock be removed out of his place?
AKJV: He tears himself in his anger: shall the earth be forsaken for you? and shall the rock be removed out of his place?
ASV: Thou that tearest thyself in thine anger,
YLT: (He is tearing himself in his anger.) For thy sake is earth forsaken? And removed is a rock from its place?
Commentary WitnessJob 18:4Quoted commentary witness
Commentary Witness
Job 18:4
Verse 4 He teareth himself in his anger - Literally, Rending his own soul in his anger; as if he had said, Thou art a madman: thy fury has such a sway over thee that thou eatest thy own flesh. While thou treatest us as beasts, we see thee to be a furious maniac, destroying thy own life. Shall the earth be forsaken for thee? - To say the least, afflictions are the common lot of men. Must God work a miracle in providence, in order to exempt thee from the operation of natural causes? Dost thou wish to engross all the attention and care of providence to thyself alone? What pride and insolence!
Provenance. Rendered as a quoted commentary witness with explicit reference extraction from the source prose.
Canonical locus
Job 18:4
Source lane
Apologetics Bible source bundle
Named authorities or texts detected in the witness
- Ovid
- Literally
Exposition: Job 18:4 emphasizes a key movement in the chapter's argument. In KJV form, the text reads: 'He teareth himself in his anger: shall the earth be forsaken for thee? and shall the rock be removed out of his place?'. Read in canonical context, the verse supports the coherence of biblical revelation by linking doctrine, narrative, and covenantal meaning.
Apologetics Notes
- Scientific Correlation: This verse is suitable for cumulative-case reasoning in apologetics: historical context, textual stability, and worldview coherence are evaluated together rather than in isolation.
- Hebrew Grammar: A close Hebrew reading should attend lexical range, clause flow, and discourse function in context; these controls reduce over-reading and preserve authorial intent.
- Historical Evidence: Historically, this verse is interpreted within the received canonical tradition, where manuscript continuity and early community usage support stable transmission and meaning.
Job 18:5
Hebrew
גַּם אוֹר רְשָׁעִים יִדְעָךְ וְלֹֽא־יִגַּהּ שְׁבִיב אִשּֽׁוֹ׃gam-'vor-resha'iym-yide'akhe-velo'-yigah-sheviyv-'ishvo
KJV: Yea, the light of the wicked shall be put out, and the spark of his fire shall not shine.
AKJV: Yes, the light of the wicked shall be put out, and the spark of his fire shall not shine.
ASV: Yea, the light of the wicked shall be put out,
YLT: Also, the light of the wicked is extinguished. And there doth not shine a spark of his fire.
Commentary WitnessJob 18:5Quoted commentary witness
Commentary Witness
Job 18:5
Verse 5 The light of the wicked shall be put out - Some think it would be better to translate the original, "Let the light of the wicked be extinguished!" Thou art a bad man, and thou hast perverted the understanding which God hath given thee. Let that understanding, that abused gift, be taken away. From this verse to the end of the chapter is a continual invective against Job.
Provenance. Rendered as a quoted commentary witness with explicit reference extraction from the source prose.
Canonical locus
Job 18:5
Source lane
Apologetics Bible source bundle
Named authorities or texts detected in the witness
- Job
Exposition: Job 18:5 emphasizes a key movement in the chapter's argument. In KJV form, the text reads: 'Yea, the light of the wicked shall be put out, and the spark of his fire shall not shine.'. Read in canonical context, the verse supports the coherence of biblical revelation by linking doctrine, narrative, and covenantal meaning.
Apologetics Notes
- Scientific Correlation: This verse is suitable for cumulative-case reasoning in apologetics: historical context, textual stability, and worldview coherence are evaluated together rather than in isolation.
- Hebrew Grammar: A close Hebrew reading should attend lexical range, clause flow, and discourse function in context; these controls reduce over-reading and preserve authorial intent.
- Historical Evidence: Historically, this verse is interpreted within the received canonical tradition, where manuscript continuity and early community usage support stable transmission and meaning.
Job 18:6
Hebrew
אוֹר חָשַׁךְ בְּאָהֳלוֹ וְנֵרוֹ עָלָיו יִדְעָֽךְ׃'vor-chashakhe-ve'aholvo-venervo-'alayv-yide'akhe
KJV: The light shall be dark in his tabernacle, and his candle shall be put out with him.
AKJV: The light shall be dark in his tabernacle, and his candle shall be put out with him.
ASV: The light shall be dark in his tent,
YLT: The light hath been dark in his tent, And his lamp over him is extinguished.
Commentary WitnessJob 18:6Quoted commentary witness
Commentary Witness
Job 18:6
Verse 6 The light shall be dark in his tabernacle - His property shall be destroyed, his house pillaged, and himself and his family come to an untimely end. His candle shall be put out - He shall have no posterity.
Provenance. Rendered as a quoted commentary witness with explicit reference extraction from the source prose.
Canonical locus
Job 18:6
Source lane
Apologetics Bible source bundle
Exposition: Job 18:6 emphasizes a key movement in the chapter's argument. In KJV form, the text reads: 'The light shall be dark in his tabernacle, and his candle shall be put out with him.'. Read in canonical context, the verse supports the coherence of biblical revelation by linking doctrine, narrative, and covenantal meaning.
Apologetics Notes
- Scientific Correlation: This verse is suitable for cumulative-case reasoning in apologetics: historical context, textual stability, and worldview coherence are evaluated together rather than in isolation.
- Hebrew Grammar: A close Hebrew reading should attend lexical range, clause flow, and discourse function in context; these controls reduce over-reading and preserve authorial intent.
- Historical Evidence: Historically, this verse is interpreted within the received canonical tradition, where manuscript continuity and early community usage support stable transmission and meaning.
Job 18:7
Hebrew
יֵֽצְרוּ צַעֲדֵי אוֹנוֹ וְֽתַשְׁלִיכֵהוּ עֲצָתֽוֹ׃yetzerv-tza'adey-'vonvo-vetasheliykhehv-'atzatvo
KJV: The steps of his strength shall be straitened, and his own counsel shall cast him down.
AKJV: The steps of his strength shall be straitened, and his own counsel shall cast him down.
ASV: The steps of his strength shall be straitened,
YLT: Straitened are the steps of his strength, And cast him down doth his own counsel.
Commentary WitnessJob 18:7Quoted commentary witness
Commentary Witness
Job 18:7
Verse 7 The steps of his strength - Even in his greatest prosperity he shall be in straits and difficulties. His own counsel - He shall be the dupe and the victim of his own airy, ambitious, and impious schemes.
Provenance. Rendered as a quoted commentary witness with explicit reference extraction from the source prose.
Canonical locus
Job 18:7
Source lane
Apologetics Bible source bundle
Exposition: Job 18:7 emphasizes a key movement in the chapter's argument. In KJV form, the text reads: 'The steps of his strength shall be straitened, and his own counsel shall cast him down.'. Read in canonical context, the verse supports the coherence of biblical revelation by linking doctrine, narrative, and covenantal meaning.
Apologetics Notes
- Scientific Correlation: This verse is suitable for cumulative-case reasoning in apologetics: historical context, textual stability, and worldview coherence are evaluated together rather than in isolation.
- Hebrew Grammar: A close Hebrew reading should attend lexical range, clause flow, and discourse function in context; these controls reduce over-reading and preserve authorial intent.
- Historical Evidence: Historically, this verse is interpreted within the received canonical tradition, where manuscript continuity and early community usage support stable transmission and meaning.
Job 18:8
Hebrew
כִּֽי־שֻׁלַּח בְּרֶשֶׁת בְּרַגְלָיו וְעַל־שְׂבָכָה יִתְהַלָּֽךְ׃khiy-shulach-vereshet-veragelayv-ve'al-shevakhah-yitehalakhe
KJV: For he is cast into a net by his own feet, and he walketh upon a snare.
AKJV: For he is cast into a net by his own feet, and he walks on a snare.
ASV: For he is cast into a net by his own feet,
YLT: For he is sent into a net by his own feet, And on a snare he doth walk habitually.
Commentary WitnessJob 18:8Quoted commentary witness
Commentary Witness
Job 18:8
Verse 8 For he is cast into a net - His own conduct will infallibly bring him to ruin. He shall be like a wild beast taken in a net; the more he flounces in order to extricate himself, the more he shall be entangled. He walketh upon a snare - He is continually walking on the meshes of a net, by which he must soon be entangled and overthrown.
Provenance. Rendered as a quoted commentary witness with explicit reference extraction from the source prose.
Canonical locus
Job 18:8
Source lane
Apologetics Bible source bundle
Exposition: Job 18:8 emphasizes a key movement in the chapter's argument. In KJV form, the text reads: 'For he is cast into a net by his own feet, and he walketh upon a snare.'. Read in canonical context, the verse supports the coherence of biblical revelation by linking doctrine, narrative, and covenantal meaning.
Apologetics Notes
- Scientific Correlation: This verse is suitable for cumulative-case reasoning in apologetics: historical context, textual stability, and worldview coherence are evaluated together rather than in isolation.
- Hebrew Grammar: A close Hebrew reading should attend lexical range, clause flow, and discourse function in context; these controls reduce over-reading and preserve authorial intent.
- Historical Evidence: Historically, this verse is interpreted within the received canonical tradition, where manuscript continuity and early community usage support stable transmission and meaning.
Job 18:9
Hebrew
יֹאחֵז בְּעָקֵב פָּח יַחֲזֵק עָלָיו צַמִּֽים׃yo'chez-ve'aqev-fach-yachazeq-'alayv-tzamiym
KJV: The gin shall take him by the heel, and the robber shall prevail against him.
AKJV: The gin shall take him by the heel, and the robber shall prevail against him.
ASV: A gin shall take him by the heel,
YLT: Seize on the heel doth a gin, Prevail over him do the designing.
Commentary WitnessJob 18:9Quoted commentary witness
Commentary Witness
Job 18:9
Verse 9 The gin shall take him - Houbigant reads the tenth before the ninth verse, thus: "The snare is laid for him in the ground, and a trap for him in the way. The gin shall take him by the heel, and the robber shall prevail against him." From the beginning of the seventh verse to the end of the thirteenth there is an allusion to the various arts and methods practiced in hunting. 1. A number of persons extend themselves in a forest, and drive the game before them, still straitening the space from a broad base to a narrow point in form of a triangle, so that the farther they go the less room have they on the right and left, the hunters lining each side, while the drovers with their dogs are coming up behind. "The steps of his strength shall be straitened," Job 18:7. 2. Nets, gins, and pitfalls, are laid or formed in different places, so that many are taken before they come to the point where the two lines close. "He is cast into a net, he walketh upon a snare - the trap is laid for him in the way - the snare in the ground," Job 18:8-10. 3. The howling of the dogs, with the shouts of the huntsmen, fill him with dismay, and cause him to run himself beyond his strength and out of breath. "Terrors shall make him afraid on every side, and shall drive him to his feet," Job 18:11. 4. While spent with hunger and fatigue, he is entangled in the spread nets; and the huntsman either pierces him with an arrow or spear, or cuts the sinews of his legs, so that he is easily captured and destroyed. "The robbers shall prevail against him," Job 18:9. "His strength is hunger-bitten, and destruction is ready at his side," Job 18:12. This latter verse is thus paraphrased by the Chaldee: "Let his first-born son be famished; and affliction be prepared for his wife."
Provenance. Rendered as a quoted commentary witness with explicit reference extraction from the source prose.
Canonical locus
Job 18:9
Source lane
Apologetics Bible source bundle
Biblical cross-references named in the witness
- Job 18:7
- Job 18:8-10
- Job 18:11
- Job 18:9
- Job 18:12
Named authorities or texts detected in the witness
- Nets
- Chaldee
Exposition: Job 18:9 emphasizes a key movement in the chapter's argument. In KJV form, the text reads: 'The gin shall take him by the heel, and the robber shall prevail against him.'. Read in canonical context, the verse supports the coherence of biblical revelation by linking doctrine, narrative, and covenantal meaning.
Apologetics Notes
- Scientific Correlation: This verse is suitable for cumulative-case reasoning in apologetics: historical context, textual stability, and worldview coherence are evaluated together rather than in isolation.
- Hebrew Grammar: A close Hebrew reading should attend lexical range, clause flow, and discourse function in context; these controls reduce over-reading and preserve authorial intent.
- Historical Evidence: Historically, this verse is interpreted within the received canonical tradition, where manuscript continuity and early community usage support stable transmission and meaning.
Job 18:10
Hebrew
טָמוּן בָּאָרֶץ חַבְלוֹ וּמַלְכֻּדְתּוֹ עֲלֵי נָתִֽיב׃tamvn-va'aretz-chavelvo-vmalekhudetvo-'aley-natiyv
KJV: The snare is laid for him in the ground, and a trap for him in the way.
AKJV: The snare is laid for him in the ground, and a trap for him in the way.
ASV: A noose is hid for him in the ground,
YLT: Hidden in the earth is his cord, And his trap on the path.
Commentary Witness (Generated)Job 18:10Generated editorial synthesis
Commentary Witness (Generated)
Job 18:10
Job 18:10 advances the immediate literary flow of the chapter and should be interpreted in its canonical context, not as an isolated proof text. In the present translation it reads: 'The snare is laid for him in the ground, and a trap for him in the way.'. A close Hebrew reading supports attention to key lexical choices, clause movement, and redemptive-historical placement so doctrinal conclusions remain textually grounded.
Provenance. Rendered as an editorial synthesis tied to the canonical verse context and current chapter source.
Canonical locus
Job 18:10
Source lane
Apologetics Bible source bundle
Biblical cross-references named in the witness
- Job 18:10
Exposition: Job 18:10 emphasizes a key movement in the chapter's argument. In KJV form, the text reads: 'The snare is laid for him in the ground, and a trap for him in the way.'. Read in canonical context, the verse supports the coherence of biblical revelation by linking doctrine, narrative, and covenantal meaning.
Apologetics Notes
- Scientific Correlation: This verse is suitable for cumulative-case reasoning in apologetics: historical context, textual stability, and worldview coherence are evaluated together rather than in isolation.
- Hebrew Grammar: A close Hebrew reading should attend lexical range, clause flow, and discourse function in context; these controls reduce over-reading and preserve authorial intent.
- Historical Evidence: Historically, this verse is interpreted within the received canonical tradition, where manuscript continuity and early community usage support stable transmission and meaning.
Job 18:11
Hebrew
סָבִיב בִּֽעֲתֻהוּ בַלָּהוֹת וֶהֱפִיצֻהוּ לְרַגְלָֽיו׃saviyv-vi'atuhv-valahvot-vehefiytzuhv-leragelayv
KJV: Terrors shall make him afraid on every side, and shall drive him to his feet.
AKJV: Terrors shall make him afraid on every side, and shall drive him to his feet.
ASV: Terrors shall make him afraid on every side,
YLT: Round about terrified him have terrors, And they have scattered him--at his feet.
Commentary Witness (Generated)Job 18:11Generated editorial synthesis
Commentary Witness (Generated)
Job 18:11
Job 18:11 advances the immediate literary flow of the chapter and should be interpreted in its canonical context, not as an isolated proof text. In the present translation it reads: 'Terrors shall make him afraid on every side, and shall drive him to his feet.'. A close Hebrew reading supports attention to key lexical choices, clause movement, and redemptive-historical placement so doctrinal conclusions remain textually grounded.
Provenance. Rendered as an editorial synthesis tied to the canonical verse context and current chapter source.
Canonical locus
Job 18:11
Source lane
Apologetics Bible source bundle
Biblical cross-references named in the witness
- Job 18:11
Exposition: Job 18:11 emphasizes a key movement in the chapter's argument. In KJV form, the text reads: 'Terrors shall make him afraid on every side, and shall drive him to his feet.'. Read in canonical context, the verse supports the coherence of biblical revelation by linking doctrine, narrative, and covenantal meaning.
Apologetics Notes
- Scientific Correlation: This verse is suitable for cumulative-case reasoning in apologetics: historical context, textual stability, and worldview coherence are evaluated together rather than in isolation.
- Hebrew Grammar: A close Hebrew reading should attend lexical range, clause flow, and discourse function in context; these controls reduce over-reading and preserve authorial intent.
- Historical Evidence: Historically, this verse is interpreted within the received canonical tradition, where manuscript continuity and early community usage support stable transmission and meaning.
Job 18:12
Hebrew
יְהִי־רָעֵב אֹנוֹ וְאֵיד נָכוֹן לְצַלְעֽוֹ׃yehiy-ra'ev-'onvo-ve'eyd-nakhvon-letzale'vo
KJV: His strength shall be hungerbitten, and destruction shall be ready at his side.
AKJV: His strength shall be extremely hungry, and destruction shall be ready at his side.
ASV: His strength shall be hunger-bitten,
YLT: Hungry is his sorrow, And calamity is ready at his side.
Commentary Witness (Generated)Job 18:12Generated editorial synthesis
Commentary Witness (Generated)
Job 18:12
Job 18:12 advances the immediate literary flow of the chapter and should be interpreted in its canonical context, not as an isolated proof text. In the present translation it reads: 'His strength shall be hungerbitten, and destruction shall be ready at his side.'. A close Hebrew reading supports attention to key lexical choices, clause movement, and redemptive-historical placement so doctrinal conclusions remain textually grounded.
Provenance. Rendered as an editorial synthesis tied to the canonical verse context and current chapter source.
Canonical locus
Job 18:12
Source lane
Apologetics Bible source bundle
Biblical cross-references named in the witness
- Job 18:12
Exposition: Job 18:12 emphasizes a key movement in the chapter's argument. In KJV form, the text reads: 'His strength shall be hungerbitten, and destruction shall be ready at his side.'. Read in canonical context, the verse supports the coherence of biblical revelation by linking doctrine, narrative, and covenantal meaning.
Apologetics Notes
- Scientific Correlation: This verse is suitable for cumulative-case reasoning in apologetics: historical context, textual stability, and worldview coherence are evaluated together rather than in isolation.
- Hebrew Grammar: A close Hebrew reading should attend lexical range, clause flow, and discourse function in context; these controls reduce over-reading and preserve authorial intent.
- Historical Evidence: Historically, this verse is interpreted within the received canonical tradition, where manuscript continuity and early community usage support stable transmission and meaning.
Job 18:13
Hebrew
יֹאכַל בַּדֵּי עוֹרוֹ יֹאכַל בַּדָּיו בְּכוֹר מָֽוֶת׃yo'khal-vadey-'vorvo-yo'khal-vadayv-vekhvor-mavet
KJV: It shall devour the strength of his skin: even the firstborn of death shall devour his strength.
AKJV: It shall devour the strength of his skin: even the firstborn of death shall devour his strength.
ASV: The members of his body shall be devoured,
YLT: It consumeth the parts of his skin, Consume his parts doth death's first-born.
Commentary WitnessJob 18:13Quoted commentary witness
Commentary Witness
Job 18:13
Verse 13 It shall devour the strength of his skin - This may refer to the elephant, or to the rhinoceros, whose skin scarcely any dart can pierce: but in the case referred to above, the animal is taken in a pitfall, and then the first-born of death - a sudden and overwhelming stroke - deprives him of life. See the account of hunting the elephant in the East at the end of the chapter, Job 18:21 (note). The Chaldee has: "The strength of his skin shall devour his flesh; and the angel of death shall consume his children."
Provenance. Rendered as a quoted commentary witness with explicit reference extraction from the source prose.
Canonical locus
Job 18:13
Source lane
Apologetics Bible source bundle
Biblical cross-references named in the witness
- Job 18:21
Exposition: Job 18:13 emphasizes a key movement in the chapter's argument. In KJV form, the text reads: 'It shall devour the strength of his skin: even the firstborn of death shall devour his strength.'. Read in canonical context, the verse supports the coherence of biblical revelation by linking doctrine, narrative, and covenantal meaning.
Apologetics Notes
- Scientific Correlation: This verse is suitable for cumulative-case reasoning in apologetics: historical context, textual stability, and worldview coherence are evaluated together rather than in isolation.
- Hebrew Grammar: A close Hebrew reading should attend lexical range, clause flow, and discourse function in context; these controls reduce over-reading and preserve authorial intent.
- Historical Evidence: Historically, this verse is interpreted within the received canonical tradition, where manuscript continuity and early community usage support stable transmission and meaning.
Job 18:14
Hebrew
יִנָּתֵק מֵאָהֳלוֹ מִבְטַחוֹ וְתַצְעִדֵהוּ לְמֶלֶךְ בַּלָּהֽוֹת׃yinateq-me'aholvo-mivetachvo-vetatze'idehv-lemelekhe-valahvot
KJV: His confidence shall be rooted out of his tabernacle, and it shall bring him to the king of terrors.
AKJV: His confidence shall be rooted out of his tabernacle, and it shall bring him to the king of terrors.
ASV: He shall be rooted out of his tent wherein he trusteth;
YLT: Drawn from his tent is his confidence, And it causeth him to step to the king of terrors.
Commentary WitnessJob 18:14Quoted commentary witness
Commentary Witness
Job 18:14
Verse 14 His confidence shall be rooted out - His dwelling-place, how well soever fortified, shah now he deemed utterly insecure. And it shall bring him to the king of terrors - Or, as Mr. Good translates, "And dissolution shall invade him as a monarch." He shall be completely and finally overpowered. The phrase king of terrors has been generally thought to mean death; but it is not used in any such way in the text. For למלך בלהות lemelech ballahoth, to the king of destructions, one of De Rossi's MSS. has כמלך kemelech, "as a king;" and one, instead of בלהות ballahoth, with ו vau holem, to indicate the plural, terrors or destructions, has בלהות ballahuth, with ו vau shurek, which is singular, and signifies terror, destruction. So the Vulgate seems to have read, as it translates, Et calcet super eum, quasi rex, interitis; "And shall tread upon him as a king or destroyer. Or as a king who is determined utterly to destroy him." On this verse the bishop of Killala, Dr. Stock, says, "I am sorry to part with a beautiful phrase in our common version, the king of terrors, as descriptive of death; but there is no authority for it in the Hebrew text." It may however be stated that death has been denominated by similar epithets both among the Greeks and Romans. So Virgil, Aen. vi., ver. 100. - Quando hic inferni janua regi Dicitur. "The gates of the king of hell are reported to be here." And Ovid, Metam. lib. v., ver. 356, 359. Inde tremit tellus: et rex pavit ipse silentum. Hanc metuens cladem, tenebrosa sede tyrannus Exierat. "Earth's inmost bowels quake, and nature groans; His terrors reach the direful King of Hell. Fearing this destruction, the tyrant left hisgloomy court." And in Sophocles, (Oedip. Colon., ver. 1628, edit. Johnson). Εννυχιων αναξ, Αιδωνευ. "O Pluto, king of shades." That is, the invisible demon, who dwells in darkness impenetrable. Old Coverdale translates: Very fearfulnesse shall bringe him to the kynge.
Provenance. Rendered as a quoted commentary witness with explicit reference extraction from the source prose.
Canonical locus
Job 18:14
Source lane
Apologetics Bible source bundle
Named authorities or texts detected in the witness
- Ovid
- Vulgate
- Or
- Mr
- Killala
- Dr
- Stock
- Romans
- So Virgil
- Aen
- Dicitur
- And Ovid
- Metam
- Exierat
- Hell
- Sophocles
- Oedip
- Colon
- Pluto
Exposition: Job 18:14 emphasizes a key movement in the chapter's argument. In KJV form, the text reads: 'His confidence shall be rooted out of his tabernacle, and it shall bring him to the king of terrors.'. Read in canonical context, the verse supports the coherence of biblical revelation by linking doctrine, narrative, and covenantal meaning.
Apologetics Notes
- Scientific Correlation: This verse is suitable for cumulative-case reasoning in apologetics: historical context, textual stability, and worldview coherence are evaluated together rather than in isolation.
- Hebrew Grammar: A close Hebrew reading should attend lexical range, clause flow, and discourse function in context; these controls reduce over-reading and preserve authorial intent.
- Historical Evidence: Historically, this verse is interpreted within the received canonical tradition, where manuscript continuity and early community usage support stable transmission and meaning.
Job 18:15
Hebrew
תִּשְׁכּוֹן בְּאָהֳלוֹ מִבְּלִי־לוֹ יְזֹרֶה עַל־נָוֵהוּ גָפְרִֽית׃tishekhvon-ve'aholvo-miveliy-lvo-yezoreh-'al-navehv-gaferiyt
KJV: It shall dwell in his tabernacle, because it is none of his: brimstone shall be scattered upon his habitation.
AKJV: It shall dwell in his tabernacle, because it is none of his: brimstone shall be scattered on his habitation.
ASV: There shall dwell in his tent that which is none of his:
YLT: It dwelleth in his tent--out of his provender, Scattered over his habitation is sulphur.
Commentary WitnessJob 18:15Quoted commentary witness
Commentary Witness
Job 18:15
Verse 15 It shall dwell in his tabernacle - Desolation is here personified, and it is said that it shall be the inhabitant, its former owner being destroyed. Brimstone shall be scattered upon his habitation, so that, like Sodom and Gomorrah, it may be an everlasting monument of the Divine displeasure. In the Persian poet Saady, we find a couplet which contains a similar sentiment: - Purdeh daree meekund dar keesri Keesar ankeboot Boomee Noobat meezund ber kumbed Afraseeab. "The spider holds the veil in the palace of Caesar; The owl stands sentinel on the watchtower of Afrasiab." The palaces of those mighty kings are so desolate that the spider is the only chamberlain, and the owl the only sentinel. The web of the former is all that remains as a substitute for the costly veil furnished by the chamberlain in the palace of the Roman monarch; and the hooting of the latter is the only remaining substitute for the sound of drums and trumpets by which the guards were accustomed to be relieved at the watchtower of the Persian king. The word (Persic) Keesur, the same as kaisar or Caesar, is the term which the Asiatics always use when they designate the Roman emperor. Afrasiab was an ancient king who invaded and conquered Persia about seven hundred years before the Christian era. After having reigned twelve years, he was defeated and slain by Zalzer and his son, the famous Rustem. The present reigning family of Constantinople claim descent from this ancient monarch. Brimstone shall be scattered upon his habitation - This may either refer to the destruction of Sodom and Gomorrah, as has already been intimated, or to an ancient custom of fumigating houses with brimstone, in order to purify them from defilement. Pliny says, Hist. Nat., lib. xxxv., c. 15, speaking of the uses of sulphur, Habet et in religionibus locum ad expiandas suffitu domos; which Dr. Holland paraphrases thus: "Moreover brimstone is employed ceremoniously in hallowing of houses; for many are of opinion that the perfume and burning thereof will keep out all enchantments; yea, and drive away foul fiends and evil sprites that do haunt a place." Ovid refers to the same, De Arte. Am., lib. ii. ver. 329. Et veniat, quae lustret anus lectumque locumque: Praeferat et tremula sulphur et ova manu. This alludes to the ceremony of purifying the bed or place in which a sick person was confined; an old woman or nurse was the operator, and eggs and sulphur were the instruments of purification. On this and other methods of purgation see an excellent note in Servius on these words of Virgil, Aen. vi., ver. 740. - Aliae panduntur inanes Suspensae ad ventos: aliis sub gurgite vasto Infectum eluitur scelus, aut exuritur igni. "For this are various penances subjoin'd; And some are hung to bleach upon the wind; Some plunged in waters, others, plunged in fires." Unde etiam, says Servius, in sacris Liberi omnibus tres sunt istae purgationes: nam aut taeda purgantur et sulphure, aut aqua abluuntur, aut aere ventilantur. "These three kinds of purgation are used in the rites of Bacchus: they are purged by flame and sulphur, or washed in water, or ventilated by the winds." But it is most likely that Bildad, in his usual uncharitable manner, alludes to the destruction of Job's property and family by winds and fire: for the Fire of God fell from heaven and burnt up the sheep and the servants, and Consumed them; and a great wind, probably the sulphureous suffocating simoom, smote the four corners of the house, where Job's children were feasting, and killed them; see Job 1:16, Job 1:19.
Provenance. Rendered as a quoted commentary witness with explicit reference extraction from the source prose.
Canonical locus
Job 18:15
Source lane
Apologetics Bible source bundle
Biblical cross-references named in the witness
- Job 1:16
- Job 1:19
Named authorities or texts detected in the witness
- Ovid
- Gomorrah
- Saady
- Afraseeab
- Caesar
- Afrasiab
- Keesur
- Rustem
- Hist
- Nat
- Dr
- De Arte
- Am
- Virgil
- Aen
- Servius
- Bacchus
- Bildad
Exposition: Job 18:15 emphasizes a key movement in the chapter's argument. In KJV form, the text reads: 'It shall dwell in his tabernacle, because it is none of his: brimstone shall be scattered upon his habitation.'. Read in canonical context, the verse supports the coherence of biblical revelation by linking doctrine, narrative, and covenantal meaning.
Apologetics Notes
- Scientific Correlation: This verse is suitable for cumulative-case reasoning in apologetics: historical context, textual stability, and worldview coherence are evaluated together rather than in isolation.
- Hebrew Grammar: A close Hebrew reading should attend lexical range, clause flow, and discourse function in context; these controls reduce over-reading and preserve authorial intent.
- Historical Evidence: Historically, this verse is interpreted within the received canonical tradition, where manuscript continuity and early community usage support stable transmission and meaning.
Job 18:16
Hebrew
מִתַּחַת שָֽׁרָשָׁיו יִבָשׁוּ וּמִמַּעַל יִמַּל קְצִירֽוֹ׃mitachat-sharashayv-yivashv-vmima'al-yimal-qetziyrvo
KJV: His roots shall be dried up beneath, and above shall his branch be cut off.
AKJV: His roots shall be dried up beneath, and above shall his branch be cut off.
ASV: His roots shall be dried up beneath,
YLT: From beneath his roots are dried up, And from above cut off is his crop.
Commentary WitnessJob 18:16Quoted commentary witness
Commentary Witness
Job 18:16
Verse 16 His roots shall be dried up - his branch be cut off - He shall be as utterly destroyed, both in himself, his posterity, and his property, as a tree is whose branches are all lopped off, and whose every root is cut away.
Provenance. Rendered as a quoted commentary witness with explicit reference extraction from the source prose.
Canonical locus
Job 18:16
Source lane
Apologetics Bible source bundle
Exposition: Job 18:16 emphasizes a key movement in the chapter's argument. In KJV form, the text reads: 'His roots shall be dried up beneath, and above shall his branch be cut off.'. Read in canonical context, the verse supports the coherence of biblical revelation by linking doctrine, narrative, and covenantal meaning.
Apologetics Notes
- Scientific Correlation: This verse is suitable for cumulative-case reasoning in apologetics: historical context, textual stability, and worldview coherence are evaluated together rather than in isolation.
- Hebrew Grammar: A close Hebrew reading should attend lexical range, clause flow, and discourse function in context; these controls reduce over-reading and preserve authorial intent.
- Historical Evidence: Historically, this verse is interpreted within the received canonical tradition, where manuscript continuity and early community usage support stable transmission and meaning.
Job 18:17
Hebrew
זִֽכְרוֹ־אָבַד מִנִּי־אָרֶץ וְלֹא־שֵׁם לוֹ עַל־פְּנֵי־חֽוּץ׃zikhervo-'avad-miniy-'aretz-velo'-shem-lvo-'al-feney-chvtz
KJV: His remembrance shall perish from the earth, and he shall have no name in the street.
AKJV: His remembrance shall perish from the earth, and he shall have no name in the street.
ASV: His remembrance shall perish from the earth,
YLT: His memorial hath perished from the land, And he hath no name on the street.
Commentary WitnessJob 18:17Quoted commentary witness
Commentary Witness
Job 18:17
Verse 17 His remembrance shall perish - He shall have none to survive him, to continue his name among men. No name in the street - He shall never be a man of reputation; after his demise, none shall talk of his fame.
Provenance. Rendered as a quoted commentary witness with explicit reference extraction from the source prose.
Canonical locus
Job 18:17
Source lane
Apologetics Bible source bundle
Exposition: Job 18:17 emphasizes a key movement in the chapter's argument. In KJV form, the text reads: 'His remembrance shall perish from the earth, and he shall have no name in the street.'. Read in canonical context, the verse supports the coherence of biblical revelation by linking doctrine, narrative, and covenantal meaning.
Apologetics Notes
- Scientific Correlation: This verse is suitable for cumulative-case reasoning in apologetics: historical context, textual stability, and worldview coherence are evaluated together rather than in isolation.
- Hebrew Grammar: A close Hebrew reading should attend lexical range, clause flow, and discourse function in context; these controls reduce over-reading and preserve authorial intent.
- Historical Evidence: Historically, this verse is interpreted within the received canonical tradition, where manuscript continuity and early community usage support stable transmission and meaning.
Job 18:18
Hebrew
יֶהְדְּפֻהוּ מֵאוֹר אֶל־חֹשֶׁךְ וּֽמִתֵּבֵל יְנִדֻּֽהוּ׃yehedefuhv-me'vor-'el-choshekhe-vmitevel-yeniduhv
KJV: He shall be driven from light into darkness, and chased out of the world.
AKJV: He shall be driven from light into darkness, and chased out of the world.
ASV: He shall be driven from light into darkness,
YLT: They thrust him from light unto darkness, And from the habitable earth cast him out.
Commentary WitnessJob 18:18Quoted commentary witness
Commentary Witness
Job 18:18
Verse 18 He shall be driven from light - He shall be taken off by a violent death. And chased out of the world - The wicked is Driven Away in his iniquity. This shows his reluctance to depart from life.
Provenance. Rendered as a quoted commentary witness with explicit reference extraction from the source prose.
Canonical locus
Job 18:18
Source lane
Apologetics Bible source bundle
Exposition: Job 18:18 emphasizes a key movement in the chapter's argument. In KJV form, the text reads: 'He shall be driven from light into darkness, and chased out of the world.'. Read in canonical context, the verse supports the coherence of biblical revelation by linking doctrine, narrative, and covenantal meaning.
Apologetics Notes
- Scientific Correlation: This verse is suitable for cumulative-case reasoning in apologetics: historical context, textual stability, and worldview coherence are evaluated together rather than in isolation.
- Hebrew Grammar: A close Hebrew reading should attend lexical range, clause flow, and discourse function in context; these controls reduce over-reading and preserve authorial intent.
- Historical Evidence: Historically, this verse is interpreted within the received canonical tradition, where manuscript continuity and early community usage support stable transmission and meaning.
Job 18:19
Hebrew
לֹא נִין לוֹ וְלֹא־נֶכֶד בְּעַמּוֹ וְאֵין שָׂרִיד בִּמְגוּרָֽיו׃lo'-niyn-lvo-velo'-nekhed-ve'amvo-ve'eyn-shariyd-vimegvrayv
KJV: He shall neither have son nor nephew among his people, nor any remaining in his dwellings.
AKJV: He shall neither have son nor nephew among his people, nor any remaining in his dwellings.
ASV: He shall have neither son nor son’s son among his people,
YLT: He hath no continuator, Nor successor among his people, And none is remaining in his dwellings.
Commentary WitnessJob 18:19Quoted commentary witness
Commentary Witness
Job 18:19
Verse 19 He shall neither have son nor nephew - Coverdale, following the Vulgate, translates thus: He shal neither have children ner kynss folk among his people, no ner eny posterite in his countrie: yonge and olde shal be astonyshed at his death.
Provenance. Rendered as a quoted commentary witness with explicit reference extraction from the source prose.
Canonical locus
Job 18:19
Source lane
Apologetics Bible source bundle
Named authorities or texts detected in the witness
- Vulgate
- Coverdale
Exposition: Job 18:19 emphasizes a key movement in the chapter's argument. In KJV form, the text reads: 'He shall neither have son nor nephew among his people, nor any remaining in his dwellings.'. Read in canonical context, the verse supports the coherence of biblical revelation by linking doctrine, narrative, and covenantal meaning.
Apologetics Notes
- Scientific Correlation: This verse is suitable for cumulative-case reasoning in apologetics: historical context, textual stability, and worldview coherence are evaluated together rather than in isolation.
- Hebrew Grammar: A close Hebrew reading should attend lexical range, clause flow, and discourse function in context; these controls reduce over-reading and preserve authorial intent.
- Historical Evidence: Historically, this verse is interpreted within the received canonical tradition, where manuscript continuity and early community usage support stable transmission and meaning.
Job 18:20
Hebrew
עַל־יוֹמוֹ נָשַׁמּוּ אַחֲרֹנִים וְקַדְמֹנִים אָחֲזוּ שָֽׂעַר׃'al-yvomvo-nashamv-'acharoniym-veqademoniym-'achazv-sha'ar
KJV: They that come after him shall be astonied at his day, as they that went before were affrighted.
AKJV: They that come after him shall be astonished at his day, as they that went before were affrighted.
ASV: They that come after shall be astonished at his day,
YLT: At this day westerns have been astonished And easterns have taken fright.
Commentary WitnessJob 18:20Quoted commentary witness
Commentary Witness
Job 18:20
Verse 20 They that come after him - The young shall be struck with astonishment when they hear the relation of the judgments of God upon this wicked man. As they that went before. The aged who were his contemporaries, and who saw the judgments that fell on him, were affrighted, אחזו שער achazu saar, seized with horror - were horrified; or, as Mr. Good has well expressed it, were panic-struck.
Provenance. Rendered as a quoted commentary witness with explicit reference extraction from the source prose.
Canonical locus
Job 18:20
Source lane
Apologetics Bible source bundle
Named authorities or texts detected in the witness
- Mr
Exposition: Job 18:20 emphasizes a key movement in the chapter's argument. In KJV form, the text reads: 'They that come after him shall be astonied at his day, as they that went before were affrighted.'. Read in canonical context, the verse supports the coherence of biblical revelation by linking doctrine, narrative, and covenantal meaning.
Apologetics Notes
- Scientific Correlation: This verse is suitable for cumulative-case reasoning in apologetics: historical context, textual stability, and worldview coherence are evaluated together rather than in isolation.
- Hebrew Grammar: A close Hebrew reading should attend lexical range, clause flow, and discourse function in context; these controls reduce over-reading and preserve authorial intent.
- Historical Evidence: Historically, this verse is interpreted within the received canonical tradition, where manuscript continuity and early community usage support stable transmission and meaning.
Job 18:21
Hebrew
אַךְ־אֵלֶּה מִשְׁכְּנוֹת עַוָּל וְזֶה מְקוֹם לֹא־יָדַֽע־אֵֽל׃'akhe-'eleh-mishekhenvot-'aval-vezeh-meqvom-lo'-yada'-'el
KJV: Surely such are the dwellings of the wicked, and this is the place of him that knoweth not God.
AKJV: Surely such are the dwellings of the wicked, and this is the place of him that knows not God.
ASV: Surely such are the dwellings of the unrighteous,
YLT: Only these are tabernacles of the perverse, And this the place God hath not known.
Commentary WitnessJob 18:21Quoted commentary witness
Commentary Witness
Job 18:21
Verse 21 Such are the dwellings - This is the common lot of the wicked; and it shall be particularly the case with him who knoweth not God, that is Job, for it is evident he alludes to him. Poor Job! hard was thy lot, severe were thy sufferings. On the elephant hunt to which I have referred, Job 18:13, I shall borrow the following account extracted from Mr. Cordiner's History of Ceylon, by Mr. Good: - "We have a curious description of the elephant hunt, which is pursued in a manner not essentially different from the preceding, except that the snares are pallisadoed with the strongest possible stakes, instead of being netted, and still farther fortified by interlacings. They are numerous, but connected together; every snare or inclosure growing gradually narrower, and opening into each other by a gate or two that will only admit the entrance of a single animal at a time. "The wood in which elephants are known to abound is first surrounded, excepting at the end where the foremost and widest inclosure is situated, with fires placed on moveable pedestals, which in every direction are drawn closer and closer, and, aided by loud and perpetual shouts, drive the animals forward till they enter into the outer snare. After which the same process is continued, and they are driven by fear into a second, into a third, and into a fourth; till at length the elephants become so much sub-divided, that by the aid of cordage fastened carefully round their limbs, and the management of decoy elephants, they are easily capable of being led away one by one, and tamed. A single hunt thus conducted will sometimes occupy not less than two months of unremitting labor; and the entrance of the elephants into the snares is regarded as an amusement or sport of the highest character, and as such is attended by all the principal families of the country." Account of Ceylon, p. 218-226.
Provenance. Rendered as a quoted commentary witness with explicit reference extraction from the source prose.
Canonical locus
Job 18:21
Source lane
Apologetics Bible source bundle
Biblical cross-references named in the witness
- Job 18:13
Named authorities or texts detected in the witness
- Job
- Mr
- Ceylon
- Good
Exposition: Job 18:21 emphasizes a key movement in the chapter's argument. In KJV form, the text reads: 'Surely such are the dwellings of the wicked, and this is the place of him that knoweth not God.'. Read in canonical context, the verse supports the coherence of biblical revelation by linking doctrine, narrative, and covenantal meaning.
Apologetics Notes
- Scientific Correlation: This verse is suitable for cumulative-case reasoning in apologetics: historical context, textual stability, and worldview coherence are evaluated together rather than in isolation.
- Hebrew Grammar: A close Hebrew reading should attend lexical range, clause flow, and discourse function in context; these controls reduce over-reading and preserve authorial intent.
- Historical Evidence: Historically, this verse is interpreted within the received canonical tradition, where manuscript continuity and early community usage support stable transmission and meaning.
Citation trailOpen the commentary counts, references, and named sources.
Scholarly apparatus
Commentary citation index
This chapter now surfaces commentary as quoted witness material with an explicit citation trail. The index below gathers the canonical references and named authorities detected inside the commentary layer for faster academic review.
Direct commentary witnesses
17
Generated editorial witnesses
4
Source lane
Apologetics Bible source bundle
Canonical references surfaced in commentary
- Job 18:1-4
- Job 18:4
- Job 18:5-7
- Job 18:1
- Job 18:2
- Job 18:3
- Job 18:5
- Job 18:6
- Job 18:7
- Job 18:8
- Job 18:8-10
- Job 18:11
- Job 18:9
- Job 18:12
- Job 18:10
- Job 18:21
- Job 18:13
- Job 18:14
- Job 1:16
- Job 1:19
- Job 18:15
- Job 18:16
- Job 18:17
- Job 18:18
- Job 18:19
- Job 18:20
Named authorities or texts surfaced in commentary
- Ovid
- Bildad
- Job
- Mr
- Heath
- Providence
- Literally
- Nets
- Chaldee
- Vulgate
- Or
- Killala
- Dr
- Stock
- Romans
- So Virgil
- Aen
- Dicitur
- And Ovid
- Metam
- Exierat
- Hell
- Sophocles
- Oedip
- Colon
- Pluto
- Gomorrah
- Saady
- Afraseeab
- Caesar
- Afrasiab
- Keesur
- Rustem
- Hist
- Nat
- De Arte
- Am
- Virgil
- Servius
- Bacchus
- Coverdale
- Ceylon
- Good
Book directory Open the 66-book reader directory Use this when you need a specific book. The passage reader above stays first.
Choose a book and open the reader.
Each card opens chapter 1 for that canonical book. The directory is here for navigation, not as the first thing a visitor has to read.
Examples: Genesis, Psalms, Gospels, prophets, Romans, Revelation.
Genesis
Rendered chapters 1–50 are mapped to the public reader path for Genesis. Use this card to open chapter 1 and move directly into the study surface.
Exodus
Rendered chapters 1–40 are mapped to the public reader path for Exodus. Use this card to open chapter 1 and move directly into the study surface.
Leviticus
Rendered chapters 1–27 are mapped to the public reader path for Leviticus. Use this card to open chapter 1 and move directly into the study surface.
Numbers
Rendered chapters 1–36 are mapped to the public reader path for Numbers. Use this card to open chapter 1 and move directly into the study surface.
Deuteronomy
Rendered chapters 1–34 are mapped to the public reader path for Deuteronomy. Use this card to open chapter 1 and move directly into the study surface.
Joshua
Rendered chapters 1–24 are mapped to the public reader path for Joshua. Use this card to open chapter 1 and move directly into the study surface.
Judges
Rendered chapters 1–21 are mapped to the public reader path for Judges. Use this card to open chapter 1 and move directly into the study surface.
Ruth
Rendered chapters 1–4 are mapped to the public reader path for Ruth. Use this card to open chapter 1 and move directly into the study surface.
1 Samuel
Rendered chapters 1–31 are mapped to the public reader path for 1 Samuel. Use this card to open chapter 1 and move directly into the study surface.
2 Samuel
Rendered chapters 1–24 are mapped to the public reader path for 2 Samuel. Use this card to open chapter 1 and move directly into the study surface.
1 Kings
Rendered chapters 1–22 are mapped to the public reader path for 1 Kings. Use this card to open chapter 1 and move directly into the study surface.
2 Kings
Rendered chapters 1–25 are mapped to the public reader path for 2 Kings. Use this card to open chapter 1 and move directly into the study surface.
1 Chronicles
Rendered chapters 1–29 are mapped to the public reader path for 1 Chronicles. Use this card to open chapter 1 and move directly into the study surface.
2 Chronicles
Rendered chapters 1–36 are mapped to the public reader path for 2 Chronicles. Use this card to open chapter 1 and move directly into the study surface.
Ezra
Rendered chapters 1–10 are mapped to the public reader path for Ezra. Use this card to open chapter 1 and move directly into the study surface.
Nehemiah
Rendered chapters 1–13 are mapped to the public reader path for Nehemiah. Use this card to open chapter 1 and move directly into the study surface.
Esther
Rendered chapters 1–10 are mapped to the public reader path for Esther. Use this card to open chapter 1 and move directly into the study surface.
Job
Rendered chapters 1–42 are mapped to the public reader path for Job. Use this card to open chapter 1 and move directly into the study surface.
Psalms
Rendered chapters 1–150 are mapped to the public reader path for Psalms. Use this card to open chapter 1 and move directly into the study surface.
Proverbs
Rendered chapters 1–31 are mapped to the public reader path for Proverbs. Use this card to open chapter 1 and move directly into the study surface.
Ecclesiastes
Rendered chapters 1–12 are mapped to the public reader path for Ecclesiastes. Use this card to open chapter 1 and move directly into the study surface.
Song of Solomon
Rendered chapters 1–8 are mapped to the public reader path for Song of Solomon. Use this card to open chapter 1 and move directly into the study surface.
Isaiah
Rendered chapters 1–66 are mapped to the public reader path for Isaiah. Use this card to open chapter 1 and move directly into the study surface.
Jeremiah
Rendered chapters 1–52 are mapped to the public reader path for Jeremiah. Use this card to open chapter 1 and move directly into the study surface.
Lamentations
Rendered chapters 1–5 are mapped to the public reader path for Lamentations. Use this card to open chapter 1 and move directly into the study surface.
Ezekiel
Rendered chapters 1–48 are mapped to the public reader path for Ezekiel. Use this card to open chapter 1 and move directly into the study surface.
Daniel
Rendered chapters 1–12 are mapped to the public reader path for Daniel. Use this card to open chapter 1 and move directly into the study surface.
Hosea
Rendered chapters 1–14 are mapped to the public reader path for Hosea. Use this card to open chapter 1 and move directly into the study surface.
Joel
Rendered chapters 1–3 are mapped to the public reader path for Joel. Use this card to open chapter 1 and move directly into the study surface.
Amos
Rendered chapters 1–9 are mapped to the public reader path for Amos. Use this card to open chapter 1 and move directly into the study surface.
Obadiah
Rendered chapter 1 are mapped to the public reader path for Obadiah. Use this card to open chapter 1 and move directly into the study surface.
Jonah
Rendered chapters 1–4 are mapped to the public reader path for Jonah. Use this card to open chapter 1 and move directly into the study surface.
Micah
Rendered chapters 1–7 are mapped to the public reader path for Micah. Use this card to open chapter 1 and move directly into the study surface.
Nahum
Rendered chapters 1–3 are mapped to the public reader path for Nahum. Use this card to open chapter 1 and move directly into the study surface.
Habakkuk
Rendered chapters 1–3 are mapped to the public reader path for Habakkuk. Use this card to open chapter 1 and move directly into the study surface.
Zephaniah
Rendered chapters 1–3 are mapped to the public reader path for Zephaniah. Use this card to open chapter 1 and move directly into the study surface.
Haggai
Rendered chapters 1–2 are mapped to the public reader path for Haggai. Use this card to open chapter 1 and move directly into the study surface.
Zechariah
Rendered chapters 1–14 are mapped to the public reader path for Zechariah. Use this card to open chapter 1 and move directly into the study surface.
Malachi
Rendered chapters 1–4 are mapped to the public reader path for Malachi. Use this card to open chapter 1 and move directly into the study surface.
Matthew
Rendered chapters 1–28 are mapped to the public reader path for Matthew. Use this card to open chapter 1 and move directly into the study surface.
Mark
Rendered chapters 1–16 are mapped to the public reader path for Mark. Use this card to open chapter 1 and move directly into the study surface.
Luke
Rendered chapters 1–24 are mapped to the public reader path for Luke. Use this card to open chapter 1 and move directly into the study surface.
John
Rendered chapters 1–21 are mapped to the public reader path for John. Use this card to open chapter 1 and move directly into the study surface.
Acts
Rendered chapters 1–28 are mapped to the public reader path for Acts. Use this card to open chapter 1 and move directly into the study surface.
Romans
Rendered chapters 1–16 are mapped to the public reader path for Romans. Use this card to open chapter 1 and move directly into the study surface.
1 Corinthians
Rendered chapters 1–16 are mapped to the public reader path for 1 Corinthians. Use this card to open chapter 1 and move directly into the study surface.
2 Corinthians
Rendered chapters 1–13 are mapped to the public reader path for 2 Corinthians. Use this card to open chapter 1 and move directly into the study surface.
Galatians
Rendered chapters 1–6 are mapped to the public reader path for Galatians. Use this card to open chapter 1 and move directly into the study surface.
Ephesians
Rendered chapters 1–6 are mapped to the public reader path for Ephesians. Use this card to open chapter 1 and move directly into the study surface.
Philippians
Rendered chapters 1–4 are mapped to the public reader path for Philippians. Use this card to open chapter 1 and move directly into the study surface.
Colossians
Rendered chapters 1–4 are mapped to the public reader path for Colossians. Use this card to open chapter 1 and move directly into the study surface.
1 Thessalonians
Rendered chapters 1–5 are mapped to the public reader path for 1 Thessalonians. Use this card to open chapter 1 and move directly into the study surface.
2 Thessalonians
Rendered chapters 1–3 are mapped to the public reader path for 2 Thessalonians. Use this card to open chapter 1 and move directly into the study surface.
1 Timothy
Rendered chapters 1–6 are mapped to the public reader path for 1 Timothy. Use this card to open chapter 1 and move directly into the study surface.
2 Timothy
Rendered chapters 1–4 are mapped to the public reader path for 2 Timothy. Use this card to open chapter 1 and move directly into the study surface.
Titus
Rendered chapters 1–3 are mapped to the public reader path for Titus. Use this card to open chapter 1 and move directly into the study surface.
Philemon
Rendered chapter 1 are mapped to the public reader path for Philemon. Use this card to open chapter 1 and move directly into the study surface.
Hebrews
Rendered chapters 1–13 are mapped to the public reader path for Hebrews. Use this card to open chapter 1 and move directly into the study surface.
James
Rendered chapters 1–5 are mapped to the public reader path for James. Use this card to open chapter 1 and move directly into the study surface.
1 Peter
Rendered chapters 1–5 are mapped to the public reader path for 1 Peter. Use this card to open chapter 1 and move directly into the study surface.
2 Peter
Rendered chapters 1–3 are mapped to the public reader path for 2 Peter. Use this card to open chapter 1 and move directly into the study surface.
1 John
Rendered chapters 1–5 are mapped to the public reader path for 1 John. Use this card to open chapter 1 and move directly into the study surface.
2 John
Rendered chapter 1 are mapped to the public reader path for 2 John. Use this card to open chapter 1 and move directly into the study surface.
3 John
Rendered chapter 1 are mapped to the public reader path for 3 John. Use this card to open chapter 1 and move directly into the study surface.
Jude
Rendered chapter 1 are mapped to the public reader path for Jude. Use this card to open chapter 1 and move directly into the study surface.
Revelation
Rendered chapters 1–22 are mapped to the public reader path for Revelation. Use this card to open chapter 1 and move directly into the study surface.
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What this explorer shows today
The public reader has book-by-book chapter entry points across the 66-book canon. Deeper corpus and provenance details stay on the supporting Bible Data shelves.
Return to Apologetics Bible Use Bible Insights Use Bible Data
Commentary Witness
Job 18:1
Provenance. Rendered as a quoted commentary witness with explicit reference extraction from the source prose.
Canonical locus
Job 18:1
Source lane
Apologetics Bible source bundle
Biblical cross-references named in the witness
Named authorities or texts detected in the witness