Apologetics Bible
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Job is the most penetrating treatment of suffering, divine justice, and epistemological humility in the Hebrew Bible. Its probable date is pre-Mosaic (patriarchal setting), making it one of the oldest compositions in Scripture.
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Connected primary witness
- Connected ID:
Job_26
- Primary Witness Text: But Job answered and said, How hast thou helped him that is without power? how savest thou the arm that hath no strength? How hast thou counselled him that hath no wisdom? and how hast thou plentifully declared the thing as it is? To whom hast thou uttered words? and whose spirit came from thee? Dead things are formed from under the waters, and the inhabitants thereof. Hell is naked before him, and destruction hath no covering. He stretcheth out the north over the empty place, and hangeth the earth upon nothing. He bindeth up the waters in his thick clouds; and the cloud is not rent under them. He holdeth back the face of his throne, and spreadeth his cloud upon it. He hath compassed the waters with bounds, until the day and night come to an end. The pillars of heaven tremble and are astonished at his reproof. He divideth the sea with his power, and by his understanding he smiteth through the proud. By his spirit he hath garnished the heavens; his hand hath formed the crooked serpent. Lo, these are parts of his ways: but how little a portion is heard of him? but the thunder of his power who can understand?
Connected dataset overlay
- Connected ID:
Job_26
- Chapter Blob Preview: But Job answered and said, How hast thou helped him that is without power? how savest thou the arm that hath no strength? How hast thou counselled him that hath no wisdom? and how hast thou plentifully declared the thing as it is? To whom hast thou uttered words? and whose spirit came from thee? Dead things are formed from under the waters, and the inhabitants thereof. Hell is ...
Chapter frameStart here before opening notes.
Chapter frame
Job is the most penetrating treatment of suffering, divine justice, and epistemological humility in the Hebrew Bible. Its probable date is pre-Mosaic (patriarchal setting), making it one of the oldest compositions in Scripture.
Job's friends represent the dominant ancient Near Eastern theodicy: suffering = sin. God's answer from the whirlwind (chs. 38-41) does not explain the suffering but confronts Job with the staggering scale and wisdom of the creation — demanding the creature's epistemological humility before the Creator. Job 19:25-27 ("I know that my Redeemer lives") stands as the OT's most personal resurrection confession.
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Verse-by-verse study lane
Job 26:1
Hebrew
וַיַּעַן אִיּוֹב וַיֹּאמַֽר׃vaya'an-'iyvov-vayo'mar
KJV: But Job answered and said,
AKJV: But Job answered and said,
ASV: Then Job answered and said,
YLT: And Job answereth and saith: --
Exposition: Job 26:1 emphasizes a key movement in the chapter's argument. In KJV form, the text reads: 'But Job answered and said,'. Read in canonical context, the verse supports the coherence of biblical revelation by linking doctrine, narrative, and covenantal meaning.
Apologetics Notes
- Scientific Correlation: This verse is suitable for cumulative-case reasoning in apologetics: historical context, textual stability, and worldview coherence are evaluated together rather than in isolation.
- Hebrew Grammar: A close Hebrew reading should attend lexical range, clause flow, and discourse function in context; these controls reduce over-reading and preserve authorial intent.
- Historical Evidence: Historically, this verse is interpreted within the received canonical tradition, where manuscript continuity and early community usage support stable transmission and meaning.
Job 26:2
Hebrew
מֶה־עָזַרְתָּ לְלֹא־כֹחַ הוֹשַׁעְתָּ זְרוֹעַ לֹא־עֹֽז׃meh-'azareta-lelo'-khocha-hvosha'eta-zervo'a-lo'-'oz
KJV: How hast thou helped him that is without power? how savest thou the arm that hath no strength?
AKJV: How have you helped him that is without power? how save you the arm that has no strength?
ASV: How hast thou helped him that is without power!
YLT: What--thou hast helped the powerless, Saved an arm not strong!
Commentary WitnessJob 26:2Quoted commentary witness
Commentary Witness
Job 26:2
Verse 2 How hast thou helped him - This seems a species of irony. How wonderfully hast thou counselled the unskilful and strengthened the weak! Alas for you! ye could not give what ye did not possess! In this way the Chaldee understood these verses: "Why hast thou pretended to give succor, when thou art without strength? And save, while thy arm is weak? Why hast thou given counsel, when thou art without understanding? And supposest that thou hast shown the very essence of wisdom?"
Provenance. Rendered as a quoted commentary witness with explicit reference extraction from the source prose.
Canonical locus
Job 26:2
Source lane
Apologetics Bible source bundle
Exposition: Job 26:2 emphasizes a key movement in the chapter's argument. In KJV form, the text reads: 'How hast thou helped him that is without power? how savest thou the arm that hath no strength?'. Read in canonical context, the verse supports the coherence of biblical revelation by linking doctrine, narrative, and covenantal meaning.
Apologetics Notes
- Scientific Correlation: This verse is suitable for cumulative-case reasoning in apologetics: historical context, textual stability, and worldview coherence are evaluated together rather than in isolation.
- Hebrew Grammar: A close Hebrew reading should attend lexical range, clause flow, and discourse function in context; these controls reduce over-reading and preserve authorial intent.
- Historical Evidence: Historically, this verse is interpreted within the received canonical tradition, where manuscript continuity and early community usage support stable transmission and meaning.
Job 26:3
Hebrew
מַה־יָּעַצְתָּ לְלֹא חָכְמָה וְתוּשִׁיָּה לָרֹב הוֹדָֽעְתָּ׃mah-ya'atzeta-lelo'-chakhemah-vetvshiyah-larov-hvoda'eta
KJV: How hast thou counselled him that hath no wisdom? and how hast thou plentifully declared the thing as it is?
AKJV: How have you counceled him that has no wisdom? and how have you plentifully declared the thing as it is?
ASV: How hast thou counselled him that hath no wisdom,
YLT: What--thou hast given counsel to the unwise, And wise plans in abundance made known.
Commentary Witness (Generated)Job 26:3Generated editorial synthesis
Commentary Witness (Generated)
Job 26:3
Job 26:3 advances the immediate literary flow of the chapter and should be interpreted in its canonical context, not as an isolated proof text. In the present translation it reads: 'How hast thou counselled him that hath no wisdom? and how hast thou plentifully declared the thing as it is?'. A close Hebrew reading supports attention to key lexical choices, clause movement, and redemptive-historical placement so doctrinal conclusions remain textually grounded.
Provenance. Rendered as an editorial synthesis tied to the canonical verse context and current chapter source.
Canonical locus
Job 26:3
Source lane
Apologetics Bible source bundle
Biblical cross-references named in the witness
- Job 26:3
Exposition: Job 26:3 emphasizes a key movement in the chapter's argument. In KJV form, the text reads: 'How hast thou counselled him that hath no wisdom? and how hast thou plentifully declared the thing as it is?'. Read in canonical context, the verse supports the coherence of biblical revelation by linking doctrine, narrative, and covenantal meaning.
Apologetics Notes
- Scientific Correlation: This verse is suitable for cumulative-case reasoning in apologetics: historical context, textual stability, and worldview coherence are evaluated together rather than in isolation.
- Hebrew Grammar: A close Hebrew reading should attend lexical range, clause flow, and discourse function in context; these controls reduce over-reading and preserve authorial intent.
- Historical Evidence: Historically, this verse is interpreted within the received canonical tradition, where manuscript continuity and early community usage support stable transmission and meaning.
Job 26:4
Hebrew
אֶת־מִי הִגַּדְתָּ מִלִּין וְנִשְׁמַת־מִי יָצְאָה מִמֶּֽךָּ׃'et-miy-higadeta-miliyn-venishemat-miy-yatze'ah-mimekha
KJV: To whom hast thou uttered words? and whose spirit came from thee?
AKJV: To whom have you uttered words? and whose spirit came from you?
ASV: To whom hast thou uttered words?
YLT: With whom hast thou declared words? And whose breath came forth from thee?
Commentary WitnessJob 26:4Quoted commentary witness
Commentary Witness
Job 26:4
Verse 4 Whose spirit came from thee? - Mr. Good renders the verse thus: From whom hast thou pillaged speeches? And whose spirit hath issued forth from thee? The retort is peculiarly severe; and refers immediately to the proverbial sayings which in several of the preceding answers have been adduced against the irritated sufferer; for which see Job 8:11-19; 15:20-35, some of which he has already complained of, as in Job 12:3, and following. I concur most fully therefore with Dr. Stock in regarding the remainder of this chapter as a sample, ironically exhibited by Job, of the harangues on the power and greatness of God which he supposes his friends to have taken out of the mouths of other men, to deck their speeches with borrowed lustre. Only, in descanting on the same subject, he shows how much he himself can go beyond them in eloquence and sublimity. Job intimates that, whatever spirit they had, it was not the Spirit of God, because in their answers falsehood was found.
Provenance. Rendered as a quoted commentary witness with explicit reference extraction from the source prose.
Canonical locus
Job 26:4
Source lane
Apologetics Bible source bundle
Biblical cross-references named in the witness
- Job 8:11-19
- Job 12:3
Named authorities or texts detected in the witness
- Mr
- Dr
- Job
- Only
Exposition: Job 26:4 emphasizes a key movement in the chapter's argument. In KJV form, the text reads: 'To whom hast thou uttered words? and whose spirit came from thee?'. Read in canonical context, the verse supports the coherence of biblical revelation by linking doctrine, narrative, and covenantal meaning.
Apologetics Notes
- Scientific Correlation: This verse is suitable for cumulative-case reasoning in apologetics: historical context, textual stability, and worldview coherence are evaluated together rather than in isolation.
- Hebrew Grammar: A close Hebrew reading should attend lexical range, clause flow, and discourse function in context; these controls reduce over-reading and preserve authorial intent.
- Historical Evidence: Historically, this verse is interpreted within the received canonical tradition, where manuscript continuity and early community usage support stable transmission and meaning.
Job 26:5
Hebrew
הָרְפָאִים יְחוֹלָלוּ מִתַּחַת מַיִם וְשֹׁכְנֵיהֶֽם׃harefa'iym-yechvolalv-mitachat-mayim-veshokheneyhem
KJV: Dead things are formed from under the waters, and the inhabitants thereof.
AKJV: Dead things are formed from under the waters, and the inhabitants thereof.
ASV: They that are deceased tremble
YLT: The Rephaim are formed, Beneath the waters, also their inhabitants.
Commentary WitnessJob 26:5Quoted commentary witness
Commentary Witness
Job 26:5
Verse 5 Dead things are formed from under the waters - This verse, as it stands in our version, seems to convey no meaning; and the Hebrew is obscure; הרפאים, harephaim, "the Rephaim," certainly means not dead things; nor can there be any propriety in saying that dead things, or things without life, are formed under the waters, for such things are formed everywhere in the earth, and under the earth, as well as under the waters. The Vulgate translates: Ecce gigantes gemunt sub aquis, et qui habitant cum eis. "Behold the giants, and those who dwell with them, groan from under the waters." The Septuagint: Μη γιγαντες μαιωθησονται ὑποκατωθεν ὑδατος, και των γειτονων αυτου; "Are not the giants formed from under the waters, and their neighbors?" The Chaldee: אפשר דגבריא דמתמזמזין יתברין ואנון מלרע למיא ומשריתהון eposhar degibraiya demithmazmezin yithbareyan veinnun millera lemaiya umashreiyatehon, "Can the trembling giants be regenerated, when they and their hosts are under the water?" The Syriac and Arabic: "Behold, the giants are slain, and are drawn out of the water." None of these appear to give any sense by which the true meaning can be determined. There is probably here an allusion to the destruction of the earth by the general deluge. Moses, speaking concerning the state of the earth before the flood, says, Gen 6:4, "There were giants נפלים nephilim, in the earth in those days." Now it is likely that Job means the same by רפאים rephaim as Moses does by the nephilim; and that both refer to the antediluvians, who were all, for their exceeding great iniquities, overwhelmed by the waters of the deluge. Can those mighty men and their neighbors, all the sinners who have been gathered to them since, be rejected from under the waters, by which they were judicially overwhelmed? Mr. Good thinks the shades of the heroes of former times, the gigantic spectres, the mighty or enormous dead, are meant. I greatly question whether sea-monsters be not intended, such as porpoises, sharks, narwals, grampuses, and whales. We know, however that an opinion anciently prevailed, that the Titans, a race of men of enormous stature, rebelled against the gods, and endeavored to scale heaven by placing one mountain on the top of another; and that they and their structure were cast down by the thunder of the deities, and buried under the earth and sea; and that their struggles to arise produce the earthquakes which occur in certain countries. Now although this opinion is supported by the most respectable antiquity among the heathens, it is not to be supposed that in the word of God there can be any countenance given to an opinion at once as absurd as it is monstrous. (But still the poet may use the language of the common people). I must therefore either refer the passage here to the antediluvians, or to the vast sea-monsters mentioned above.
Provenance. Rendered as a quoted commentary witness with explicit reference extraction from the source prose.
Canonical locus
Job 26:5
Source lane
Apologetics Bible source bundle
Biblical cross-references named in the witness
- Gen 6:4
Named authorities or texts detected in the witness
- Septuagint
- Vulgate
- Moses
- Rephaim
- The Septuagint
- The Chaldee
- Arabic
- Behold
- Mr
- Titans
Exposition: Job 26:5 emphasizes a key movement in the chapter's argument. In KJV form, the text reads: 'Dead things are formed from under the waters, and the inhabitants thereof.'. Read in canonical context, the verse supports the coherence of biblical revelation by linking doctrine, narrative, and covenantal meaning.
Apologetics Notes
- Scientific Correlation: This verse is suitable for cumulative-case reasoning in apologetics: historical context, textual stability, and worldview coherence are evaluated together rather than in isolation.
- Hebrew Grammar: A close Hebrew reading should attend lexical range, clause flow, and discourse function in context; these controls reduce over-reading and preserve authorial intent.
- Historical Evidence: Historically, this verse is interpreted within the received canonical tradition, where manuscript continuity and early community usage support stable transmission and meaning.
Job 26:6
Hebrew
עָרוֹם שְׁאוֹל נֶגְדּוֹ וְאֵין כְּסוּת לָֽאֲבַדּֽוֹן׃'arvom-she'vol-negedvo-ve'eyn-khesvt-la'avadvon
KJV: Hell is naked before him, and destruction hath no covering.
AKJV: Hell is naked before him, and destruction has no covering.
ASV: Sheol is naked beforeGod,
YLT: Naked is Sheol over-against Him, And there is no covering to destruction.
Commentary WitnessJob 26:6Quoted commentary witness
Commentary Witness
Job 26:6
Verse 6 Hell is naked before him - Sheol, the place of the dead, or of separate spirits, is always in his view. And there is no covering to Abaddon - the place of the destroyer, where destruction reigns, and where those dwell who are eternally separated from God. The ancients thought that hell or Tartarus was a vast space in the center, or at the very bottom of the earth. So Virgil, Aen. lib. vi., ver. 577: - - Tum Tartarus ipse Bis patet in praeceps tantum, tenditque sub umbras, Quantus ad aethereum coeli suspectus Olympum Hic genus antiquum terrae, Titania pubes, Fulmine dejecti, fundo volvuntur in imo. "Full twice as deep the dungeon of the fiends, The huge Tartarean gloomy gulf, descends Below these regions, as these regions lie From the bright realms of yon ethereal sky. Here roar the Titan race, th' enormous birth; The ancient offspring of the teeming earth. Pierced by the burning bolts of old they fell, And still roll bellowing in the depths of hell." Pitt. And some have supposed that there is an allusion to this opinion in the above passage, as well as in several others in the Old Testament; but it is not likely that the sacred writers would countenance an opinion that certainly has nothing in fact or philosophy to support it. Yet still a poet may avail himself of popular opinions.
Provenance. Rendered as a quoted commentary witness with explicit reference extraction from the source prose.
Canonical locus
Job 26:6
Source lane
Apologetics Bible source bundle
Named authorities or texts detected in the witness
- Philo
- Sheol
- So Virgil
- Aen
- Pitt
- Old Testament
Exposition: Job 26:6 emphasizes a key movement in the chapter's argument. In KJV form, the text reads: 'Hell is naked before him, and destruction hath no covering.'. Read in canonical context, the verse supports the coherence of biblical revelation by linking doctrine, narrative, and covenantal meaning.
Apologetics Notes
- Scientific Correlation: This verse is suitable for cumulative-case reasoning in apologetics: historical context, textual stability, and worldview coherence are evaluated together rather than in isolation.
- Hebrew Grammar: A close Hebrew reading should attend lexical range, clause flow, and discourse function in context; these controls reduce over-reading and preserve authorial intent.
- Historical Evidence: Historically, this verse is interpreted within the received canonical tradition, where manuscript continuity and early community usage support stable transmission and meaning.
Job 26:7
Hebrew
נֹטֶה צָפוֹן עַל־תֹּהוּ תֹּלֶה אֶרֶץ עַל־בְּלִי־מָֽה׃noteh-tzafvon-'al-tohv-toleh-'eretz-'al-veliy-mah
KJV: He stretcheth out the north over the empty place, and hangeth the earth upon nothing.
AKJV: He stretches out the north over the empty place, and hangs the earth on nothing.
ASV: He stretcheth out the north over empty space,
YLT: Stretching out the north over desolation, Hanging the earth upon nothing,
Commentary WitnessJob 26:7Quoted commentary witness
Commentary Witness
Job 26:7
Verse 7 He stretcheth out the north over the empty place - על תהו al tohu, to the hollow waste. The same word as is used, Gen 1:2, The earth was without form, תהו tohu. The north must here mean the north pole, or northern hemisphere; and perhaps what is here stated may refer to the opinion that the earth was a vast extended plain, and the heavens poised upon it, resting on this plain all round the horizon. Of the south the inhabitants of Idumea knew nothing; nor could they have any notion of inhabitants in that hemisphere. Hangeth the earth upon nothing - The Chaldee says: "He lays the earth upon the waters, nothing sustaining it."
Provenance. Rendered as a quoted commentary witness with explicit reference extraction from the source prose.
Canonical locus
Job 26:7
Source lane
Apologetics Bible source bundle
Biblical cross-references named in the witness
- Gen 1:2
Exposition: Job 26:7 emphasizes a key movement in the chapter's argument. In KJV form, the text reads: 'He stretcheth out the north over the empty place, and hangeth the earth upon nothing.'. Read in canonical context, the verse supports the coherence of biblical revelation by linking doctrine, narrative, and covenantal meaning.
Apologetics Notes
- Scientific Correlation: This verse is suitable for cumulative-case reasoning in apologetics: historical context, textual stability, and worldview coherence are evaluated together rather than in isolation.
- Hebrew Grammar: A close Hebrew reading should attend lexical range, clause flow, and discourse function in context; these controls reduce over-reading and preserve authorial intent.
- Historical Evidence: Historically, this verse is interpreted within the received canonical tradition, where manuscript continuity and early community usage support stable transmission and meaning.
Job 26:8
Hebrew
צֹרֵֽר־מַיִם בְּעָבָיו וְלֹא־נִבְקַע עָנָן תַּחְתָּֽם׃tzorer-mayim-ve'avayv-velo'-niveqa'-'anan-tachetam
KJV: He bindeth up the waters in his thick clouds; and the cloud is not rent under them.
AKJV: He binds up the waters in his thick clouds; and the cloud is not rent under them.
ASV: He bindeth up the waters in his thick clouds;
YLT: Binding up the waters in His thick clouds, And the cloud is not rent under them.
Commentary WitnessJob 26:8Quoted commentary witness
Commentary Witness
Job 26:8
Verse 8 He bindeth up the waters - Drives the aqueous particles together, which were raised by evaporation, so that, being condensed, they form clouds which float in the atmosphere, till, meeting with strong currents of wind, or by the agency of the electric fluid, they are farther condensed; and then, becoming too heavy to be sustained in the air, fall down in the form of rain, when, in this poetic language, the cloud is rent under them.
Provenance. Rendered as a quoted commentary witness with explicit reference extraction from the source prose.
Canonical locus
Job 26:8
Source lane
Apologetics Bible source bundle
Exposition: Job 26:8 emphasizes a key movement in the chapter's argument. In KJV form, the text reads: 'He bindeth up the waters in his thick clouds; and the cloud is not rent under them.'. Read in canonical context, the verse supports the coherence of biblical revelation by linking doctrine, narrative, and covenantal meaning.
Apologetics Notes
- Scientific Correlation: This verse is suitable for cumulative-case reasoning in apologetics: historical context, textual stability, and worldview coherence are evaluated together rather than in isolation.
- Hebrew Grammar: A close Hebrew reading should attend lexical range, clause flow, and discourse function in context; these controls reduce over-reading and preserve authorial intent.
- Historical Evidence: Historically, this verse is interpreted within the received canonical tradition, where manuscript continuity and early community usage support stable transmission and meaning.
Job 26:9
Hebrew
מְאַחֵז פְּנֵי־כִסֵּה פַּרְשֵׁז עָלָיו עֲנָנֽוֹ׃me'achez-feney-khiseh-fareshez-'alayv-'ananvo
KJV: He holdeth back the face of his throne, and spreadeth his cloud upon it.
AKJV: He holds back the face of his throne, and spreads his cloud on it.
ASV: He incloseth the face of his throne,
YLT: Taking hold of the face of the throne, Spreading over it His cloud.
Commentary WitnessJob 26:9Quoted commentary witness
Commentary Witness
Job 26:9
Verse 9 He holdeth back the face of his throne - Though all these are most elegant effects of an omniscient and almighty power, yet the great Agent is not personally discoverable; he dwelleth in light unapproachable, and in mercy hides himself from the view of his creatures. The words, however may refer to those obscurations of the face of heaven, and the hiding of the body of the sun, when the atmosphere is laden with dense vapours, and the rain begins to be poured down on the earth.
Provenance. Rendered as a quoted commentary witness with explicit reference extraction from the source prose.
Canonical locus
Job 26:9
Source lane
Apologetics Bible source bundle
Exposition: Job 26:9 emphasizes a key movement in the chapter's argument. In KJV form, the text reads: 'He holdeth back the face of his throne, and spreadeth his cloud upon it.'. Read in canonical context, the verse supports the coherence of biblical revelation by linking doctrine, narrative, and covenantal meaning.
Apologetics Notes
- Scientific Correlation: This verse is suitable for cumulative-case reasoning in apologetics: historical context, textual stability, and worldview coherence are evaluated together rather than in isolation.
- Hebrew Grammar: A close Hebrew reading should attend lexical range, clause flow, and discourse function in context; these controls reduce over-reading and preserve authorial intent.
- Historical Evidence: Historically, this verse is interpreted within the received canonical tradition, where manuscript continuity and early community usage support stable transmission and meaning.
Job 26:10
Hebrew
חֹֽק־חָג עַל־פְּנֵי־מָיִם עַד־תַּכְלִית אוֹר עִם־חֹֽשֶׁךְ׃choq-chag-'al-feney-mayim-'ad-takheliyt-'vor-'im-choshekhe
KJV: He hath compassed the waters with bounds, until the day and night come to an end.
AKJV: He has compassed the waters with bounds, until the day and night come to an end.
ASV: He hath described a boundary upon the face of the waters,
YLT: A limit He hath placed on the waters, Unto the boundary of light with darkness.
Commentary WitnessJob 26:10Quoted commentary witness
Commentary Witness
Job 26:10
Verse 10 He hath compassed the waters with bounds - Perhaps this refers merely to the circle of the horizon, the line that terminates light and commences darkness, called here עד תכלית אור עם חשך ad tachlith or im chosech, "until the completion of light with darkness." Or, if we take תכלית tachlith here to be the same with תכלת techeleth, Exo 25:4, and elsewhere, which we translate blue, it may mean that sombre sky-blue appearance of the horizon at the time of twilight, i.e., between light and darkness; the line where the one is terminating and the other commencing. Or, He so circumscribes the waters, retaining them in their own place, that they shall not be able to overflow the earth until day and night, that is, time itself, come to an end.
Provenance. Rendered as a quoted commentary witness with explicit reference extraction from the source prose.
Canonical locus
Job 26:10
Source lane
Apologetics Bible source bundle
Named authorities or texts detected in the witness
- Or
Exposition: Job 26:10 emphasizes a key movement in the chapter's argument. In KJV form, the text reads: 'He hath compassed the waters with bounds, until the day and night come to an end.'. Read in canonical context, the verse supports the coherence of biblical revelation by linking doctrine, narrative, and covenantal meaning.
Apologetics Notes
- Scientific Correlation: This verse is suitable for cumulative-case reasoning in apologetics: historical context, textual stability, and worldview coherence are evaluated together rather than in isolation.
- Hebrew Grammar: A close Hebrew reading should attend lexical range, clause flow, and discourse function in context; these controls reduce over-reading and preserve authorial intent.
- Historical Evidence: Historically, this verse is interpreted within the received canonical tradition, where manuscript continuity and early community usage support stable transmission and meaning.
Job 26:11
Hebrew
עַמּוּדֵי שָׁמַיִם יְרוֹפָפוּ וְיִתְמְהוּ מִגַּעֲרָתֽוֹ׃'amvdey-shamayim-yervofafv-veyitemehv-miga'aratvo
KJV: The pillars of heaven tremble and are astonished at his reproof.
AKJV: The pillars of heaven tremble and are astonished at his reproof.
ASV: The pillars of heaven tremble
YLT: Pillars of the heavens do tremble, And they wonder because of His rebuke.
Commentary WitnessJob 26:11Quoted commentary witness
Commentary Witness
Job 26:11
Verse 11 The pillars of heaven tremble - This is probably a poetical description either of thunder, or of an earthquake: - "He shakes creation with his nod; Earth, sea, and heaven, confess him God." But there may be an allusion to the high mountains, which were anciently esteemed by the common people as the pillars on which the heavens rested; and when these were shaken with earthquakes, it might be said the pillars of heaven tremble. Mount Atlas was supposed to be one of those pillars, and this gave rise to the fable of Atlas being a man who bore the heavens on his shoulders. The Greek and Roman poets frequently use this image. Thus Silius Italicus, lib. i., ver. 202: - Atlas subducto tracturus vertice coelum: Sidera nubiferum fulcit caput, aethereasque Erigit aeternum compages ardua cervix: Canet barba gelu, frontemque immanibus umbris Pinea silva premit; vastant cava tempora venti Nimbosoque ruunt spumantia flumina rictu. "Atlas' broad shoulders prop th' incumbent skies: Around his cloud-girt head the stars arise. His towering neck supports th' ethereal way; And o'er his brow black woods their gloom display. Hoar is his beard; winds round his temples roar; And from his jaws the rushing torrents pour." J. B. C.
Provenance. Rendered as a quoted commentary witness with explicit reference extraction from the source prose.
Canonical locus
Job 26:11
Source lane
Apologetics Bible source bundle
Named authorities or texts detected in the witness
- Thus Silius Italicus
Exposition: Job 26:11 emphasizes a key movement in the chapter's argument. In KJV form, the text reads: 'The pillars of heaven tremble and are astonished at his reproof.'. Read in canonical context, the verse supports the coherence of biblical revelation by linking doctrine, narrative, and covenantal meaning.
Apologetics Notes
- Scientific Correlation: This verse is suitable for cumulative-case reasoning in apologetics: historical context, textual stability, and worldview coherence are evaluated together rather than in isolation.
- Hebrew Grammar: A close Hebrew reading should attend lexical range, clause flow, and discourse function in context; these controls reduce over-reading and preserve authorial intent.
- Historical Evidence: Historically, this verse is interpreted within the received canonical tradition, where manuscript continuity and early community usage support stable transmission and meaning.
Job 26:12
Hebrew
בְּכֹחוֹ רָגַע הַיָּם ובתובנתו וּבִתְבוּנָתוֹ מָחַץ רָֽהַב׃vekhochvo-raga'-hayam-vvtvvntv-vvitevvnatvo-machatz-rahav
KJV: He divideth the sea with his power, and by his understanding he smiteth through the proud.
AKJV: He divides the sea with his power, and by his understanding he smites through the proud.
ASV: He stirreth up the sea with his power,
YLT: By His power He hath quieted the sea, And by His understanding smitten the proud.
Commentary WitnessJob 26:12Quoted commentary witness
Commentary Witness
Job 26:12
Verse 12 He divideth the sea with his power - Here is a manifest allusion to the passage of the Red Sea by the Israelites, and the overthrow of Pharaoh and his host, according to the opinion of the most eminent critics. He smiteth through the proud - רהב Rahab, the very name by which Egypt is called Isa 51:9, and elsewhere. Calmet remarks: "This appears to refer only to the passage of the Red Sea, and the destruction of Pharaoh. Were we not prepossessed with the opinion that Job died before Moses, every person at the first view of the subject must consider it in this light." I am not thus prepossessed. Let Job live when he might, I am satisfied the Book of Job was written long after the death of Moses, and not earlier than the days of Solomon, if not later. The farther I go in the work, the more this conviction is deepened; and the opposite sentiment appears to be perfectly gratuitous.
Provenance. Rendered as a quoted commentary witness with explicit reference extraction from the source prose.
Canonical locus
Job 26:12
Source lane
Apologetics Bible source bundle
Biblical cross-references named in the witness
- Isa 51:9
Named authorities or texts detected in the witness
- Moses
- Israelites
- Rahab
- Red Sea
- Pharaoh
- Solomon
Exposition: Job 26:12 emphasizes a key movement in the chapter's argument. In KJV form, the text reads: 'He divideth the sea with his power, and by his understanding he smiteth through the proud.'. Read in canonical context, the verse supports the coherence of biblical revelation by linking doctrine, narrative, and covenantal meaning.
Apologetics Notes
- Scientific Correlation: This verse is suitable for cumulative-case reasoning in apologetics: historical context, textual stability, and worldview coherence are evaluated together rather than in isolation.
- Hebrew Grammar: A close Hebrew reading should attend lexical range, clause flow, and discourse function in context; these controls reduce over-reading and preserve authorial intent.
- Historical Evidence: Historically, this verse is interpreted within the received canonical tradition, where manuscript continuity and early community usage support stable transmission and meaning.
Job 26:13
Hebrew
בְּרוּחוֹ שָׁמַיִם שִׁפְרָה חֹֽלֲלָה יָדוֹ נָחָשׁ בָּרִֽיחַ׃vervchvo-shamayim-shiferah-cholalah-yadvo-nachash-variycha
KJV: By his spirit he hath garnished the heavens; his hand hath formed the crooked serpent.
AKJV: By his spirit he has garnished the heavens; his hand has formed the crooked serpent.
ASV: By his Spirit the heavens are garnished;
YLT: By His Spirit the heavens He beautified, Formed hath His hand the fleeing serpent.
Commentary Witness (Generated)Job 26:13Generated editorial synthesis
Commentary Witness (Generated)
Job 26:13
Job 26:13 advances the immediate literary flow of the chapter and should be interpreted in its canonical context, not as an isolated proof text. In the present translation it reads: 'By his spirit he hath garnished the heavens; his hand hath formed the crooked serpent.'. A close Hebrew reading supports attention to key lexical choices, clause movement, and redemptive-historical placement so doctrinal conclusions remain textually grounded.
Provenance. Rendered as an editorial synthesis tied to the canonical verse context and current chapter source.
Canonical locus
Job 26:13
Source lane
Apologetics Bible source bundle
Biblical cross-references named in the witness
- Job 26:13
Exposition: Job 26:13 emphasizes a key movement in the chapter's argument. In KJV form, the text reads: 'By his spirit he hath garnished the heavens; his hand hath formed the crooked serpent.'. Read in canonical context, the verse supports the coherence of biblical revelation by linking doctrine, narrative, and covenantal meaning.
Apologetics Notes
- Scientific Correlation: This verse is suitable for cumulative-case reasoning in apologetics: historical context, textual stability, and worldview coherence are evaluated together rather than in isolation.
- Hebrew Grammar: A close Hebrew reading should attend lexical range, clause flow, and discourse function in context; these controls reduce over-reading and preserve authorial intent.
- Historical Evidence: Historically, this verse is interpreted within the received canonical tradition, where manuscript continuity and early community usage support stable transmission and meaning.
Job 26:14
Hebrew
הֶן־אֵלֶּה ׀ קְצוֹת דרכו דְּרָכָיו וּמַה־שֵּׁמֶץ דָּבָר נִשְׁמַע־בּוֹ וְרַעַם גבורתו גְּבוּרוֹתָיו מִי יִתְבּוֹנָֽן׃hen-'eleh- -qetzvot-drkhv-derakhayv-vmah-shemetz-davar-nishema'-vvo-vera'am-gvvrtv-gevvrvotayv-miy-yitevvonan
KJV: Lo, these are parts of his ways: but how little a portion is heard of him? but the thunder of his power who can understand?
AKJV: See, these are parts of his ways: but how little a portion is heard of him? but the thunder of his power who can understand?
ASV: Lo, these are but the outskirts of his ways:
YLT: Lo, these are the borders of His way, And how little a matter is heard of Him, And the thunder of His might Who doth understand?
Commentary Witness (Generated)Job 26:14Generated editorial synthesis
Commentary Witness (Generated)
Job 26:14
Job 26:14 advances the immediate literary flow of the chapter and should be interpreted in its canonical context, not as an isolated proof text. In the present translation it reads: 'Lo, these are parts of his ways: but how little a portion is heard of him? but the thunder of his power who can understand?'. A close Hebrew reading supports attention to key lexical choices, clause movement, and redemptive-historical placement so doctrinal conclusions remain textually grounded.
Provenance. Rendered as an editorial synthesis tied to the canonical verse context and current chapter source.
Canonical locus
Job 26:14
Source lane
Apologetics Bible source bundle
Biblical cross-references named in the witness
- Job 26:14
Named authorities or texts detected in the witness
- Lo
Exposition: Job 26:14 emphasizes a key movement in the chapter's argument. In KJV form, the text reads: 'Lo, these are parts of his ways: but how little a portion is heard of him? but the thunder of his power who can understand?'. Read in canonical context, the verse supports the coherence of biblical revelation by linking doctrine, narrative, and covenantal meaning.
Apologetics Notes
- Scientific Correlation: This verse is suitable for cumulative-case reasoning in apologetics: historical context, textual stability, and worldview coherence are evaluated together rather than in isolation.
- Hebrew Grammar: A close Hebrew reading should attend lexical range, clause flow, and discourse function in context; these controls reduce over-reading and preserve authorial intent.
- Historical Evidence: Historically, this verse is interpreted within the received canonical tradition, where manuscript continuity and early community usage support stable transmission and meaning.
Citation trailOpen the commentary counts, references, and named sources.
Scholarly apparatus
Commentary citation index
This chapter now surfaces commentary as quoted witness material with an explicit citation trail. The index below gathers the canonical references and named authorities detected inside the commentary layer for faster academic review.
Direct commentary witnesses
11
Generated editorial witnesses
3
Source lane
Apologetics Bible source bundle
Canonical references surfaced in commentary
- Job 26:1-4
- Job 26:5-14
- Job 26:1
- Job 26:2
- Job 26:3
- Job 8:11-19
- Job 12:3
- Job 26:4
- Gen 6:4
- Job 26:5
- Job 26:6
- Gen 1:2
- Job 26:7
- Job 26:8
- Job 26:9
- Job 26:10
- Job 26:11
- Isa 51:9
- Job 26:12
- Job 26:13
- Job 26:14
Named authorities or texts surfaced in commentary
- Ovid
- Job
- Mr
- Dr
- Only
- Septuagint
- Vulgate
- Moses
- Rephaim
- The Septuagint
- The Chaldee
- Arabic
- Behold
- Titans
- Philo
- Sheol
- So Virgil
- Aen
- Pitt
- Old Testament
- Or
- Thus Silius Italicus
- Israelites
- Rahab
- Red Sea
- Pharaoh
- Solomon
- Lo
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Commentary Witness
Job 26:1
Provenance. Rendered as a quoted commentary witness with explicit reference extraction from the source prose.
Canonical locus
Job 26:1
Source lane
Apologetics Bible source bundle
Biblical cross-references named in the witness
Named authorities or texts detected in the witness