Apologetics Bible
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Job is the most penetrating treatment of suffering, divine justice, and epistemological humility in the Hebrew Bible. Its probable date is pre-Mosaic (patriarchal setting), making it one of the oldest compositions in Scripture.
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Connected primary witness
- Connected ID:
Job_39
- Primary Witness Text: Knowest thou the time when the wild goats of the rock bring forth? or canst thou mark when the hinds do calve? Canst thou number the months that they fulfil? or knowest thou the time when they bring forth? They bow themselves, they bring forth their young ones, they cast out their sorrows. Their young ones are in good liking, they grow up with corn; they go forth, and return not unto them. Who hath sent out the wild ass free? or who hath loosed the bands of the wild ass? Whose house I have made the wilderness, and the barren land his dwellings. He scorneth the multitude of the city, neither regardeth he the crying of the driver. The range of the mountains is his pasture, and he searcheth after every green thing. Will the unicorn be willing to serve thee, or abide by thy crib? Canst thou bind the unicorn with his band in the furrow? or will he harrow the valleys after thee? Wilt thou trust him, because his strength is great? or wilt thou leave thy labour to him? Wilt thou believe him, that he will bring home thy seed, and gather it into thy barn? Gavest thou the goodly wings unto the peacocks? or wings and feathers unto the ostrich? Which leaveth her eggs in the earth, and warmeth them in dust, And forgetteth that the foot may crush them, or that the wild beast may break them. She is hardened against her young ones, as though they were not hers: her labour is in vain without fear; Because God hath deprived her of wisdom, neither hath he imparted to her understanding. What time...
Connected dataset overlay
- Connected ID:
Job_39
- Chapter Blob Preview: Knowest thou the time when the wild goats of the rock bring forth? or canst thou mark when the hinds do calve? Canst thou number the months that they fulfil? or knowest thou the time when they bring forth? They bow themselves, they bring forth their young ones, they cast out their sorrows. Their young ones are in good liking, they grow up with corn; they go forth, and return no...
Chapter frameStart here before opening notes.
Chapter frame
Job is the most penetrating treatment of suffering, divine justice, and epistemological humility in the Hebrew Bible. Its probable date is pre-Mosaic (patriarchal setting), making it one of the oldest compositions in Scripture.
Job's friends represent the dominant ancient Near Eastern theodicy: suffering = sin. God's answer from the whirlwind (chs. 38-41) does not explain the suffering but confronts Job with the staggering scale and wisdom of the creation — demanding the creature's epistemological humility before the Creator. Job 19:25-27 ("I know that my Redeemer lives") stands as the OT's most personal resurrection confession.
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Verse-by-verse study lane
Job 39:1
Hebrew
הֲיָדַעְתָּ עֵת לֶדֶת יַעֲלֵי־סָלַע חֹלֵל אַיָּלוֹת תִּשְׁמֹֽר׃hayada'eta-'et-ledet-ya'aley-sala'-cholel-'ayalvot-tishemor
KJV: Knowest thou the time when the wild goats of the rock bring forth? or canst thou mark when the hinds do calve?
AKJV: Know you the time when the wild goats of the rock bring forth? or can you mark when the hinds do calve?
ASV: Knowest thou the time when the wild goats of the rock bring forth?
YLT: Hast thou known the time of The bearing of the wild goats of the rock? The bringing forth of hinds thou dost mark!
Exposition: Job 39:1 emphasizes a key movement in the chapter's argument. In KJV form, the text reads: 'Knowest thou the time when the wild goats of the rock bring forth? or canst thou mark when the hinds do calve?'. Read in canonical context, the verse supports the coherence of biblical revelation by linking doctrine, narrative, and covenantal meaning.
Apologetics Notes
- Scientific Correlation: This verse is suitable for cumulative-case reasoning in apologetics: historical context, textual stability, and worldview coherence are evaluated together rather than in isolation.
- Hebrew Grammar: A close Hebrew reading should attend lexical range, clause flow, and discourse function in context; these controls reduce over-reading and preserve authorial intent.
- Historical Evidence: Historically, this verse is interpreted within the received canonical tradition, where manuscript continuity and early community usage support stable transmission and meaning.
Job 39:2
Hebrew
תִּסְפֹּר יְרָחִים תְּמַלֶּאנָה וְיָדַעְתָּ עֵת לִדְתָּֽנָה׃tisefor-yerachiym-temale'nah-veyada'eta-'et-lidetanah
KJV: Canst thou number the months that they fulfil? or knowest thou the time when they bring forth?
AKJV: Can you number the months that they fulfill? or know you the time when they bring forth?
ASV: Canst thou number the months that they fulfil?
YLT: Thou dost number the months they fulfil? And thou hast known the time of their bringing forth!
Commentary Witness (Generated)Job 39:2Generated editorial synthesis
Commentary Witness (Generated)
Job 39:2
Job 39:2 advances the immediate literary flow of the chapter and should be interpreted in its canonical context, not as an isolated proof text. In the present translation it reads: 'Canst thou number the months that they fulfil? or knowest thou the time when they bring forth?'. A close Hebrew reading supports attention to key lexical choices, clause movement, and redemptive-historical placement so doctrinal conclusions remain textually grounded.
Provenance. Rendered as an editorial synthesis tied to the canonical verse context and current chapter source.
Canonical locus
Job 39:2
Source lane
Apologetics Bible source bundle
Biblical cross-references named in the witness
- Job 39:2
Exposition: Job 39:2 emphasizes a key movement in the chapter's argument. In KJV form, the text reads: 'Canst thou number the months that they fulfil? or knowest thou the time when they bring forth?'. Read in canonical context, the verse supports the coherence of biblical revelation by linking doctrine, narrative, and covenantal meaning.
Apologetics Notes
- Scientific Correlation: This verse is suitable for cumulative-case reasoning in apologetics: historical context, textual stability, and worldview coherence are evaluated together rather than in isolation.
- Hebrew Grammar: A close Hebrew reading should attend lexical range, clause flow, and discourse function in context; these controls reduce over-reading and preserve authorial intent.
- Historical Evidence: Historically, this verse is interpreted within the received canonical tradition, where manuscript continuity and early community usage support stable transmission and meaning.
Job 39:3
Hebrew
תִּכְרַעְנָה יַלְדֵיהֶן תְּפַלַּחְנָה חֶבְלֵיהֶם תְּשַׁלַּֽחְנָה׃tikhera'enah-yaledeyhen-tefalachenah-cheveleyhem-teshalachenah
KJV: They bow themselves, they bring forth their young ones, they cast out their sorrows.
AKJV: They bow themselves, they bring forth their young ones, they cast out their sorrows.
ASV: They bow themselves, they bring forth their young,
YLT: They bow down, Their young ones they bring forth safely, Their pangs they cast forth.
Commentary WitnessJob 39:3Quoted commentary witness
Commentary Witness
Job 39:3
Verse 3 They bow themselves - In order to bring forth their young ones. They cast out their sorrows - חבליהם chebleyhem; the placenta, afterbirth, or umbilical cord. So this word has been understood.
Provenance. Rendered as a quoted commentary witness with explicit reference extraction from the source prose.
Canonical locus
Job 39:3
Source lane
Apologetics Bible source bundle
Exposition: Job 39:3 emphasizes a key movement in the chapter's argument. In KJV form, the text reads: 'They bow themselves, they bring forth their young ones, they cast out their sorrows.'. Read in canonical context, the verse supports the coherence of biblical revelation by linking doctrine, narrative, and covenantal meaning.
Apologetics Notes
- Scientific Correlation: This verse is suitable for cumulative-case reasoning in apologetics: historical context, textual stability, and worldview coherence are evaluated together rather than in isolation.
- Hebrew Grammar: A close Hebrew reading should attend lexical range, clause flow, and discourse function in context; these controls reduce over-reading and preserve authorial intent.
- Historical Evidence: Historically, this verse is interpreted within the received canonical tradition, where manuscript continuity and early community usage support stable transmission and meaning.
Job 39:4
Hebrew
יַחְלְמוּ בְנֵיהֶם יִרְבּוּ בַבָּר יָצְאוּ וְלֹא־שָׁבוּ לָֽמוֹ׃yachelemv-veneyhem-yirevv-vavar-yatze'v-velo'-shavv-lamvo
KJV: Their young ones are in good liking, they grow up with corn; they go forth, and return not unto them.
AKJV: Their young ones are in good liking, they grow up with corn; they go forth, and return not to them.
ASV: Their young ones become strong, they grow up in the open field;
YLT: Safe are their young ones, They grow up in the field, they have gone out, And have not returned to them.
Commentary WitnessJob 39:4Quoted commentary witness
Commentary Witness
Job 39:4
Verse 4 In good liking - After the fawns have sucked for some time, the dam leads them to the pastures, where they feed on different kinds of herbage; but not on corn, for they are not born before harvest-time in Arabia and Palestine, and the stag does not feed on corn, but on grass, moss, and the shoots of the fir, beech, and other trees: therefore the word בר bar, here translated corn, should be translated the open field or country. See Parkhurst. Their nurslings bound away - Mr. Good. In a short time they become independent of the mother, leave her, and return no more. The spirit of the questions in these verses appears to be the following: - Understandest thou the cause of breeding of the mountain goats, etc.? Art thou acquainted with the course and progress of the parturition, and the manner in which the bones grow, and acquire solidity in the womb? See Mr. Good's observations. Houbigant's version appears very correct: (Knowest thou) "how their young ones grow up, increase in the fields, and once departing, return to them no more?"
Provenance. Rendered as a quoted commentary witness with explicit reference extraction from the source prose.
Canonical locus
Job 39:4
Source lane
Apologetics Bible source bundle
Named authorities or texts detected in the witness
- Palestine
- See Parkhurst
- Mr
- Good
- See Mr
Exposition: Job 39:4 emphasizes a key movement in the chapter's argument. In KJV form, the text reads: 'Their young ones are in good liking, they grow up with corn; they go forth, and return not unto them.'. Read in canonical context, the verse supports the coherence of biblical revelation by linking doctrine, narrative, and covenantal meaning.
Apologetics Notes
- Scientific Correlation: This verse is suitable for cumulative-case reasoning in apologetics: historical context, textual stability, and worldview coherence are evaluated together rather than in isolation.
- Hebrew Grammar: A close Hebrew reading should attend lexical range, clause flow, and discourse function in context; these controls reduce over-reading and preserve authorial intent.
- Historical Evidence: Historically, this verse is interpreted within the received canonical tradition, where manuscript continuity and early community usage support stable transmission and meaning.
Job 39:5
Hebrew
מִֽי־שִׁלַּח פֶּרֶא חָפְשִׁי וּמֹסְרוֹת עָרוֹד מִי פִתֵּֽחַ׃miy-shilach-fere'-chafeshiy-vmoservot-'arvod-miy-fitecha
KJV: Who hath sent out the wild ass free? or who hath loosed the bands of the wild ass?
AKJV: Who has sent out the wild ass free? or who has loosed the bands of the wild ass?
ASV: Who hath sent out the wild ass free?
YLT: Who hath sent forth the wild ass free? Yea, the bands of the wild ass who opened?
Commentary WitnessJob 39:5Quoted commentary witness
Commentary Witness
Job 39:5
Verse 5 Who hath sent out the wild ass free? - פרא pere, which we translate wild ass, is the same as the ονος αγριος of the Greeks, and the onager of the Latins; which must not, says Buffon, be confounded with the zebra, for this is an animal of a different species from the ass. The wild ass is not striped like the zebra, nor so elegantly shaped. There are many of those animals in the deserts of Libya and Numidia: they are of a gray color; and run so swiftly that no horse but the Arab barbs can overtake them. Wild asses are found in considerable numbers in East and South Tartary, in Persia, Syria, the islands of the Archipelago, and throughout Mauritania. They differ from tame asses only in their independence and liberty, and in their being stronger and more nimble: but in their shape they are the same. See on Job 6:5 (note). The bands of the wild ass? - ערוד arod, the brayer, the same animal, but called thus because of the frequent and peculiar noise he makes. But Mr. Good supposes this to be a different animal from the wild ass, (the jichta or equus hemionus), which is distinguished by having solid hoofs, a uniform color, no cross on the back, and the tail hairy only at the tip. The ears and tail resemble those of the zebra; the hoofs and body, those of the ass; and the limbs, those of the horse. It inhabits Arabia, China, Siberia, and Tartary, in glassy saline plains or salt wastes, as mentioned in the following verse.
Provenance. Rendered as a quoted commentary witness with explicit reference extraction from the source prose.
Canonical locus
Job 39:5
Source lane
Apologetics Bible source bundle
Biblical cross-references named in the witness
- Job 6:5
Named authorities or texts detected in the witness
- Ray
- Greeks
- Latins
- Buffon
- Numidia
- South Tartary
- Persia
- Syria
- Archipelago
- Mauritania
- But Mr
- Arabia
- China
- Siberia
- Tartary
Exposition: Job 39:5 emphasizes a key movement in the chapter's argument. In KJV form, the text reads: 'Who hath sent out the wild ass free? or who hath loosed the bands of the wild ass?'. Read in canonical context, the verse supports the coherence of biblical revelation by linking doctrine, narrative, and covenantal meaning.
Apologetics Notes
- Scientific Correlation: This verse is suitable for cumulative-case reasoning in apologetics: historical context, textual stability, and worldview coherence are evaluated together rather than in isolation.
- Hebrew Grammar: A close Hebrew reading should attend lexical range, clause flow, and discourse function in context; these controls reduce over-reading and preserve authorial intent.
- Historical Evidence: Historically, this verse is interpreted within the received canonical tradition, where manuscript continuity and early community usage support stable transmission and meaning.
Job 39:6
Hebrew
אֲשֶׁר־שַׂמְתִּי עֲרָבָה בֵיתוֹ וּֽמִשְׁכְּנוֹתָיו מְלֵֽחָה׃'asher-shametiy-'aravah-veytvo-vmishekhenvotayv-melechah
KJV: Whose house I have made the wilderness, and the barren land his dwellings.
AKJV: Whose house I have made the wilderness, and the barren land his dwellings.
ASV: Whose home I have made the wilderness,
YLT: Whose house I have made the wilderness, And his dwellings the barren land,
Commentary WitnessJob 39:6Quoted commentary witness
Commentary Witness
Job 39:6
Verse 6 Whose house - Habitation, or place of resort. The barren land - מלחה melechah, the salt land, or salt places, as in the margin. See above.
Provenance. Rendered as a quoted commentary witness with explicit reference extraction from the source prose.
Canonical locus
Job 39:6
Source lane
Apologetics Bible source bundle
Named authorities or texts detected in the witness
- Habitation
Exposition: Job 39:6 emphasizes a key movement in the chapter's argument. In KJV form, the text reads: 'Whose house I have made the wilderness, and the barren land his dwellings.'. Read in canonical context, the verse supports the coherence of biblical revelation by linking doctrine, narrative, and covenantal meaning.
Apologetics Notes
- Scientific Correlation: This verse is suitable for cumulative-case reasoning in apologetics: historical context, textual stability, and worldview coherence are evaluated together rather than in isolation.
- Hebrew Grammar: A close Hebrew reading should attend lexical range, clause flow, and discourse function in context; these controls reduce over-reading and preserve authorial intent.
- Historical Evidence: Historically, this verse is interpreted within the received canonical tradition, where manuscript continuity and early community usage support stable transmission and meaning.
Job 39:7
Hebrew
יִשְׂחַק לַהֲמוֹן קִרְיָה תְּשֻׁאוֹת נוֹגֵשׂ לֹא יִשְׁמָֽע׃yishechaq-lahamvon-qireyah-teshu'vot-nvogesh-lo'-yishema'
KJV: He scorneth the multitude of the city, neither regardeth he the crying of the driver.
AKJV: He scorns the multitude of the city, neither regards he the crying of the driver.
ASV: He scorneth the tumult of the city,
YLT: He doth laugh at the multitude of a city, The cries of an exactor he heareth not.
Commentary WitnessJob 39:7Quoted commentary witness
Commentary Witness
Job 39:7
Verse 7 He scorneth the multitude - He is so swift that he cannot be run or hunted down. See the description in Job 39:5 (note).
Provenance. Rendered as a quoted commentary witness with explicit reference extraction from the source prose.
Canonical locus
Job 39:7
Source lane
Apologetics Bible source bundle
Biblical cross-references named in the witness
- Job 39:5
Exposition: Job 39:7 emphasizes a key movement in the chapter's argument. In KJV form, the text reads: 'He scorneth the multitude of the city, neither regardeth he the crying of the driver.'. Read in canonical context, the verse supports the coherence of biblical revelation by linking doctrine, narrative, and covenantal meaning.
Apologetics Notes
- Scientific Correlation: This verse is suitable for cumulative-case reasoning in apologetics: historical context, textual stability, and worldview coherence are evaluated together rather than in isolation.
- Hebrew Grammar: A close Hebrew reading should attend lexical range, clause flow, and discourse function in context; these controls reduce over-reading and preserve authorial intent.
- Historical Evidence: Historically, this verse is interpreted within the received canonical tradition, where manuscript continuity and early community usage support stable transmission and meaning.
Job 39:8
Hebrew
יְתוּר הָרִים מִרְעֵהוּ וְאַחַר כָּל־יָרוֹק יִדְרֽוֹשׁ׃yetvr-hariym-mire'ehv-ve'achar-khal-yarvoq-yidervosh
KJV: The range of the mountains is his pasture, and he searcheth after every green thing.
AKJV: The range of the mountains is his pasture, and he searches after every green thing.
ASV: The range of the mountains is his pasture,
YLT: The range of mountains is his pasture, And after every green thing he seeketh.
Commentary WitnessJob 39:8Quoted commentary witness
Commentary Witness
Job 39:8
Verse 8 The range of the mountains - The mountains and desert places are his peculiar places of pasture; and he lives on any thing that is green, or any kind of vegetable production.
Provenance. Rendered as a quoted commentary witness with explicit reference extraction from the source prose.
Canonical locus
Job 39:8
Source lane
Apologetics Bible source bundle
Exposition: Job 39:8 emphasizes a key movement in the chapter's argument. In KJV form, the text reads: 'The range of the mountains is his pasture, and he searcheth after every green thing.'. Read in canonical context, the verse supports the coherence of biblical revelation by linking doctrine, narrative, and covenantal meaning.
Apologetics Notes
- Scientific Correlation: This verse is suitable for cumulative-case reasoning in apologetics: historical context, textual stability, and worldview coherence are evaluated together rather than in isolation.
- Hebrew Grammar: A close Hebrew reading should attend lexical range, clause flow, and discourse function in context; these controls reduce over-reading and preserve authorial intent.
- Historical Evidence: Historically, this verse is interpreted within the received canonical tradition, where manuscript continuity and early community usage support stable transmission and meaning.
Job 39:9
Hebrew
הֲיֹאבֶה רֵּים עָבְדֶךָ אִם־יָלִין עַל־אֲבוּסֶֽךָ׃hayo'veh-reym-'avedekha-'im-yaliyn-'al-'avvsekha
KJV: Will the unicorn be willing to serve thee, or abide by thy crib?
AKJV: Will the unicorn be willing to serve you, or abide by your crib?
ASV: Will the wild-ox be content to serve thee?
YLT: Is a Reem willing to serve thee? Doth he lodge by thy crib?
Commentary WitnessJob 39:9Quoted commentary witness
Commentary Witness
Job 39:9
Verse 9 Will the unicorn be willing to serve thee? - The "fine elegant animal like a horse, with one long rich curled horn growing out of his forehead," commonly called the unicorn, must be given up as fabulous. The heralds must claim him as their own; place him in their armorial bearings as they please, to indicate the unreal actions, fictitious virtues, and unfought martial exploits of mispraised men. It is not to the honor of the royal arms of Great Britain that this fabulous animal should be one of their supporters. The animal in question, called רים reim, is undoubtedly the rhinoceros, who has the latter name from the horn that grows on his nose. The rhinoceros is known by the name of reim in Arabia to the present day. He is allowed to be a savage animal, showing nothing of the intellect of the elephant. His horn enables him to combat the latter with great success; for, by putting his nose under the elephant's belly, he can rip him up. His skin is like armor, and so very hard as to resist sabres, javelins, lances, and even musket-balls; the only penetrable parts being the belly, the eyes, and about the ears. Or abide by thy crib? - These and several of the following expressions are intended to point out his savage, untameable nature.
Provenance. Rendered as a quoted commentary witness with explicit reference extraction from the source prose.
Canonical locus
Job 39:9
Source lane
Apologetics Bible source bundle
Exposition: Job 39:9 emphasizes a key movement in the chapter's argument. In KJV form, the text reads: 'Will the unicorn be willing to serve thee, or abide by thy crib?'. Read in canonical context, the verse supports the coherence of biblical revelation by linking doctrine, narrative, and covenantal meaning.
Apologetics Notes
- Scientific Correlation: This verse is suitable for cumulative-case reasoning in apologetics: historical context, textual stability, and worldview coherence are evaluated together rather than in isolation.
- Hebrew Grammar: A close Hebrew reading should attend lexical range, clause flow, and discourse function in context; these controls reduce over-reading and preserve authorial intent.
- Historical Evidence: Historically, this verse is interpreted within the received canonical tradition, where manuscript continuity and early community usage support stable transmission and meaning.
Job 39:10
Hebrew
הֲֽתִקְשָׁר־רֵים בְּתֶלֶם עֲבֹתוֹ אִם־יְשַׂדֵּד עֲמָקִים אַחֲרֶֽיךָ׃hatiqeshar-reym-vetelem-'avotvo-'im-yeshaded-'amaqiym-'achareykha
KJV: Canst thou bind the unicorn with his band in the furrow? or will he harrow the valleys after thee?
AKJV: Can you bind the unicorn with his band in the furrow? or will he harrow the valleys after you?
ASV: Canst thou bind the wild-ox with his band in the furrow?
YLT: Dost thou bind a Reem in a furrow with his thick band? Doth he harrow valleys after thee?
Commentary WitnessJob 39:10Quoted commentary witness
Commentary Witness
Job 39:10
Verse 10 Canst thou bind the unicorn - in the furrow? - He will not plough, nor draw in the yoke with another? nor canst thou use him singly, to harrow the ground.
Provenance. Rendered as a quoted commentary witness with explicit reference extraction from the source prose.
Canonical locus
Job 39:10
Source lane
Apologetics Bible source bundle
Exposition: Job 39:10 emphasizes a key movement in the chapter's argument. In KJV form, the text reads: 'Canst thou bind the unicorn with his band in the furrow? or will he harrow the valleys after thee?'. Read in canonical context, the verse supports the coherence of biblical revelation by linking doctrine, narrative, and covenantal meaning.
Apologetics Notes
- Scientific Correlation: This verse is suitable for cumulative-case reasoning in apologetics: historical context, textual stability, and worldview coherence are evaluated together rather than in isolation.
- Hebrew Grammar: A close Hebrew reading should attend lexical range, clause flow, and discourse function in context; these controls reduce over-reading and preserve authorial intent.
- Historical Evidence: Historically, this verse is interpreted within the received canonical tradition, where manuscript continuity and early community usage support stable transmission and meaning.
Job 39:11
Hebrew
הֲֽתִבְטַח־בּוֹ כִּי־רַב כֹּחוֹ וְתַעֲזֹב אֵלָיו יְגִיעֶֽךָ׃hativetach-vvo-khiy-rav-khochvo-veta'azov-'elayv-yegiy'ekha
KJV: Wilt thou trust him, because his strength is great? or wilt thou leave thy labour to him?
AKJV: Will you trust him, because his strength is great? or will you leave your labor to him?
ASV: Wilt thou trust him, because his strength is great?
YLT: Dost thou trust in him because great is his power? And dost thou leave unto him thy labour?
Commentary Witness (Generated)Job 39:11Generated editorial synthesis
Commentary Witness (Generated)
Job 39:11
Job 39:11 advances the immediate literary flow of the chapter and should be interpreted in its canonical context, not as an isolated proof text. In the present translation it reads: 'Wilt thou trust him, because his strength is great? or wilt thou leave thy labour to him?'. A close Hebrew reading supports attention to key lexical choices, clause movement, and redemptive-historical placement so doctrinal conclusions remain textually grounded.
Provenance. Rendered as an editorial synthesis tied to the canonical verse context and current chapter source.
Canonical locus
Job 39:11
Source lane
Apologetics Bible source bundle
Biblical cross-references named in the witness
- Job 39:11
Exposition: Job 39:11 emphasizes a key movement in the chapter's argument. In KJV form, the text reads: 'Wilt thou trust him, because his strength is great? or wilt thou leave thy labour to him?'. Read in canonical context, the verse supports the coherence of biblical revelation by linking doctrine, narrative, and covenantal meaning.
Apologetics Notes
- Scientific Correlation: This verse is suitable for cumulative-case reasoning in apologetics: historical context, textual stability, and worldview coherence are evaluated together rather than in isolation.
- Hebrew Grammar: A close Hebrew reading should attend lexical range, clause flow, and discourse function in context; these controls reduce over-reading and preserve authorial intent.
- Historical Evidence: Historically, this verse is interpreted within the received canonical tradition, where manuscript continuity and early community usage support stable transmission and meaning.
Job 39:12
Hebrew
הֲתַאֲמִין בּוֹ כִּי־ישוב יָשִׁיב זַרְעֶךָ וְֽגָרְנְךָ יֶאֱסֹֽף׃hata'amiyn-vvo-khiy-yshvv-yashiyv-zare'ekha-vegarenekha-ye'esof
KJV: Wilt thou believe him, that he will bring home thy seed, and gather it into thy barn?
AKJV: Will you believe him, that he will bring home your seed, and gather it into your barn?
ASV: Wilt thou confide in him, that he will bring home thy seed,
YLT: Dost thou trust in him That he doth bring back thy seed? And to thy threshing-floor doth gather it ?
Commentary Witness (Generated)Job 39:12Generated editorial synthesis
Commentary Witness (Generated)
Job 39:12
Job 39:12 advances the immediate literary flow of the chapter and should be interpreted in its canonical context, not as an isolated proof text. In the present translation it reads: 'Wilt thou believe him, that he will bring home thy seed, and gather it into thy barn?'. A close Hebrew reading supports attention to key lexical choices, clause movement, and redemptive-historical placement so doctrinal conclusions remain textually grounded.
Provenance. Rendered as an editorial synthesis tied to the canonical verse context and current chapter source.
Canonical locus
Job 39:12
Source lane
Apologetics Bible source bundle
Biblical cross-references named in the witness
- Job 39:12
Exposition: Job 39:12 emphasizes a key movement in the chapter's argument. In KJV form, the text reads: 'Wilt thou believe him, that he will bring home thy seed, and gather it into thy barn?'. Read in canonical context, the verse supports the coherence of biblical revelation by linking doctrine, narrative, and covenantal meaning.
Apologetics Notes
- Scientific Correlation: This verse is suitable for cumulative-case reasoning in apologetics: historical context, textual stability, and worldview coherence are evaluated together rather than in isolation.
- Hebrew Grammar: A close Hebrew reading should attend lexical range, clause flow, and discourse function in context; these controls reduce over-reading and preserve authorial intent.
- Historical Evidence: Historically, this verse is interpreted within the received canonical tradition, where manuscript continuity and early community usage support stable transmission and meaning.
Job 39:13
Hebrew
כְּנַף־רְנָנִים נֶעֱלָסָה אִם־אֶבְרָה חֲסִידָה וְנֹצָֽה׃khenaf-renaniym-ne'elasah-'im-'everah-chasiydah-venotzah
KJV: Gavest thou the goodly wings unto the peacocks? or wings and feathers unto the ostrich?
AKJV: Gave you the goodly wings to the peacocks? or wings and feathers to the ostrich?
ASV: The wings of the ostrich wave proudly;
YLT: The wing of the rattling ones exulteth, Whether the pinion of the ostrich or hawk.
Commentary WitnessJob 39:13Quoted commentary witness
Commentary Witness
Job 39:13
Verse 13 The goodly wings unto the peacocks? - I believe peacocks are not intended here; and the Hebrew word רננים renanim should be translated ostriches; and the term חסידה chasidah, which we translate ostrich, should be, as it is elsewhere translated, stork; and perhaps the word נצה notsah, rendered here feathers, should be translated hawk, or pelican. The Vulgate has, Penna struthionis similis est pennis herodii et accipitris; "the feather of the ostrich is like to that of the stork and the hawk." The Chaldee has, "The wing of the wild cock, who crows and claps his wings, is like to the wing of the stork and the hawk." The Septuagint, not knowing what to make of these different terms, have left them all untranslated, so as to make a sentence without sense. Mr. Good has come nearest both to the original and to the meaning, by translating thus: - "The wing of the ostrich tribe is for flapping; But of the stork and falcon for flight." Though the wings of the ostrich, says he, cannot raise it from the ground, yet by the motion here alluded to, by a perpetual vibration, or flapping - by perpetually catching or drinking in the wind, (as the term נעלסה neelasah implies, which we render goodly), they give it a rapidity of running beyond that possessed by any other animal in the world. Adanson informs us, that when he was at the factory in Padore, he was in possession of two tame ostriches; and to try their strength, says he, "I made a full-grown negro mount the smallest, and two others the largest. This burden did not seem at all disproportioned to their strength. At first they went a pretty high trot; and, when they were heated a little, they expanded their wings, as if it were to catch the wind, and they moved with such fleetness as to seem to be off the ground. And I am satisfied that those ostriches would have distanced the fleetest race-horses that were ever bred in England." As to נצה notsah, here translated falcon, Mr. Good observes, that the term naz is used generally by the Arabian writers to signify both falcon and hawk; and there can be little doubt that such is the real meaning of the Hebrew word; and that it imports various species of the falcon family, as jer-falcon, gos-hawk, and sparrow-hawk. "The argument drawn from natural history advances from quadrupeds to birds; and of birds, those only are selected for description which are most common to the country in which the scene lies, and at the same time are most singular in their properties. Thus the ostrich is admirably contrasted with the stork and the eagle, as affording us an instance of a winged animal totally incapable of flight, but endued with an unrivalled rapidity of running, compared with birds whose flight is proverbially fleet, powerful, and persevering. Let man, in the pride of his wisdom, explain or arraign this difference of construction. "Again, the ostrich is peculiarly opposed to the stork and to some species of the eagle in another sense, and a sense adverted to in the verses immediately ensuing; for the ostrich is well known to take little or no care of its eggs, or of its young, while the stork ever has been, and ever deserves to be, held in proverbial repute for its parental tenderness. The Hebrew word חסידה chasidah, imports kindness or affection; and our own term stork, if derived from the Greek στοργη, storge, as some pretend, has the same original meaning." - Good's Job.
Provenance. Rendered as a quoted commentary witness with explicit reference extraction from the source prose.
Canonical locus
Job 39:13
Source lane
Apologetics Bible source bundle
Named authorities or texts detected in the witness
- Septuagint
- Vulgate
- The Septuagint
- Mr
- Padore
- England
- Again
- Job
Exposition: Job 39:13 emphasizes a key movement in the chapter's argument. In KJV form, the text reads: 'Gavest thou the goodly wings unto the peacocks? or wings and feathers unto the ostrich?'. Read in canonical context, the verse supports the coherence of biblical revelation by linking doctrine, narrative, and covenantal meaning.
Apologetics Notes
- Scientific Correlation: This verse is suitable for cumulative-case reasoning in apologetics: historical context, textual stability, and worldview coherence are evaluated together rather than in isolation.
- Hebrew Grammar: A close Hebrew reading should attend lexical range, clause flow, and discourse function in context; these controls reduce over-reading and preserve authorial intent.
- Historical Evidence: Historically, this verse is interpreted within the received canonical tradition, where manuscript continuity and early community usage support stable transmission and meaning.
Job 39:14
Hebrew
כִּֽי־תַעֲזֹב לָאָרֶץ בֵּצֶיהָ וְֽעַל־עָפָר תְּחַמֵּֽם׃khiy-ta'azov-la'aretz-vetzeyha-ve'al-'afar-techamem
KJV: Which leaveth her eggs in the earth, and warmeth them in dust,
AKJV: Which leaves her eggs in the earth, and warms them in dust,
ASV: For she leaveth her eggs on the earth,
YLT: For she leaveth on the earth her eggs, And on the dust she doth warm them,
Commentary WitnessJob 39:14Quoted commentary witness
Commentary Witness
Job 39:14
Verse 14 Which leaveth her eggs in the earth - This want of parental affection in the ostrich is almost universally acknowledged. Mr. Jackson, in his Account of Morocco, observes: "The ostrich, having laid her eggs, goes away, forgetting or forsaking them: and if some other ostrich discover them, she hatches them as if they were her own, forgetting probably whether they are or are not; so deficient is the recollection of this bird." This illustrates Job 39:15 : "And forgetteth that the foot may crush them, or that the wild beast may break them." The poet seems well acquainted with every part of the subject on which he writes; and facts incontestable confirm all he says. For farther illustration, see the account from Dr. Shaw at the end of the chapter, Job 39:30 (note).
Provenance. Rendered as a quoted commentary witness with explicit reference extraction from the source prose.
Canonical locus
Job 39:14
Source lane
Apologetics Bible source bundle
Biblical cross-references named in the witness
- Job 39:15
- Job 39:30
Named authorities or texts detected in the witness
- Mr
- Jackson
- Morocco
- Dr
Exposition: Job 39:14 emphasizes a key movement in the chapter's argument. In KJV form, the text reads: 'Which leaveth her eggs in the earth, and warmeth them in dust,'. Read in canonical context, the verse supports the coherence of biblical revelation by linking doctrine, narrative, and covenantal meaning.
Apologetics Notes
- Scientific Correlation: This verse is suitable for cumulative-case reasoning in apologetics: historical context, textual stability, and worldview coherence are evaluated together rather than in isolation.
- Hebrew Grammar: A close Hebrew reading should attend lexical range, clause flow, and discourse function in context; these controls reduce over-reading and preserve authorial intent.
- Historical Evidence: Historically, this verse is interpreted within the received canonical tradition, where manuscript continuity and early community usage support stable transmission and meaning.
Job 39:15
Hebrew
וַתִּשְׁכַּח כִּי־רֶגֶל תְּזוּרֶהָ וְחַיַּת הַשָּׂדֶה תְּדוּשֶֽׁהָ׃vatishekhach-khiy-regel-tezvreha-vechayat-hashadeh-tedvsheha
KJV: And forgetteth that the foot may crush them, or that the wild beast may break them.
AKJV: And forgets that the foot may crush them, or that the wild beast may break them.
ASV: And forgetteth that the foot may crush them,
YLT: And she forgetteth that a foot may press it, And a beast of the field tread it down.
Commentary Witness (Generated)Job 39:15Generated editorial synthesis
Commentary Witness (Generated)
Job 39:15
Job 39:15 advances the immediate literary flow of the chapter and should be interpreted in its canonical context, not as an isolated proof text. In the present translation it reads: 'And forgetteth that the foot may crush them, or that the wild beast may break them.'. A close Hebrew reading supports attention to key lexical choices, clause movement, and redemptive-historical placement so doctrinal conclusions remain textually grounded.
Provenance. Rendered as an editorial synthesis tied to the canonical verse context and current chapter source.
Canonical locus
Job 39:15
Source lane
Apologetics Bible source bundle
Biblical cross-references named in the witness
- Job 39:15
Exposition: Job 39:15 emphasizes a key movement in the chapter's argument. In KJV form, the text reads: 'And forgetteth that the foot may crush them, or that the wild beast may break them.'. Read in canonical context, the verse supports the coherence of biblical revelation by linking doctrine, narrative, and covenantal meaning.
Apologetics Notes
- Scientific Correlation: This verse is suitable for cumulative-case reasoning in apologetics: historical context, textual stability, and worldview coherence are evaluated together rather than in isolation.
- Hebrew Grammar: A close Hebrew reading should attend lexical range, clause flow, and discourse function in context; these controls reduce over-reading and preserve authorial intent.
- Historical Evidence: Historically, this verse is interpreted within the received canonical tradition, where manuscript continuity and early community usage support stable transmission and meaning.
Job 39:16
Hebrew
הִקְשִׁיחַ בָּנֶיהָ לְּלֹא־לָהּ לְרִיק יְגִיעָהּ בְּלִי־פָֽחַד׃hiqeshiycha-vaneyha-lelo'-lah-leriyq-yegiy'ah-veliy-fachad
KJV: She is hardened against her young ones, as though they were not hers: her labour is in vain without fear;
AKJV: She is hardened against her young ones, as though they were not hers: her labor is in vain without fear;
ASV: She dealeth hardly with her young ones, as if they were not hers:
YLT: Her young ones it hath hardened without her, In vain is her labour without fear.
Commentary WitnessJob 39:16Quoted commentary witness
Commentary Witness
Job 39:16
Verse 16 She is hardened against her young - See before, and the extracts from Dr. Shaw at the end of the chapter, Job 39:30 (note). She neglects her little ones, which are often found half starved, straggling, and moaning about, like so many deserted orphans, for their mother.
Provenance. Rendered as a quoted commentary witness with explicit reference extraction from the source prose.
Canonical locus
Job 39:16
Source lane
Apologetics Bible source bundle
Biblical cross-references named in the witness
- Job 39:30
Named authorities or texts detected in the witness
- Dr
Exposition: Job 39:16 emphasizes a key movement in the chapter's argument. In KJV form, the text reads: 'She is hardened against her young ones, as though they were not hers: her labour is in vain without fear;'. Read in canonical context, the verse supports the coherence of biblical revelation by linking doctrine, narrative, and covenantal meaning.
Apologetics Notes
- Scientific Correlation: This verse is suitable for cumulative-case reasoning in apologetics: historical context, textual stability, and worldview coherence are evaluated together rather than in isolation.
- Hebrew Grammar: A close Hebrew reading should attend lexical range, clause flow, and discourse function in context; these controls reduce over-reading and preserve authorial intent.
- Historical Evidence: Historically, this verse is interpreted within the received canonical tradition, where manuscript continuity and early community usage support stable transmission and meaning.
Job 39:17
Hebrew
כִּֽי־הִשָּׁהּ אֱלוֹהַּ חָכְמָה וְלֹא־חָלַק לָהּ בַּבִּינָֽה׃khiy-hishah-'elvoha-chakhemah-velo'-chalaq-lah-vaviynah
KJV: Because God hath deprived her of wisdom, neither hath he imparted to her understanding.
AKJV: Because God has deprived her of wisdom, neither has he imparted to her understanding.
ASV: Because God hath deprived her of wisdom,
YLT: For God hath caused her to forget wisdom, And He hath not given a portion To her in understanding:
Commentary WitnessJob 39:17Quoted commentary witness
Commentary Witness
Job 39:17
Verse 17 God hath deprived her of wisdom - Of this foolishness we have an account from the ancients; and here follow two instances: 1. It covers its head in the reeds, and thinks itself all out of sight because itself cannot see. So Claudian: - - 'Stat lumine clauso Ridendum revoluta caput: creditque latere Quad non ipsa videt.' 2. They who hunt them draw the skin of an ostrich's neck on one hand, which proves a sufficient lure to take them with the other. They have so little brain that Heliogabalus had six hundred heads for his supper. Here we may observe, that our judicious as well as sublime author just touches the great points of distinction in each creature, and then hastens to another. A description is exact when you cannot add but what is common to another thing; nor withdraw, but something peculiarly belonging to the thing described. A likeness is lost in too much description, as a meaning is often in too much illustration." - Dr. Young.
Provenance. Rendered as a quoted commentary witness with explicit reference extraction from the source prose.
Canonical locus
Job 39:17
Source lane
Apologetics Bible source bundle
Named authorities or texts detected in the witness
- So Claudian
- Dr
- Young
Exposition: Job 39:17 emphasizes a key movement in the chapter's argument. In KJV form, the text reads: 'Because God hath deprived her of wisdom, neither hath he imparted to her understanding.'. Read in canonical context, the verse supports the coherence of biblical revelation by linking doctrine, narrative, and covenantal meaning.
Apologetics Notes
- Scientific Correlation: This verse is suitable for cumulative-case reasoning in apologetics: historical context, textual stability, and worldview coherence are evaluated together rather than in isolation.
- Hebrew Grammar: A close Hebrew reading should attend lexical range, clause flow, and discourse function in context; these controls reduce over-reading and preserve authorial intent.
- Historical Evidence: Historically, this verse is interpreted within the received canonical tradition, where manuscript continuity and early community usage support stable transmission and meaning.
Job 39:18
Hebrew
כָּעֵת בַּמָּרוֹם תַּמְרִיא תִּֽשְׂחַק לַסּוּס וּלְרֹֽכְבֽוֹ׃kha'et-vamarvom-tameriy'-tishechaq-lasvs-vlerokhevvo
KJV: What time she lifteth up herself on high, she scorneth the horse and his rider.
AKJV: What time she lifts up herself on high, she scorns the horse and his rider.
ASV: What time she lifteth up herself on high,
YLT: At the time on high she lifteth herself up, She laugheth at the horse and at his rider.
Commentary WitnessJob 39:18Quoted commentary witness
Commentary Witness
Job 39:18
Verse 18 She lifteth up herself - When she raiseth up herself to run away. Proofs of the fleetness of this bird have already been given. It neither flies nor runs distinctly, but has a motion composed of both; and, using its wings as sails, makes great speed. So Claudian: - Vasta velut Libyae venantum vocibus ales Cum premitur, calidas cursu transmittit arenas, Inque modum veli sinuatis flamine pennis Pulverulenta volat. "Xenophon says, Cyrus had horses that could overtake the goat and the wild ass; but none that could reach this creature. A thousand golden ducats, or a hundred camels, was the stated price of a horse that could equal their speed." - Dr. Young.
Provenance. Rendered as a quoted commentary witness with explicit reference extraction from the source prose.
Canonical locus
Job 39:18
Source lane
Apologetics Bible source bundle
Named authorities or texts detected in the witness
- So Claudian
- Dr
- Young
Exposition: Job 39:18 emphasizes a key movement in the chapter's argument. In KJV form, the text reads: 'What time she lifteth up herself on high, she scorneth the horse and his rider.'. Read in canonical context, the verse supports the coherence of biblical revelation by linking doctrine, narrative, and covenantal meaning.
Apologetics Notes
- Scientific Correlation: This verse is suitable for cumulative-case reasoning in apologetics: historical context, textual stability, and worldview coherence are evaluated together rather than in isolation.
- Hebrew Grammar: A close Hebrew reading should attend lexical range, clause flow, and discourse function in context; these controls reduce over-reading and preserve authorial intent.
- Historical Evidence: Historically, this verse is interpreted within the received canonical tradition, where manuscript continuity and early community usage support stable transmission and meaning.
Job 39:19
Hebrew
הֲתִתֵּן לַסּוּס גְּבוּרָה הֲתַלְבִּישׁ צַוָּארוֹ רַעְמָֽה׃hatiten-lasvs-gevvrah-hataleviysh-tzava'rvo-ra'emah
KJV: Hast thou given the horse strength? hast thou clothed his neck with thunder?
AKJV: Have you given the horse strength? have you clothed his neck with thunder?
ASV: Hast thou given the horsehismight?
YLT: Dost thou give to the horse might? Dost thou clothe his neck with a mane?
Commentary Witness (Generated)Job 39:19Generated editorial synthesis
Commentary Witness (Generated)
Job 39:19
Job 39:19 advances the immediate literary flow of the chapter and should be interpreted in its canonical context, not as an isolated proof text. In the present translation it reads: 'Hast thou given the horse strength? hast thou clothed his neck with thunder?'. A close Hebrew reading supports attention to key lexical choices, clause movement, and redemptive-historical placement so doctrinal conclusions remain textually grounded.
Provenance. Rendered as an editorial synthesis tied to the canonical verse context and current chapter source.
Canonical locus
Job 39:19
Source lane
Apologetics Bible source bundle
Biblical cross-references named in the witness
- Job 39:19
Exposition: Job 39:19 emphasizes a key movement in the chapter's argument. In KJV form, the text reads: 'Hast thou given the horse strength? hast thou clothed his neck with thunder?'. Read in canonical context, the verse supports the coherence of biblical revelation by linking doctrine, narrative, and covenantal meaning.
Apologetics Notes
- Scientific Correlation: This verse is suitable for cumulative-case reasoning in apologetics: historical context, textual stability, and worldview coherence are evaluated together rather than in isolation.
- Hebrew Grammar: A close Hebrew reading should attend lexical range, clause flow, and discourse function in context; these controls reduce over-reading and preserve authorial intent.
- Historical Evidence: Historically, this verse is interpreted within the received canonical tradition, where manuscript continuity and early community usage support stable transmission and meaning.
Job 39:20
Hebrew
הְֽתַרְעִישֶׁנּוּ כָּאַרְבֶּה הוֹד נַחְרוֹ אֵימָֽה׃hetare'iyshenv-kha'areveh-hvod-nachervo-'eymah
KJV: Canst thou make him afraid as a grasshopper? the glory of his nostrils is terrible.
AKJV: Can you make him afraid as a grasshopper? the glory of his nostrils is terrible.
ASV: Hast thou made him to leap as a locust?
YLT: Dost thou cause him to rush as a locust? The majesty of his snorting is terrible.
Commentary Witness (Generated)Job 39:20Generated editorial synthesis
Commentary Witness (Generated)
Job 39:20
Job 39:20 advances the immediate literary flow of the chapter and should be interpreted in its canonical context, not as an isolated proof text. In the present translation it reads: 'Canst thou make him afraid as a grasshopper? the glory of his nostrils is terrible.'. A close Hebrew reading supports attention to key lexical choices, clause movement, and redemptive-historical placement so doctrinal conclusions remain textually grounded.
Provenance. Rendered as an editorial synthesis tied to the canonical verse context and current chapter source.
Canonical locus
Job 39:20
Source lane
Apologetics Bible source bundle
Biblical cross-references named in the witness
- Job 39:20
Exposition: Job 39:20 emphasizes a key movement in the chapter's argument. In KJV form, the text reads: 'Canst thou make him afraid as a grasshopper? the glory of his nostrils is terrible.'. Read in canonical context, the verse supports the coherence of biblical revelation by linking doctrine, narrative, and covenantal meaning.
Apologetics Notes
- Scientific Correlation: This verse is suitable for cumulative-case reasoning in apologetics: historical context, textual stability, and worldview coherence are evaluated together rather than in isolation.
- Hebrew Grammar: A close Hebrew reading should attend lexical range, clause flow, and discourse function in context; these controls reduce over-reading and preserve authorial intent.
- Historical Evidence: Historically, this verse is interpreted within the received canonical tradition, where manuscript continuity and early community usage support stable transmission and meaning.
Job 39:21
Hebrew
יַחְפְּרוּ בָעֵמֶק וְיָשִׂישׂ בְּכֹחַ יֵצֵא לִקְרַאת־נָֽשֶׁק׃yacheferv-va'emeq-veyashiysh-vekhocha-yetze'-liqera't-nasheq
KJV: He paweth in the valley, and rejoiceth in his strength: he goeth on to meet the armed men.
AKJV: He paws in the valley, and rejoices in his strength: he goes on to meet the armed men.
ASV: He paweth in the valley, and rejoiceth in his strength:
YLT: They dig in a valley, and he rejoiceth in power, He goeth forth to meet the armour.
Commentary WitnessJob 39:21Quoted commentary witness
Commentary Witness
Job 39:21
Verse 21 He paweth in the valley - יחפרו yachperu, "they dig in the valley," i.e., in his violent galloping, in every pitch of his body, he scoops up sods out of the earth. Virgil has seized this idea also, in his cavat tellurem; "he scoops out the ground." See before.
Provenance. Rendered as a quoted commentary witness with explicit reference extraction from the source prose.
Canonical locus
Job 39:21
Source lane
Apologetics Bible source bundle
Exposition: Job 39:21 emphasizes a key movement in the chapter's argument. In KJV form, the text reads: 'He paweth in the valley, and rejoiceth in his strength: he goeth on to meet the armed men.'. Read in canonical context, the verse supports the coherence of biblical revelation by linking doctrine, narrative, and covenantal meaning.
Apologetics Notes
- Scientific Correlation: This verse is suitable for cumulative-case reasoning in apologetics: historical context, textual stability, and worldview coherence are evaluated together rather than in isolation.
- Hebrew Grammar: A close Hebrew reading should attend lexical range, clause flow, and discourse function in context; these controls reduce over-reading and preserve authorial intent.
- Historical Evidence: Historically, this verse is interpreted within the received canonical tradition, where manuscript continuity and early community usage support stable transmission and meaning.
Job 39:22
Hebrew
יִשְׂחַק לְפַחַד וְלֹא יֵחָת וְלֹֽא־יָשׁוּב מִפְּנֵי־חָֽרֶב׃yishechaq-lefachad-velo'-yechat-velo'-yashvv-mifeney-charev
KJV: He mocketh at fear, and is not affrighted; neither turneth he back from the sword.
AKJV: He mocks at fear, and is not affrighted; neither turns he back from the sword.
ASV: He mocketh at fear, and is not dismayed;
YLT: He laugheth at fear, and is not affrighted, And he turneth not back from the face of the sword.
Commentary Witness (Generated)Job 39:22Generated editorial synthesis
Commentary Witness (Generated)
Job 39:22
Job 39:22 advances the immediate literary flow of the chapter and should be interpreted in its canonical context, not as an isolated proof text. In the present translation it reads: 'He mocketh at fear, and is not affrighted; neither turneth he back from the sword.'. A close Hebrew reading supports attention to key lexical choices, clause movement, and redemptive-historical placement so doctrinal conclusions remain textually grounded.
Provenance. Rendered as an editorial synthesis tied to the canonical verse context and current chapter source.
Canonical locus
Job 39:22
Source lane
Apologetics Bible source bundle
Biblical cross-references named in the witness
- Job 39:22
Exposition: Job 39:22 emphasizes a key movement in the chapter's argument. In KJV form, the text reads: 'He mocketh at fear, and is not affrighted; neither turneth he back from the sword.'. Read in canonical context, the verse supports the coherence of biblical revelation by linking doctrine, narrative, and covenantal meaning.
Apologetics Notes
- Scientific Correlation: This verse is suitable for cumulative-case reasoning in apologetics: historical context, textual stability, and worldview coherence are evaluated together rather than in isolation.
- Hebrew Grammar: A close Hebrew reading should attend lexical range, clause flow, and discourse function in context; these controls reduce over-reading and preserve authorial intent.
- Historical Evidence: Historically, this verse is interpreted within the received canonical tradition, where manuscript continuity and early community usage support stable transmission and meaning.
Job 39:23
Hebrew
עָלָיו תִּרְנֶה אַשְׁפָּה לַהַב חֲנִית וְכִידֽוֹן׃'alayv-tireneh-'ashefah-lahav-chaniyt-vekhiydvon
KJV: The quiver rattleth against him, the glittering spear and the shield.
AKJV: The quiver rattles against him, the glittering spear and the shield.
ASV: The quiver rattleth against him,
YLT: Against him rattle doth quiver, The flame of a spear, and a halbert.
Commentary Witness (Generated)Job 39:23Generated editorial synthesis
Commentary Witness (Generated)
Job 39:23
Job 39:23 advances the immediate literary flow of the chapter and should be interpreted in its canonical context, not as an isolated proof text. In the present translation it reads: 'The quiver rattleth against him, the glittering spear and the shield.'. A close Hebrew reading supports attention to key lexical choices, clause movement, and redemptive-historical placement so doctrinal conclusions remain textually grounded.
Provenance. Rendered as an editorial synthesis tied to the canonical verse context and current chapter source.
Canonical locus
Job 39:23
Source lane
Apologetics Bible source bundle
Biblical cross-references named in the witness
- Job 39:23
Exposition: Job 39:23 emphasizes a key movement in the chapter's argument. In KJV form, the text reads: 'The quiver rattleth against him, the glittering spear and the shield.'. Read in canonical context, the verse supports the coherence of biblical revelation by linking doctrine, narrative, and covenantal meaning.
Apologetics Notes
- Scientific Correlation: This verse is suitable for cumulative-case reasoning in apologetics: historical context, textual stability, and worldview coherence are evaluated together rather than in isolation.
- Hebrew Grammar: A close Hebrew reading should attend lexical range, clause flow, and discourse function in context; these controls reduce over-reading and preserve authorial intent.
- Historical Evidence: Historically, this verse is interpreted within the received canonical tradition, where manuscript continuity and early community usage support stable transmission and meaning.
Job 39:24
Hebrew
בְּרַעַשׁ וְרֹגֶז יְגַמֶּא־אָרֶץ וְלֹֽא־יַאֲמִין כִּי־קוֹל שׁוֹפָֽר׃vera'ash-verogez-yegame'-'aretz-velo'-ya'amiyn-khiy-qvol-shvofar
KJV: He swalloweth the ground with fierceness and rage: neither believeth he that it is the sound of the trumpet.
AKJV: He swallows the ground with fierceness and rage: neither believes he that it is the sound of the trumpet.
ASV: He swalloweth the ground with fierceness and rage;
YLT: With trembling and rage he swalloweth the ground, And remaineth not stedfast Because of the sound of a trumpet.
Commentary Witness (Generated)Job 39:24Generated editorial synthesis
Commentary Witness (Generated)
Job 39:24
Job 39:24 advances the immediate literary flow of the chapter and should be interpreted in its canonical context, not as an isolated proof text. In the present translation it reads: 'He swalloweth the ground with fierceness and rage: neither believeth he that it is the sound of the trumpet.'. A close Hebrew reading supports attention to key lexical choices, clause movement, and redemptive-historical placement so doctrinal conclusions remain textually grounded.
Provenance. Rendered as an editorial synthesis tied to the canonical verse context and current chapter source.
Canonical locus
Job 39:24
Source lane
Apologetics Bible source bundle
Biblical cross-references named in the witness
- Job 39:24
Exposition: Job 39:24 emphasizes a key movement in the chapter's argument. In KJV form, the text reads: 'He swalloweth the ground with fierceness and rage: neither believeth he that it is the sound of the trumpet.'. Read in canonical context, the verse supports the coherence of biblical revelation by linking doctrine, narrative, and covenantal meaning.
Apologetics Notes
- Scientific Correlation: This verse is suitable for cumulative-case reasoning in apologetics: historical context, textual stability, and worldview coherence are evaluated together rather than in isolation.
- Hebrew Grammar: A close Hebrew reading should attend lexical range, clause flow, and discourse function in context; these controls reduce over-reading and preserve authorial intent.
- Historical Evidence: Historically, this verse is interpreted within the received canonical tradition, where manuscript continuity and early community usage support stable transmission and meaning.
Job 39:25
Hebrew
בְּדֵי שֹׁפָר ׀ יֹאמַר הֶאָח וּֽמֵרָחוֹק יָרִיחַ מִלְחָמָה רַעַם שָׂרִים וּתְרוּעָֽה׃vedey-shofar- -yo'mar-he'ach-vmerachvoq-yariycha-milechamah-ra'am-shariym-vterv'ah
KJV: He saith among the trumpets, Ha, ha; and he smelleth the battle afar off, the thunder of the captains, and the shouting.
AKJV: He says among the trumpets, Ha, ha; and he smells the battle afar off, the thunder of the captains, and the shouting.
ASV: As oft as the trumpetsoundethhe saith, Aha!
YLT: Among the trumpets he saith, Aha, And from afar he doth smell battle, Roaring of princes and shouting.
Commentary WitnessJob 39:25Quoted commentary witness
Commentary Witness
Job 39:25
Verse 25 He saith among the trumpets, Ha, ha - The original is peculiarly emphatical: האח Heach! a strong, partly nasal, partly guttural sound, exactly resembling the first note which the horse emits in neighing. The strong, guttural sounds in this hemistich are exceedingly expressive: האח ומרחוק יריח מלחמה Heach! umerachok yariach milchamah; "Heach, for from afar he scenteth the battle." The reader will perceive that Mr. Good has given a very different meaning to Job 39:20 from that in the present text, Canst thou make him afraid as a grasshopper? by translating the Hebrew thus: - "Hast thou given him to launch forth as an arrow?" The word ארבה arbeh, which we translate locust or grasshopper, and which he derives from רבה rabah, the א aleph being merely formative, he says, "may as well mean an arrow as it does in Job 16:13, רביו rabbaiv, 'His arrows fly around me.'" The verb רעש raash in the word התועישנו hatharishennu, "Canst thou make him afraid?' he contends, "signifies to tremble, quiver, rush, launch, dart forth; and, taken in this sense, it seems to unite the two ideas of rapidity and coruscation." This is the principal alteration which this learned man has made in the text. I shall conclude on this subject by giving Coverdale's translation: Hast thou geven the horse his strength, or lerned him how to bow down his neck with feare; that he letteth himself be dryven forth like a greshopper, where as the stout neyenge that he maketh is fearfull? He breaketh the grounde with the hoffes of his fete chearfully in his strength, and runneth to mete the harnest men. He layeth aside all feare, his stomach is not abated, neither starteth he aback for eny swerde. Though the qyvers rattle upon him, though the speare and shilde glistre: yet russheth he in fearsley, and beateth upon the grounde. He feareth not the noise of the trompettes, but as soone as he heareth the shawmes blowe, Tush (sayeth he) for he smelleth the batell afarre of, the noyse, the captaynes, and the shoutinge. This is wonderfully nervous, and at the same time accurate.
Provenance. Rendered as a quoted commentary witness with explicit reference extraction from the source prose.
Canonical locus
Job 39:25
Source lane
Apologetics Bible source bundle
Biblical cross-references named in the witness
- Job 39:20
- Job 16:13
Named authorities or texts detected in the witness
- Ha
- Heach
- Mr
Exposition: Job 39:25 emphasizes a key movement in the chapter's argument. In KJV form, the text reads: 'He saith among the trumpets, Ha, ha; and he smelleth the battle afar off, the thunder of the captains, and the shouting.'. Read in canonical context, the verse supports the coherence of biblical revelation by linking doctrine, narrative, and covenantal meaning.
Apologetics Notes
- Scientific Correlation: This verse is suitable for cumulative-case reasoning in apologetics: historical context, textual stability, and worldview coherence are evaluated together rather than in isolation.
- Hebrew Grammar: A close Hebrew reading should attend lexical range, clause flow, and discourse function in context; these controls reduce over-reading and preserve authorial intent.
- Historical Evidence: Historically, this verse is interpreted within the received canonical tradition, where manuscript continuity and early community usage support stable transmission and meaning.
Job 39:26
Hebrew
הֲֽמִבִּינָתְךָ יַֽאֲבֶר־נֵץ יִפְרֹשׂ כנפו כְּנָפָיו לְתֵימָֽן׃hamiviynatekha-ya'aver-netz-yiferosh-khnfv-khenafayv-leteyman
KJV: Doth the hawk fly by thy wisdom, and stretch her wings toward the south?
AKJV: Does the hawk fly by your wisdom, and stretch her wings toward the south?
ASV: Is it by thy wisdom that the hawk soareth,
YLT: By thine understanding flieth a hawk? Spreadeth he his wings to the south?
Commentary WitnessJob 39:26Quoted commentary witness
Commentary Witness
Job 39:26
Verse 26 Doth the hawk fly by thy wisdom - The hawk is called נץ nets, from its swiftness in darting down upon its prey; hence its Latin name, nisus, which is almost the same as the Hebrew. It may very probably mean the falcon, observes Dr. Shaw. The flight of a strong falcon is wonderfully swift. A falcon belonging to the Duke of Cleves flew out of Westphalia into Prussia in one day; and in the county of Norfolk, a hawk has made a flight at a woodcock of near thirty miles in an hour. Thuanus says, "A hawk flew from London to Paris in one night." It was owing to its swiftness that the Egyptians in their hieroglyphics made it the emblem of the wind. Stretch her wings toward the south? - Most of the falcon tribe pass their spring and summer in cold climates; and wing their way toward warmer regions on the approach of winter. This is what is here meant by stretching her wings toward the south. Is it through thy teaching that this or any other bird of passage knows the precise time for taking flight, and the direction in which she is to go in order to come to a warmer climate? There is much of the wisdom and providence of God to be seen in the migration of birds of passage. This has been remarked before. There is a beautiful passage in Jeremiah, Jer 8:7, on the same subject: "The stork in the heavens knoweth her appointed times; and the turtle, and the crane, and the swallow, observe the time of their coming: but my people know not the judgment of the Lord."
Provenance. Rendered as a quoted commentary witness with explicit reference extraction from the source prose.
Canonical locus
Job 39:26
Source lane
Apologetics Bible source bundle
Biblical cross-references named in the witness
- Jer 8:7
Named authorities or texts detected in the witness
- Ovid
- Dr
- Shaw
- Norfolk
- Jeremiah
- Lord
Exposition: Job 39:26 emphasizes a key movement in the chapter's argument. In KJV form, the text reads: 'Doth the hawk fly by thy wisdom, and stretch her wings toward the south?'. Read in canonical context, the verse supports the coherence of biblical revelation by linking doctrine, narrative, and covenantal meaning.
Apologetics Notes
- Scientific Correlation: This verse is suitable for cumulative-case reasoning in apologetics: historical context, textual stability, and worldview coherence are evaluated together rather than in isolation.
- Hebrew Grammar: A close Hebrew reading should attend lexical range, clause flow, and discourse function in context; these controls reduce over-reading and preserve authorial intent.
- Historical Evidence: Historically, this verse is interpreted within the received canonical tradition, where manuscript continuity and early community usage support stable transmission and meaning.
Job 39:27
Hebrew
אִם־עַל־פִּיךָ יַגְבִּיהַּ נָשֶׁר וְכִי יָרִים קִנּֽוֹ׃'im-'al-fiykha-yageviyha-nasher-vekhiy-yariym-qinvo
KJV: Doth the eagle mount up at thy command, and make her nest on high?
AKJV: Does the eagle mount up at your command, and make her nest on high?
ASV: Is it at thy command that the eagle mounteth up,
YLT: At thy command goeth an eagle up high? Or lifteth he up his nest?
Commentary WitnessJob 39:27Quoted commentary witness
Commentary Witness
Job 39:27
Verse 27 Doth the eagle mount up - The eagle is said to be of so acute a sight, that when she is so high in the air that men cannot see her, she can discern a small fish in the water! See on Job 39:29 (note).
Provenance. Rendered as a quoted commentary witness with explicit reference extraction from the source prose.
Canonical locus
Job 39:27
Source lane
Apologetics Bible source bundle
Biblical cross-references named in the witness
- Job 39:29
Exposition: Job 39:27 emphasizes a key movement in the chapter's argument. In KJV form, the text reads: 'Doth the eagle mount up at thy command, and make her nest on high?'. Read in canonical context, the verse supports the coherence of biblical revelation by linking doctrine, narrative, and covenantal meaning.
Apologetics Notes
- Scientific Correlation: This verse is suitable for cumulative-case reasoning in apologetics: historical context, textual stability, and worldview coherence are evaluated together rather than in isolation.
- Hebrew Grammar: A close Hebrew reading should attend lexical range, clause flow, and discourse function in context; these controls reduce over-reading and preserve authorial intent.
- Historical Evidence: Historically, this verse is interpreted within the received canonical tradition, where manuscript continuity and early community usage support stable transmission and meaning.
Job 39:28
Hebrew
סֶלַע יִשְׁכֹּן וְיִתְלֹנָן עַֽל־שֶׁן־סֶלַע וּמְצוּדָֽה׃sela'-yishekhon-veyitelonan-'al-shen-sela'-vmetzvdah
KJV: She dwelleth and abideth on the rock, upon the crag of the rock, and the strong place.
AKJV: She dwells and stays on the rock, on the crag of the rock, and the strong place.
ASV: On the cliff she dwelleth, and maketh her home,
YLT: A rock he doth inhabit, Yea, he lodgeth on the tooth of a rock, and fortress.
Commentary WitnessJob 39:28Quoted commentary witness
Commentary Witness
Job 39:28
Verse 28 Upon the crag of the rock - שן סלע shen sela, the tooth of the rock, i.e., some projecting part, whither adventurous man himself dares not follow her. And the strong place - ומצודה umetsudah. Mr. Good translates this word ravine, and joins it to Job 39:29, thus: "And thence espieth the ravine: her eyes trace the prey afar off."
Provenance. Rendered as a quoted commentary witness with explicit reference extraction from the source prose.
Canonical locus
Job 39:28
Source lane
Apologetics Bible source bundle
Biblical cross-references named in the witness
- Job 39:29
Named authorities or texts detected in the witness
- Mr
Exposition: Job 39:28 emphasizes a key movement in the chapter's argument. In KJV form, the text reads: 'She dwelleth and abideth on the rock, upon the crag of the rock, and the strong place.'. Read in canonical context, the verse supports the coherence of biblical revelation by linking doctrine, narrative, and covenantal meaning.
Apologetics Notes
- Scientific Correlation: This verse is suitable for cumulative-case reasoning in apologetics: historical context, textual stability, and worldview coherence are evaluated together rather than in isolation.
- Hebrew Grammar: A close Hebrew reading should attend lexical range, clause flow, and discourse function in context; these controls reduce over-reading and preserve authorial intent.
- Historical Evidence: Historically, this verse is interpreted within the received canonical tradition, where manuscript continuity and early community usage support stable transmission and meaning.
Job 39:29
Hebrew
מִשָּׁם חָֽפַר־אֹכֶל לְמֵרָחוֹק עֵינָיו יַבִּֽיטוּ׃misham-chafar-'okhel-lemerachvoq-'eynayv-yaviytv
KJV: From thence she seeketh the prey, and her eyes behold afar off.
AKJV: From there she seeks the prey, and her eyes behold afar off.
ASV: From thence she spieth out the prey;
YLT: From thence he hath sought food, To a far off place his eyes look attentively,
Commentary WitnessJob 39:29Quoted commentary witness
Commentary Witness
Job 39:29
Verse 29 Her eyes behold afar off - The eagle was proverbial for her strong and clear sight. So Horace, lib. i., sat. iii., ver. 25: - Cum tua pervideas oculis mala lippus inunctis, Cur in amicorum vitas tam cernis acutum, Quam aut aquila, aut serpens Epidaurius? "For wherefore while you carelessly pass by Your own worst vices with unheeding eye, Why so sharp-sighted in another's fame, Strong as an eagle's ken, or dragon's beam?" Francis. So Aelian, lib. i., cap. 42. And Homer, Iliad xvii., calls the eagle οξυτατον ὑπουρανιων πετεηνων, "The most quick-sighted of all fowls under heaven."
Provenance. Rendered as a quoted commentary witness with explicit reference extraction from the source prose.
Canonical locus
Job 39:29
Source lane
Apologetics Bible source bundle
Named authorities or texts detected in the witness
- So Horace
- Francis
- So Aelian
- And Homer
Exposition: Job 39:29 emphasizes a key movement in the chapter's argument. In KJV form, the text reads: 'From thence she seeketh the prey, and her eyes behold afar off.'. Read in canonical context, the verse supports the coherence of biblical revelation by linking doctrine, narrative, and covenantal meaning.
Apologetics Notes
- Scientific Correlation: This verse is suitable for cumulative-case reasoning in apologetics: historical context, textual stability, and worldview coherence are evaluated together rather than in isolation.
- Hebrew Grammar: A close Hebrew reading should attend lexical range, clause flow, and discourse function in context; these controls reduce over-reading and preserve authorial intent.
- Historical Evidence: Historically, this verse is interpreted within the received canonical tradition, where manuscript continuity and early community usage support stable transmission and meaning.
Job 39:30
Hebrew
ואפרחו וְאֶפְרֹחָיו יְעַלְעוּ־דָם וּבַאֲשֶׁר חֲלָלִים שָׁם הֽוּא׃v'frchv-ve'eferochayv-ye'ale'v-dam-vva'asher-chalaliym-sham-hv'
KJV: Her young ones also suck up blood: and where the slain are, there is she.
AKJV: Her young ones also suck up blood: and where the slain are, there is she.
ASV: Her young ones also suck up blood:
YLT: And his brood gulp up blood, And where the pierced are --there is he!
Commentary WitnessJob 39:30Quoted commentary witness
Commentary Witness
Job 39:30
Verse 30 Her young ones also suck up blood - The eagle does not feed her young with carrion, but with prey newly slain, so that they may suck up blood. Where the slain are, there is she - These words are quoted by our Lord. "Wheresoever the carcass is, there will the eagles be gathered together," Mat 24:28 (note). It is likely, however, that this was a proverbial mode of expression; and our Lord adapts it to the circumstances of the Jewish people, who were about to fall a prey to the Romans. See the notes there. In the preceding notes I have referred to Dr. Shaw's account of the ostrich as the most accurate and authentic yet published. With the following description I am sure every intelligent reader will be pleased. "In commenting therefore upon these texts it may be observed, that when the ostrich is full grown, the neck, particularly of the male, which before was almost naked, is now very beautifully covered with red feathers. The plumage likewise upon the shoulders, the back, and some parts of the wings, from being hitherto of a dark grayish color, becomes now as black as jet, whilst the rest of the feathers retain an exquisite whiteness. They are, as described Job 39:13, the very feathers and plumage of the stork, i.e., they consist of such black and white feathers as the stork, called from thence hdysx chasidah, is known to have. But the belly, the thighs, and the breast, do not partake of this covering, being usually naked, and when touched are of the same warmth as the flesh of quadrupeds. "Under the joint of the great pinion, and sometimes under the less, there is a strong pointed excrescence like a cock's spur, with which it is said to prick and stimulate itself, and thereby acquire fresh strength and vigor whenever it is pursued. But nature seems rather to have intended that, in order to prevent the suffocating effects of too great a plethora, a loss of blood should be consequent thereupon, especially as the ostrich appears to be of a hot constitution, with lungs always confined, and consequently liable to be preter-naturally inflamed upon these occasions. "When these birds are surprised by coming suddenly upon them whilst they are feeding in some valley, or behind some rocky or sandy eminence in the deserts, they will not stay to be curiously viewed and examined. Neither are the Arabs ever dexterous enough to overtake them, even when they are mounted upon their jinse, or horses, as they are called, of family. They, when they raise themselves up for flight, (Job 39:18), laugh at the horse and his rider. They afford him an opportunity only of admiring at a distance the extraordinary agility and the stateliness of their motions, the richness of their plumage, and the great propriety there was of ascribing to them (Job 30:13) an expanded quivering wing. Nothing, certainly, can be more beautiful and entertaining than such a sight! The wings, by their repeated though unwearied vibrations, equally serving them for sails and oars; whilst their feet, no less assisting in conveying them out of sight, are in no degree sensible of fatigue. "By the repeated accounts which I often had from my conductors, as well as from Arabs of different places, I have been informed that the ostrich lays from thirty to fifty eggs. Aelian mentions more than eighty, but I never heard of so large a number. The first egg is deposited in the center; the rest are placed as conveniently as possible round about it. In this manner it is said to lay-deposit or thrust (Job 39:14) - her eggs in The Earth, and to warm them in the sand, and forgetteth, as they are not placed, like those of some other birds, upon trees or in the clefts of rocks, etc., that the foot of the traveler may crush them, or that the wild beasts may break them. "Yet notwithstanding the ample provision which is hereby made for a numerous offspring, scarce one quarter of these eggs are ever supposed to be hatched; and of those that are, no small share of the young ones may perish with hunger, from being left too early by their dams to shift for themselves. For in these the most barren and desolate recesses of the Sahara, where the ostrich chooses to make her nest, it would not be enough to lay eggs and hatch them, unless some proper food was near at hand, and already prepared for their nourishment. And accordingly we are not to consider this large collection of eggs as if they were all intended for a brood; they are, the greatest part of them, reserved for food, which the dam breaks and disposes of according to the number and the cravings of her young ones. "But yet, for all this, a very little share of that στοργη, or natural affection, which so strongly exerts itself in most other creatures, is observable in the ostrich. For, upon the least distant noise or trivial occasion, she forsakes her eggs, or her young ones, to which perhaps she never returns, or if she do, it may be too late either to restore life to the one, or to preserve the lives of the other. Agreeably to this account, the Arabs meet sometimes with whole nests of these eggs undisturbed; some of which are sweet and good, others are addle and corrupted, others again have their young ones of different growths, according to the time it may be presumed they have been forsaken by the dam. They oftener meet a few of the little ones, no bigger than well-grown pullets, half starved, straggling, and moaning about, like so many distressed orphans, for their mother. And in this manner the ostrich may be said (Job 39:16) to be hardened against her young ones, as though they were not hers; her labor in hatching and attending them so far being vain without fear, or the least concern of what becomes of them afterwards. This want of affection is also recorded, Lam 4:3 : The daughter of my people, says the prophet, is cruel, like the ostriches in the wilderness. "Neither is this the only reproach that may be due to the ostrich; she is likewise inconsiderate and foolish in her private capacity; particularly in the choice of food, which is frequently highly detrimental and pernicious to her; for she swallows every thing greedily and indiscriminately, whether it be pieces of rags, leather, wood, stone, or iron. When I was at Oram, I saw one off these birds swallow, without any seeming uneasiness or inconvenience, several leaden bullets, as they were thrown upon the floor, scorching hot from the mould, the inner coats of the aesophapus and stomach being probably better stocked with glands and juices than in other animals with shorter necks. They are particularly fond of their own excrement, which they greedily eat up as soon as it is voided. No less fond are they of the dung of hens and other poultry. It seems as if their optic as well as olfactory nerves were less adequate and conducive to their safety and preservation than in other creatures. The Divine providence in this, no less than in other respects, (Job 39:17), having deprived them of wisdom, neither hath it imparted to them understanding. "Those parts of the Sahara which these birds chiefly frequent are destitute of all manner of food and herbage, except it be some few tufts of coarse grass, or else a few other solitary plants of the laureola, apocynum, and some other kinds; each of which is equally destitute of nourishment; and, in the psalmist's phrase, (Psa 129:6), even withereth afore it groweth up. Yet these herbs, notwithstanding their dryness, and want of moisture in their temperature, will sometimes have both their leaves and their stalks studded all over with a great variety of land snails, which may afford them some little refreshment. It is very probable, likewise, that they may sometimes seize upon lizards, serpents, together with insects and reptiles of various kinds. Yet still, considering the great voracity and size of this camel-bird, it is wonderful, not only how the little ones, after they are weaned from the provisions I have mentioned, should be brought up and nourished, but even how those of fuller growth and much better qualified to look out for themselves, are able to subsist. "Their organs of digestion, and particularly the gizzards, which, by their strong friction, will wear away iron itself, show them indeed to be granivorous; but yet they have scarce ever an opportunity to exercise them in this way, unless when they chance to stray, which is very seldom, towards those parts of the country which are sown and cultivated, For these, as they are much frequented by the Arabs at the several seasons of grazing, ploughing, and gathering in the harvest; so they are little visited by as indeed they would be an improper abode for this shy, timorous bird; φιλερημος, a lover of the deserts. This last circumstance in the behavior of the ostrich is frequently alluded to in the Holy Scriptures; particularly Isa 13:21; Isa 34:13; Isa 43:20; Jer 50:39; where the word, יענה yaanah, instead of being rendered the ostrich, as it is rightly put in the margin, is called the owl; a word used likewise instead of yaanah or the ostrich, Lev 11:16, and Deu 14:15. "Whilst I was abroad, I had several opportunities of amusing myself with the actions and behavior of the ostrich. It was very diverting to observe with what dexterity and equipoise of body it would play and frisk about on all occasions. In the heat of the day, particularly it would strut along the sunny side of the house with great majesty. It would be perpetually fanning and priding itself with its quivering expanded wings; and seem at every turn to admire and be in love with its shadow. Even at other times whether walking about or resting itself upon the ground, the wings would continue these fanning vibrating motions, as if they were designed to mitigate and assuage that extraordinary heat wherewith their bodies seem to be naturally affected. "Notwithstanding these birds appear tame and tractable to such persons of the family as were more known and familiar to them, yet they were often very rude and fierce to strangers, especially the poorer sort, whom they would not only endeavor to push down by running furiously upon them; but would not cease to peck at them violently with their bills, and to strike them with their feet; whereby they were frequently very mischievous. For the inward claw, or hoof rather as we may call it, of this avis bisulca, being exceedingly strong pointed and angular, I once saw an unfortunate person who had his belly ripped open by one of these strokes. Whilst they are engaged in these combats and assaults, they sometimes make a fierce, angry, and hissing noise with their throats inflated, and their mouths open; at other times, when less resistance is made they have a chuckling or cackling voice, as in the poultry kind; and thereby seem to rejoice and laugh as it were at the timorousness of their adversary. But during the lonesome part of the night, as if their organs of voice had then attained a quite different tone, they often made a very doleful and hideous noise; which would be sometimes like the roaring of a lion; at other times it would bear a near resemblance to the hoarser voices of other quadrupeds, particularly of the bull and the ox. I have often heard them groan, as if they were in the greatest agonies; an action beautifully alluded to by the Prophet Micah, Mic 1:8, where it is said, I will make a mourning like the yaanah or ostrich. Yaanah, therefore, and רננים renanim, the names by which the ostrich is known in the Holy Scriptures, may very properly be deduced from ענה anah, and רנן ranan, words which the lexicographi explain by exclamare or clamare fortiter; for the noise made by the ostrich being loud and sonorous, exclamare or clamare fortiter may, with propriety enough, be attributed to it, especially as those words do not seem to denote any certain or determined mode of voice or sound peculiar to any one particular species of animals, but such as may be applicable to them all, to birds as well as to quadrupeds and other creatures." Shaw's Travels, p. 541, edit. 4th. 1757. The subjects in this chapter have been so various and important, that I have been obliged to extend the notes and observations to an unusual length; and yet much is left unnoticed which I wished to have inserted. I have made the best selection I could, and must request those readers who wish for more information to consult zoological writers.
Provenance. Rendered as a quoted commentary witness with explicit reference extraction from the source prose.
Canonical locus
Job 39:30
Source lane
Apologetics Bible source bundle
Biblical cross-references named in the witness
- Mat 24:28
- Job 39:13
- Job 39:18
- Job 30:13
- Job 39:14
- Job 39:16
- Lam 4:3
- Job 39:17
- Isa 13:21
- Isa 34:13
- Isa 43:20
- Jer 50:39
- Lev 11:16
- Mic 1:8
Named authorities or texts detected in the witness
- Ovid
- Ray
- Lord
- Romans
- Dr
- They
- The Earth
- Sahara
- For
- Oram
- Holy Scriptures
- Prophet Micah
- Yaanah
- Travels
Exposition: Job 39:30 emphasizes a key movement in the chapter's argument. In KJV form, the text reads: 'Her young ones also suck up blood: and where the slain are, there is she.'. Read in canonical context, the verse supports the coherence of biblical revelation by linking doctrine, narrative, and covenantal meaning.
Apologetics Notes
- Scientific Correlation: This verse is suitable for cumulative-case reasoning in apologetics: historical context, textual stability, and worldview coherence are evaluated together rather than in isolation.
- Hebrew Grammar: A close Hebrew reading should attend lexical range, clause flow, and discourse function in context; these controls reduce over-reading and preserve authorial intent.
- Historical Evidence: Historically, this verse is interpreted within the received canonical tradition, where manuscript continuity and early community usage support stable transmission and meaning.
Citation trailOpen the commentary counts, references, and named sources.
Scholarly apparatus
Commentary citation index
This chapter now surfaces commentary as quoted witness material with an explicit citation trail. The index below gathers the canonical references and named authorities detected inside the commentary layer for faster academic review.
Direct commentary witnesses
21
Generated editorial witnesses
9
Source lane
Apologetics Bible source bundle
Canonical references surfaced in commentary
- Job 39:1-4
- Job 39:5-8
- Job 39:9-12
- Job 39:13-18
- Job 39:19-25
- Job 39:26
- Job 39:27-30
- Job 39:1
- Job 39:2
- Job 39:3
- Job 39:4
- Job 6:5
- Job 39:5
- Job 39:6
- Job 39:7
- Job 39:8
- Job 39:9
- Job 39:10
- Job 39:11
- Job 39:12
- Job 39:13
- Job 39:15
- Job 39:30
- Job 39:14
- Job 39:16
- Job 39:17
- Job 39:18
- Job 39:19
- Job 39:20
- Job 39:21
- Job 39:22
- Job 39:23
- Job 39:24
- Job 16:13
- Job 39:25
- Jer 8:7
- Job 39:29
- Job 39:27
- Job 39:28
- Mat 24:28
- Job 30:13
- Lam 4:3
- Isa 13:21
- Isa 34:13
- Isa 43:20
- Jer 50:39
- Lev 11:16
- Mic 1:8
Named authorities or texts surfaced in commentary
- Ovid
- Aristotle
- Thunder
- Providence
- Calve
- See Dr
- Young
- Johnston
- Arabia
- Senlis
- Caesars
- Rome
- Palestine
- See Parkhurst
- Mr
- Good
- See Mr
- Ray
- Greeks
- Latins
- Buffon
- Numidia
- South Tartary
- Persia
- Syria
- Archipelago
- Mauritania
- But Mr
- China
- Siberia
- Tartary
- Habitation
- Septuagint
- Vulgate
- The Septuagint
- Padore
- England
- Again
- Job
- Jackson
- Morocco
- Dr
- So Claudian
- Ha
- Heach
- Shaw
- Norfolk
- Jeremiah
- Lord
- So Horace
- Francis
- So Aelian
- And Homer
- Romans
- They
- The Earth
- Sahara
- For
- Oram
- Holy Scriptures
- Prophet Micah
- Yaanah
- Travels
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Commentary Witness
Job 39:1
Provenance. Rendered as a quoted commentary witness with explicit reference extraction from the source prose.
Canonical locus
Job 39:1
Source lane
Apologetics Bible source bundle
Biblical cross-references named in the witness
Named authorities or texts detected in the witness