Apologetics Bible
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Job is the most penetrating treatment of suffering, divine justice, and epistemological humility in the Hebrew Bible. Its probable date is pre-Mosaic (patriarchal setting), making it one of the oldest compositions in Scripture.
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Connected primary witness
- Connected ID:
Job_25
- Primary Witness Text: Then answered Bildad the Shuhite, and said, Dominion and fear are with him, he maketh peace in his high places. Is there any number of his armies? and upon whom doth not his light arise? How then can man be justified with God? or how can he be clean that is born of a woman? Behold even to the moon, and it shineth not; yea, the stars are not pure in his sight. How much less man, that is a worm? and the son of man, which is a worm?
Connected dataset overlay
- Connected ID:
Job_25
- Chapter Blob Preview: Then answered Bildad the Shuhite, and said, Dominion and fear are with him, he maketh peace in his high places. Is there any number of his armies? and upon whom doth not his light arise? How then can man be justified with God? or how can he be clean that is born of a woman? Behold even to the moon, and it shineth not; yea, the stars are not pure in his sight. How much less man,...
Chapter frameStart here before opening notes.
Chapter frame
Job is the most penetrating treatment of suffering, divine justice, and epistemological humility in the Hebrew Bible. Its probable date is pre-Mosaic (patriarchal setting), making it one of the oldest compositions in Scripture.
Job's friends represent the dominant ancient Near Eastern theodicy: suffering = sin. God's answer from the whirlwind (chs. 38-41) does not explain the suffering but confronts Job with the staggering scale and wisdom of the creation — demanding the creature's epistemological humility before the Creator. Job 19:25-27 ("I know that my Redeemer lives") stands as the OT's most personal resurrection confession.
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Job 25:1
Hebrew
וַיַּעַן בִּלְדַּד הַשֻּׁחִי וַיֹּאמַֽר׃vaya'an-viledad-hashuchiy-vayo'mar
KJV: Then answered Bildad the Shuhite, and said,
AKJV: Then answered Bildad the Shuhite, and said,
ASV: Then answered Bildad the Shuhite, and said,
YLT: And Bildad the Shuhite answereth and saith: --
Exposition: Job 25:1 emphasizes a key movement in the chapter's argument. In KJV form, the text reads: 'Then answered Bildad the Shuhite, and said,'. Read in canonical context, the verse supports the coherence of biblical revelation by linking doctrine, narrative, and covenantal meaning.
Apologetics Notes
- Scientific Correlation: This verse is suitable for cumulative-case reasoning in apologetics: historical context, textual stability, and worldview coherence are evaluated together rather than in isolation.
- Hebrew Grammar: A close Hebrew reading should attend lexical range, clause flow, and discourse function in context; these controls reduce over-reading and preserve authorial intent.
- Historical Evidence: Historically, this verse is interpreted within the received canonical tradition, where manuscript continuity and early community usage support stable transmission and meaning.
Job 25:2
Hebrew
הַמְשֵׁל וָפַחַד עִמּוֹ עֹשֶׂה שָׁלוֹם בִּמְרוֹמָֽיו׃hameshel-vafachad-'imvo-'osheh-shalvom-vimervomayv
KJV: Dominion and fear are with him, he maketh peace in his high places.
AKJV: Dominion and fear are with him, he makes peace in his high places.
ASV: Dominion and fear are with him;
YLT: The rule and fear are with Him, Making peace in His high places.
Commentary WitnessJob 25:2Quoted commentary witness
Commentary Witness
Job 25:2
Verse 2 Dominion and fear are with him - God is an absolute sovereign; his fear is on all the hosts of heaven; and by his sovereignty he establishes and preserves order in the heavens, and among all the inhabitants of the eternal world: how canst thou, therefore, dare to appeal to him, or desire to appear before him?
Provenance. Rendered as a quoted commentary witness with explicit reference extraction from the source prose.
Canonical locus
Job 25:2
Source lane
Apologetics Bible source bundle
Exposition: Job 25:2 emphasizes a key movement in the chapter's argument. In KJV form, the text reads: 'Dominion and fear are with him, he maketh peace in his high places.'. Read in canonical context, the verse supports the coherence of biblical revelation by linking doctrine, narrative, and covenantal meaning.
Apologetics Notes
- Scientific Correlation: This verse is suitable for cumulative-case reasoning in apologetics: historical context, textual stability, and worldview coherence are evaluated together rather than in isolation.
- Hebrew Grammar: A close Hebrew reading should attend lexical range, clause flow, and discourse function in context; these controls reduce over-reading and preserve authorial intent.
- Historical Evidence: Historically, this verse is interpreted within the received canonical tradition, where manuscript continuity and early community usage support stable transmission and meaning.
Job 25:3
Hebrew
הֲיֵשׁ מִסְפָּר לִגְדוּדָיו וְעַל־מִי לֹא־יָקוּם אוֹרֵֽהוּ׃hayesh-misefar-ligedvdayv-ve'al-miy-lo'-yaqvm-'vorehv
KJV: Is there any number of his armies? and upon whom doth not his light arise?
AKJV: Is there any number of his armies? and on whom does not his light arise?
ASV: Is there any number of his armies?
YLT: Is their any number to His troops? And on whom ariseth not His light?
Commentary WitnessJob 25:3Quoted commentary witness
Commentary Witness
Job 25:3
Verse 3 Is there any number of his armies? - He has troops innumerable; he can serve himself of all his creatures; every thing may be a means of help or destruction, according to his Divine will. When he purposes to save, none can destroy; and when he is determined to destroy, none can save. It is vain to trust in his creatures against himself. Upon whom doth not his light arise? - That is, his providence rules over all; he is universal Lord; he causes his sun to arise on the evil and the good, and sends his rain on the just and unjust.
Provenance. Rendered as a quoted commentary witness with explicit reference extraction from the source prose.
Canonical locus
Job 25:3
Source lane
Apologetics Bible source bundle
Named authorities or texts detected in the witness
- Ovid
- Lord
Exposition: Job 25:3 emphasizes a key movement in the chapter's argument. In KJV form, the text reads: 'Is there any number of his armies? and upon whom doth not his light arise?'. Read in canonical context, the verse supports the coherence of biblical revelation by linking doctrine, narrative, and covenantal meaning.
Apologetics Notes
- Scientific Correlation: This verse is suitable for cumulative-case reasoning in apologetics: historical context, textual stability, and worldview coherence are evaluated together rather than in isolation.
- Hebrew Grammar: A close Hebrew reading should attend lexical range, clause flow, and discourse function in context; these controls reduce over-reading and preserve authorial intent.
- Historical Evidence: Historically, this verse is interpreted within the received canonical tradition, where manuscript continuity and early community usage support stable transmission and meaning.
Job 25:4
Hebrew
וּמַה־יִּצְדַּק אֱנוֹשׁ עִם־אֵל וּמַה־יִּזְכֶּה יְלוּד אִשָּֽׁה׃vmah-yitzedaq-'envosh-'im-'el-vmah-yizekheh-yelvd-'ishah
KJV: How then can man be justified with God? or how can he be clean that is born of a woman?
AKJV: How then can man be justified with God? or how can he be clean that is born of a woman?
ASV: How then can man be just with God?
YLT: And what? is man righteous with God? And what? is he pure--born of a woman?
Commentary WitnessJob 25:4Quoted commentary witness
Commentary Witness
Job 25:4
Verse 4 How then can man be justified? - Or, ונה umah, With what, shall a man be justified with God? Though this is no conclusion from Bildad's premises, yet the question is of the highest importance to man. Neither Bildad nor any of his fellows could answer it; the doctrine of redemption through the blood of the cross was then known only through types and shadows. We who live in the Gospel dispensation, can readily answer the question, With what shall miserable man (אנוש enosh) be justified with God? - Ans. By bringing forward, by faith, to the throne of the Divine justice, the sacrificial offering of the Lord Jesus Christ; and confiding absolutely in it, as being a full, sufficient, and complete atonement and sacrifice for his sins, and for the salvation of a lost world. How, or with what (ומה umah) shall he be clean that is born of a woman? - Ans. By receiving that grace or heavenly influence communicated by the power and energy of the eternal Spirit applying to the heart the efficacy of that blood which cleanses from all unrighteousness. This, and this only, is the way in which a sinner, when truly penitent, can be justified before God: and in which a believer, convinced of indwelling sin, can be sanctified and cleansed from all unrighteousness. This is the only means of justification and sanctification, without which there can be no glorification. And these two great works, which constitute the whole of salvation, have been procured for a lost world by the incarnation, passion, death, and resurrection of the Lord Jesus Christ, who was delivered for our offenses, and rose again for our justification; to whom be glory and dominion now and for evermore, Amen!
Provenance. Rendered as a quoted commentary witness with explicit reference extraction from the source prose.
Canonical locus
Job 25:4
Source lane
Apologetics Bible source bundle
Named authorities or texts detected in the witness
- Jesus
- Or
- Ans
- Lord Jesus Christ
- How
- This
Exposition: Job 25:4 emphasizes a key movement in the chapter's argument. In KJV form, the text reads: 'How then can man be justified with God? or how can he be clean that is born of a woman?'. Read in canonical context, the verse supports the coherence of biblical revelation by linking doctrine, narrative, and covenantal meaning.
Apologetics Notes
- Scientific Correlation: This verse is suitable for cumulative-case reasoning in apologetics: historical context, textual stability, and worldview coherence are evaluated together rather than in isolation.
- Hebrew Grammar: A close Hebrew reading should attend lexical range, clause flow, and discourse function in context; these controls reduce over-reading and preserve authorial intent.
- Historical Evidence: Historically, this verse is interpreted within the received canonical tradition, where manuscript continuity and early community usage support stable transmission and meaning.
Job 25:5
Hebrew
הֵן עַד־יָרֵחַ וְלֹא יַאֲהִיל וְכוֹכָבִים לֹא־זַכּוּ בְעֵינָֽיו׃hen-'ad-yarecha-velo'-ya'ahiyl-vekhvokhaviym-lo'-zakhv-ve'eynayv
KJV: Behold even to the moon, and it shineth not; yea, the stars are not pure in his sight.
AKJV: Behold even to the moon, and it shines not; yes, the stars are not pure in his sight.
ASV: Behold, even the moon hath no brightness,
YLT: Lo--unto the moon, and it shineth not, And stars have not been pure in His eyes.
Commentary WitnessJob 25:5Quoted commentary witness
Commentary Witness
Job 25:5
Verse 5 Behold even to the moon, and it shineth not - It is continually changing its appearance. It never appears twice in its whole revolution with the same face: it is ever waxing or waning; and its face is variegated with opaque spots. Its changeableness can never be compared with the unchangeable nature of God. Yea, the stars are not pure in his sight - Whatever their excellence may be as stars, it is nothing in comparison with him from whom they have derived their being and splendor. See the notes on Job 4:18; Job 15:14-16. The Targum reads: "Behold, the moon is as yet spotted in her eastern part; the sun shines not; and the stars are not pure in his sight." Some think that by stars are meant those angels who kept not their first estate: this may be so, but I cannot see it in the text. It may, however, mean the heavenly host, as it is supposed to do, Job 28:7; but I still must hesitate on the propriety of such applications. It is probable this speech of Bildad was delivered in the night-season, when clouds interrupted the bright shining of the moon. The third verse seems to refer immediately to the stars, which to the naked eye are innumerable. The sun is not mentioned, because of his absence. This speech of Bildad is both confused and inconclusive. His reasoning is absurd, and he draws false conclusions from his premises. In the third verse, he says, "Is there any number of his armies? and upon whom does not his light arise?" But how absurd is the conclusion which he draws from his questions: - "How then can a man be justified with God, or he be clean who is born of a woman?" This has no relation to the premises; still to us the question is not difficult, and has already been answered in the notes: "A man can be justified with God," through the blood of Christ; and "he can be clean who is born of a woman." through the sanctification of the Spirit.
Provenance. Rendered as a quoted commentary witness with explicit reference extraction from the source prose.
Canonical locus
Job 25:5
Source lane
Apologetics Bible source bundle
Biblical cross-references named in the witness
- Job 4:18
- Job 15:14-16
- Job 28:7
Named authorities or texts detected in the witness
- Targum
- Yea
- Behold
- Christ
Exposition: Job 25:5 emphasizes a key movement in the chapter's argument. In KJV form, the text reads: 'Behold even to the moon, and it shineth not; yea, the stars are not pure in his sight.'. Read in canonical context, the verse supports the coherence of biblical revelation by linking doctrine, narrative, and covenantal meaning.
Apologetics Notes
- Scientific Correlation: This verse is suitable for cumulative-case reasoning in apologetics: historical context, textual stability, and worldview coherence are evaluated together rather than in isolation.
- Hebrew Grammar: A close Hebrew reading should attend lexical range, clause flow, and discourse function in context; these controls reduce over-reading and preserve authorial intent.
- Historical Evidence: Historically, this verse is interpreted within the received canonical tradition, where manuscript continuity and early community usage support stable transmission and meaning.
Job 25:6
Hebrew
אַף כִּֽי־אֱנוֹשׁ רִמָּה וּבֶן־אָדָם תּוֹלֵעָֽה׃'af-khiy-'envosh-rimah-vven-'adam-tvole'ah
KJV: How much less man, that is a worm? and the son of man, which is a worm?
AKJV: How much less man, that is a worm? and the son of man, which is a worm?
ASV: How much less man, that is a worm!
YLT: How much less man--a grub, And the son of man--a worm!
Commentary WitnessJob 25:6Quoted commentary witness
Commentary Witness
Job 25:6
Verse 6 How much less man, that is a worm? - Or as the Targum - "How much more man, who in his life is a reptile; and the son of man, who in his death is a worm." Almost all the versions read, "Truly man is corruption, and the son of man a worm." The original is degradingly expressive: "Even because אנוש enosh, miserable man, is רמה rimmah, a crawling worm; and the son of Adam, who is תולעה toleah, a worm, or rather maggot, from its eating into and dividing certain substances." - Parkhurst. Thus endeth Bildad the Shuhite, who endeavored to speak on a subject which he did not understand; and, having got on bad ground, was soon confounded in his own mind, spoke incoherently, argued inconclusively, and came abruptly and suddenly to an end. Thus, his three friends being confounded, Job was left to pursue his own way; they trouble him no more; and he proceeds in triumph to the end of the thirty-first chapter.
Provenance. Rendered as a quoted commentary witness with explicit reference extraction from the source prose.
Canonical locus
Job 25:6
Source lane
Apologetics Bible source bundle
Named authorities or texts detected in the witness
- Targum
- Adam
- Parkhurst
- Shuhite
- Thus
Exposition: Job 25:6 emphasizes a key movement in the chapter's argument. In KJV form, the text reads: 'How much less man, that is a worm? and the son of man, which is a worm?'. Read in canonical context, the verse supports the coherence of biblical revelation by linking doctrine, narrative, and covenantal meaning.
Apologetics Notes
- Scientific Correlation: This verse is suitable for cumulative-case reasoning in apologetics: historical context, textual stability, and worldview coherence are evaluated together rather than in isolation.
- Hebrew Grammar: A close Hebrew reading should attend lexical range, clause flow, and discourse function in context; these controls reduce over-reading and preserve authorial intent.
- Historical Evidence: Historically, this verse is interpreted within the received canonical tradition, where manuscript continuity and early community usage support stable transmission and meaning.
Citation trailOpen the commentary counts, references, and named sources.
Scholarly apparatus
Commentary citation index
This chapter now surfaces commentary as quoted witness material with an explicit citation trail. The index below gathers the canonical references and named authorities detected inside the commentary layer for faster academic review.
Direct commentary witnesses
6
Generated editorial witnesses
0
Source lane
Apologetics Bible source bundle
Canonical references surfaced in commentary
- Job 25:1-3
- Job 25:4-6
- Job 4:18
- Job 15:14-16
- Job 25:1
- Job 25:2
- Job 25:3
- Job 25:4
- Job 28:7
- Job 25:5
- Job 25:6
Named authorities or texts surfaced in commentary
- Ovid
- Bildad
- Shuhite
- Job
- Lord
- Jesus
- Or
- Ans
- Lord Jesus Christ
- How
- This
- Targum
- Yea
- Behold
- Christ
- Adam
- Parkhurst
- Thus
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Commentary Witness
Job 25:1
Provenance. Rendered as a quoted commentary witness with explicit reference extraction from the source prose.
Canonical locus
Job 25:1
Source lane
Apologetics Bible source bundle
Biblical cross-references named in the witness
Named authorities or texts detected in the witness