Apologetics Bible
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Joshua documents the conquest and settlement of Canaan under Joshua ben Nun (c. 1406-1380 BC on the early date, c. 1220-1200 BC on the late date). Archaeological evidence — including the Jericho debate (Kathleen Kenyon vs. Bryant Wood), the Hazor stratum, and the Amarna letters referencing 'Habiru' incursions — informs ongoing historical reassessment.
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Connected primary witness
- Connected ID:
Joshua_12
- Primary Witness Text: Now these are the kings of the land, which the children of Israel smote, and possessed their land on the other side Jordan toward the rising of the sun, from the river Arnon unto mount Hermon, and all the plain on the east: Sihon king of the Amorites, who dwelt in Heshbon, and ruled from Aroer, which is upon the bank of the river Arnon, and from the middle of the river, and from half Gilead, even unto the river Jabbok, which is the border of the children of Ammon; And from the plain to the sea of Chinneroth on the east, and unto the sea of the plain, even the salt sea on the east, the way to Beth–jeshimoth; and from the south, under Ashdoth–pisgah: And the coast of Og king of Bashan, which was of the remnant of the giants, that dwelt at Ashtaroth and at Edrei, And reigned in mount Hermon, and in Salcah, and in all Bashan, unto the border of the Geshurites and the Maachathites, and half Gilead, the border of Sihon king of Heshbon. Them did Moses the servant of the LORD and the children of Israel smite: and Moses the servant of the LORD gave it for a possession unto the Reubenites, and the Gadites, and the half tribe of Manasseh. And these are the kings of the country which Joshua and the children of Israel smote on this side Jordan on the west, from Baal–gad in the valley of Lebanon even unto the mount Halak, that goeth up to Seir; which Joshua gave unto the tribes of Israel for a possession according to their divisions; In the mountains, and in the valleys, and in the plains,...
Connected dataset overlay
- Connected ID:
Joshua_12
- Chapter Blob Preview: Now these are the kings of the land, which the children of Israel smote, and possessed their land on the other side Jordan toward the rising of the sun, from the river Arnon unto mount Hermon, and all the plain on the east: Sihon king of the Amorites, who dwelt in Heshbon, and ruled from Aroer, which is upon the bank of the river Arnon, and from the middle of the river, and fro...
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Chapter frame
Joshua documents the conquest and settlement of Canaan under Joshua ben Nun (c. 1406-1380 BC on the early date, c. 1220-1200 BC on the late date). Archaeological evidence — including the Jericho debate (Kathleen Kenyon vs. Bryant Wood), the Hazor stratum, and the Amarna letters referencing 'Habiru' incursions — informs ongoing historical reassessment.
Theologically, Joshua typifies Christ: the Hebrew name Yehoshua is the same name as Jesus (Iēsous in LXX), and the rest that Joshua gave anticipated the greater rest of Hebrews 4. The Rahab narrative introduces the scarlet cord as a sign of redemption — a type richly explored in later typological interpretation.
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Joshua 12:1
Hebrew
וְאֵלֶּה ׀ מַלְכֵי הָאָרֶץ אֲשֶׁר הִכּוּ בְנֵֽי־יִשְׂרָאֵל וַיִּֽרְשׁוּ אֶת־אַרְצָם בְּעֵבֶר הַיַּרְדֵּן מִזְרְחָה הַשָּׁמֶשׁ מִנַּחַל אַרְנוֹן עַד־הַר חֶרְמוֹן וְכָל־הָעֲרָבָה מִזְרָֽחָה׃ve'eleh- -malekhey-ha'aretz-'asher-hikhv-veney-yishera'el-vayireshv-'et-'aretzam-ve'ever-hayareden-mizerechah-hashamesh-minachal-'arenvon-'ad-har-cheremvon-vekhal-ha'aravah-mizerachah
KJV: Now these are the kings of the land, which the children of Israel smote, and possessed their land on the other side Jordan toward the rising of the sun, from the river Arnon unto mount Hermon, and all the plain on the east:
AKJV: Now these are the kings of the land, which the children of Israel smote, and possessed their land on the other side Jordan toward the rising of the sun, from the river Arnon to mount Hermon, and all the plain on the east:
ASV: Now these are the kings of the land, whom the children of Israel smote, and possessed their land beyond the Jordan toward the sunrising, from the valley of the Arnon unto mount Hermon, and all the Arabah eastward:
YLT: And these are kings of the land whom the sons of Israel have smitten, and possess their land, beyond the Jordan, at the sun-rising, from the brook Arnon unto mount Hermon, and all the plain eastward.
Exposition: Joshua 12:1 emphasizes a key movement in the chapter's argument. In KJV form, the text reads: 'Now these are the kings of the land, which the children of Israel smote, and possessed their land on the other side Jordan toward the rising of the sun, from the river Arnon unto mount Hermon, and all the plain on the...'. Read in canonical context, the verse supports the coherence of biblical revelation by linking doctrine, narrative, and covenantal meaning.
Apologetics Notes
- Scientific Correlation: This verse is suitable for cumulative-case reasoning in apologetics: historical context, textual stability, and worldview coherence are evaluated together rather than in isolation.
- Hebrew Grammar: A close Hebrew reading should attend lexical range, clause flow, and discourse function in context; these controls reduce over-reading and preserve authorial intent.
- Historical Evidence: Historically, this verse is interpreted within the received canonical tradition, where manuscript continuity and early community usage support stable transmission and meaning.
Joshua 12:2
Hebrew
סִיחוֹן מֶלֶךְ הָאֱמֹרִי הַיּוֹשֵׁב בְּחֶשְׁבּוֹן מֹשֵׁל מֵעֲרוֹעֵר אֲשֶׁר עַל־שְׂפַת־נַחַל אַרְנוֹן וְתוֹךְ הַנַּחַל וַחֲצִי הַגִּלְעָד וְעַד יַבֹּק הַנַּחַל גְּבוּל בְּנֵי עַמּֽוֹן׃siychvon-melekhe-ha'emoriy-hayvoshev-vecheshevvon-moshel-me'arvo'er-'asher-'al-shefat-nachal-'arenvon-vetvokhe-hanachal-vachatziy-hagile'ad-ve'ad-yavoq-hanachal-gevvl-veney-'amvon
KJV: Sihon king of the Amorites, who dwelt in Heshbon, and ruled from Aroer, which is upon the bank of the river Arnon, and from the middle of the river, and from half Gilead, even unto the river Jabbok, which is the border of the children of Ammon;
AKJV: Sihon king of the Amorites, who dwelled in Heshbon, and ruled from Aroer, which is on the bank of the river Arnon, and from the middle of the river, and from half Gilead, even to the river Jabbok, which is the border of the children of Ammon;
ASV: Sihon king of the Amorites, who dwelt in Heshbon, and ruled from Aroer, which is on the edge of the valley of the Arnon, and the city that is in the middle of the valley, and half Gilead, even unto the river Jabbok, the border of the children of Ammon;
YLT: Sihon, king of the Amorite, who is dwelling in Heshbon, ruling from Aroer which is on the border of the brook Arnon, and the middle of the brook, and half of Gilead, and unto Jabok the brook, the border of the Bene-Ammon;
Commentary WitnessJoshua 12:2Quoted commentary witness
Commentary Witness
Joshua 12:2
Verse 2 From Aroer - Aroer was situated on the western side of the river Arnon, in the middle of the valley through which this river takes its course. The kingdom of Sihon extended from the river Arnon and the city of Aroer on the south to the river Jabbok on the north. And from half Gilead - The mountains of Gilead extended from north to south from Mount Hermon towards the source of the river Arnon, which was about the midst of the extent of the kingdom of Sihon: thus Sihon is said to have possessed the half of Gilead, that is, the half of the mountains and of the country which bore the name of Gilead on the east of his territories. River Jabbok - This river has its source in the mountains of Gilead; and, running from east to west, falls into Jordan. It bounds the territories of Sihon on the north, and those of the Ammonites on the south.
Provenance. Rendered as a quoted commentary witness with explicit reference extraction from the source prose.
Canonical locus
Joshua 12:2
Source lane
Apologetics Bible source bundle
Named authorities or texts detected in the witness
- Arnon
- Sihon
- Gilead
- Jordan
Exposition: Joshua 12:2 emphasizes a key movement in the chapter's argument. In KJV form, the text reads: 'Sihon king of the Amorites, who dwelt in Heshbon, and ruled from Aroer, which is upon the bank of the river Arnon, and from the middle of the river, and from half Gilead, even unto the river Jabbok, which is the borde...'. Read in canonical context, the verse supports the coherence of biblical revelation by linking doctrine, narrative, and covenantal meaning.
Apologetics Notes
- Scientific Correlation: This verse is suitable for cumulative-case reasoning in apologetics: historical context, textual stability, and worldview coherence are evaluated together rather than in isolation.
- Hebrew Grammar: A close Hebrew reading should attend lexical range, clause flow, and discourse function in context; these controls reduce over-reading and preserve authorial intent.
- Historical Evidence: Historically, this verse is interpreted within the received canonical tradition, where manuscript continuity and early community usage support stable transmission and meaning.
Joshua 12:3
Hebrew
וְהָעֲרָבָה עַד־יָם כִּנְרוֹת מִזְרָחָה וְעַד יָם הָעֲרָבָה יָם־הַמֶּלַח מִזְרָחָה דֶּרֶךְ בֵּית הַיְשִׁמוֹת וּמִתֵּימָן תַּחַת אַשְׁדּוֹת הַפִּסְגָּֽה׃veha'aravah-'ad-yam-khinervot-mizerachah-ve'ad-yam-ha'aravah-yam-hamelach-mizerachah-derekhe-veyt-hayeshimvot-vmiteyman-tachat-'ashedvot-hafisegah
KJV: And from the plain to the sea of Chinneroth on the east, and unto the sea of the plain, even the salt sea on the east, the way to Beth–jeshimoth; and from the south, under Ashdoth–pisgah:
AKJV: And from the plain to the sea of Chinneroth on the east, and to the sea of the plain, even the salt sea on the east, the way to Bethjeshimoth; and from the south, under Ashdothpisgah: ¶
ASV: and the Arabah unto the sea of Chinneroth, eastward, and unto the sea of the Arabah, even the Salt Sea, eastward, the way to Beth-jeshimoth; and on the south, under the slopes of Pisgah:
YLT: And the plain unto the sea of Chinneroth eastward, and unto the sea of the plain (the salt sea) eastward, the way to Beth-Jeshimoth, and from the south under the springs of Pisgah.
Commentary WitnessJoshua 12:3Quoted commentary witness
Commentary Witness
Joshua 12:3
Verse 3 The sea of Chinneroth - Or Gennesareth, the same as the lake or sea of Tiberias. The Salt Sea on the east - ים המלח yam hammelach, which is here translated the Salt Sea, is understood by others to mean the sea of the city Melach. Where can we find any thing that can be called a salt sea on the east of the lake of Gennesareth? Some think that the lake Asphaltites, called also the Dead Sea, Sea of the Desert, Sea of Sodom, and Salt Sea, is here intended. Beth-jeshimoth - A city near the Dead Sea in the plains of Moab. Ashdoth-pisgah - Supposed to be a city at the foot of Mount Pisgah.
Provenance. Rendered as a quoted commentary witness with explicit reference extraction from the source prose.
Canonical locus
Joshua 12:3
Source lane
Apologetics Bible source bundle
Named authorities or texts detected in the witness
- Or Gennesareth
- Tiberias
- Salt Sea
- Melach
- Asphaltites
- Dead Sea
- Desert
- Sodom
- Moab
- Mount Pisgah
Exposition: Joshua 12:3 emphasizes a key movement in the chapter's argument. In KJV form, the text reads: 'And from the plain to the sea of Chinneroth on the east, and unto the sea of the plain, even the salt sea on the east, the way to Beth–jeshimoth; and from the south, under Ashdoth–pisgah:'. Read in canonical context, the verse supports the coherence of biblical revelation by linking doctrine, narrative, and covenantal meaning.
Apologetics Notes
- Scientific Correlation: This verse is suitable for cumulative-case reasoning in apologetics: historical context, textual stability, and worldview coherence are evaluated together rather than in isolation.
- Hebrew Grammar: A close Hebrew reading should attend lexical range, clause flow, and discourse function in context; these controls reduce over-reading and preserve authorial intent.
- Historical Evidence: Historically, this verse is interpreted within the received canonical tradition, where manuscript continuity and early community usage support stable transmission and meaning.
Joshua 12:4
Hebrew
וּגְבוּל עוֹג מֶלֶךְ הַבָּשָׁן מִיֶּתֶר הָרְפָאִים הַיּוֹשֵׁב בְּעַשְׁתָּרוֹת וּבְאֶדְרֶֽעִי׃vgevvl-'vog-melekhe-havashan-miyeter-harefa'iym-hayvoshev-ve'ashetarvot-vve'edere'iy
KJV: And the coast of Og king of Bashan, which was of the remnant of the giants, that dwelt at Ashtaroth and at Edrei,
AKJV: And the coast of Og king of Bashan, which was of the remnant of the giants, that dwelled at Ashtaroth and at Edrei,
ASV: and the border of Og king of Bashan, of the remnant of the Rephaim, who dwelt at Ashtaroth and at Edrei,
YLT: And the border of Og king of Bashan (of the remnant of the Rephaim), who is dwelling in Ashtaroth and in Edrei,
Commentary WitnessJoshua 12:4Quoted commentary witness
Commentary Witness
Joshua 12:4
Verse 4 Coast of Og king of Bashan - Concerning this person see the notes on Deu 3:11, and on Num 21:35, etc. The remnant or the giants - Or, Rephaim. See the notes on Gen 6:4; Gen 14:5, and Deu 2:7, Deu 2:11.
Provenance. Rendered as a quoted commentary witness with explicit reference extraction from the source prose.
Canonical locus
Joshua 12:4
Source lane
Apologetics Bible source bundle
Biblical cross-references named in the witness
- Num 21:35
- Gen 6:4
- Gen 14:5
Named authorities or texts detected in the witness
- Or
- Rephaim
Exposition: Joshua 12:4 emphasizes a key movement in the chapter's argument. In KJV form, the text reads: 'And the coast of Og king of Bashan, which was of the remnant of the giants, that dwelt at Ashtaroth and at Edrei,'. Read in canonical context, the verse supports the coherence of biblical revelation by linking doctrine, narrative, and covenantal meaning.
Apologetics Notes
- Scientific Correlation: This verse is suitable for cumulative-case reasoning in apologetics: historical context, textual stability, and worldview coherence are evaluated together rather than in isolation.
- Hebrew Grammar: A close Hebrew reading should attend lexical range, clause flow, and discourse function in context; these controls reduce over-reading and preserve authorial intent.
- Historical Evidence: Historically, this verse is interpreted within the received canonical tradition, where manuscript continuity and early community usage support stable transmission and meaning.
Joshua 12:5
Hebrew
וּמֹשֵׁל בְּהַר חֶרְמוֹן וּבְסַלְכָה וּבְכָל־הַבָּשָׁן עַד־גְּבוּל הַגְּשׁוּרִי וְהַמַּעֲכָתִי וַחֲצִי הַגִּלְעָד גְּבוּל סִיחוֹן מֶֽלֶךְ־חֶשְׁבּֽוֹן׃vmoshel-vehar-cheremvon-vvesalekhah-vvekhal-havashan-'ad-gevvl-hageshvriy-vehama'akhatiy-vachatziy-hagile'ad-gevvl-siychvon-melekhe-cheshevvon
KJV: And reigned in mount Hermon, and in Salcah, and in all Bashan, unto the border of the Geshurites and the Maachathites, and half Gilead, the border of Sihon king of Heshbon.
AKJV: And reigned in mount Hermon, and in Salcah, and in all Bashan, to the border of the Geshurites and the Maachathites, and half Gilead, the border of Sihon king of Heshbon.
ASV: and ruled in mount Hermon, and in Salecah, and in all Bashan, unto the border of the Geshurites and the Maacathites, and half Gilead, the border of Sihon king of Heshbon.
YLT: and ruling in mount Hermon, and in Salcah, and in all Bashan, unto the border of the Geshurite, and the Maachathite, and the half of Gilead, the border of Sihon king of Heshbon.
Commentary WitnessJoshua 12:5Quoted commentary witness
Commentary Witness
Joshua 12:5
Verse 5 The border of the Geshurites - The country of Bashan, in the days of Moses and Joshua, extended from the river Jabbok on the south to the frontiers of the Geshurites and Maachathites on the north, to the foot of the mountains of Hermon.
Provenance. Rendered as a quoted commentary witness with explicit reference extraction from the source prose.
Canonical locus
Joshua 12:5
Source lane
Apologetics Bible source bundle
Named authorities or texts detected in the witness
- Moses
- Bashan
- Joshua
- Hermon
Exposition: Joshua 12:5 emphasizes a key movement in the chapter's argument. In KJV form, the text reads: 'And reigned in mount Hermon, and in Salcah, and in all Bashan, unto the border of the Geshurites and the Maachathites, and half Gilead, the border of Sihon king of Heshbon.'. Read in canonical context, the verse supports the coherence of biblical revelation by linking doctrine, narrative, and covenantal meaning.
Apologetics Notes
- Scientific Correlation: This verse is suitable for cumulative-case reasoning in apologetics: historical context, textual stability, and worldview coherence are evaluated together rather than in isolation.
- Hebrew Grammar: A close Hebrew reading should attend lexical range, clause flow, and discourse function in context; these controls reduce over-reading and preserve authorial intent.
- Historical Evidence: Historically, this verse is interpreted within the received canonical tradition, where manuscript continuity and early community usage support stable transmission and meaning.
Joshua 12:6
Hebrew
מֹשֶׁה עֶֽבֶד־יְהוָה וּבְנֵי יִשְׂרָאֵל הִכּוּם וַֽיִּתְּנָהּ מֹשֶׁה עֶֽבֶד־יְהוָה יְרֻשָּׁה לָרֻֽאוּבֵנִי וְלַגָּדִי וְלַחֲצִי שֵׁבֶט הַֽמְנַשֶּֽׁה׃mosheh-'eved-yehvah-vveney-yishera'el-hikhvm-vayitenah-mosheh-'eved-yehvah-yerushah-laru'vveniy-velagadiy-velachatziy-shevet-hamenasheh
KJV: Them did Moses the servant of the LORD and the children of Israel smite: and Moses the servant of the LORD gave it for a possession unto the Reubenites, and the Gadites, and the half tribe of Manasseh.
AKJV: Them did Moses the servant of the LORD and the children of Israel smite: and Moses the servant of the LORD gave it for a possession to the Reubenites, and the Gadites, and the half tribe of Manasseh. ¶
ASV: Moses the servant of Jehovah and the children of Israel smote them: and Moses the servant of Jehovah gave it for a possession unto the Reubenites, and the Gadites, and the half-tribe of Manasseh.
YLT: Moses, servant of Jehovah, and the sons of Israel have smitten them, and Moses, servant of Jehovah, giveth it--a possession to the Reubenite, and to the Gadite, and to the half of the tribe of Manasseh.
Commentary Witness (Generated)Joshua 12:6Generated editorial synthesis
Commentary Witness (Generated)
Joshua 12:6
Joshua 12:6 advances the immediate literary flow of the chapter and should be interpreted in its canonical context, not as an isolated proof text. In the present translation it reads: 'Them did Moses the servant of the LORD and the children of Israel smite: and Moses the servant of the LORD gave it for a possession unto the Reubenites, and the Gadites, and the half tribe of Manasseh.'. A close Hebrew reading supports attention to key lexical choices, clause movement, and redemptive-historical placement so doctrinal conclusions remain textually grounded.
Provenance. Rendered as an editorial synthesis tied to the canonical verse context and current chapter source.
Canonical locus
Joshua 12:6
Source lane
Apologetics Bible source bundle
Biblical cross-references named in the witness
- Joshua 12:6
Named authorities or texts detected in the witness
- Moses
- Reubenites
- Gadites
- Manasseh
Exposition: Joshua 12:6 emphasizes a key movement in the chapter's argument. In KJV form, the text reads: 'Them did Moses the servant of the LORD and the children of Israel smite: and Moses the servant of the LORD gave it for a possession unto the Reubenites, and the Gadites, and the half tribe of Manasseh.'. Read in canonical context, the verse supports the coherence of biblical revelation by linking doctrine, narrative, and covenantal meaning.
Apologetics Notes
- Scientific Correlation: This verse is suitable for cumulative-case reasoning in apologetics: historical context, textual stability, and worldview coherence are evaluated together rather than in isolation.
- Hebrew Grammar: A close Hebrew reading should attend lexical range, clause flow, and discourse function in context; these controls reduce over-reading and preserve authorial intent.
- Historical Evidence: Historically, this verse is interpreted within the received canonical tradition, where manuscript continuity and early community usage support stable transmission and meaning.
Joshua 12:7
Hebrew
וְאֵלֶּה מַלְכֵי הָאָרֶץ אֲשֶׁר הִכָּה יְהוֹשֻׁעַ וּבְנֵי יִשְׂרָאֵל בְּעֵבֶר הַיַּרְדֵּן יָמָּה מִבַּעַל גָּד בְּבִקְעַת הַלְּבָנוֹן וְעַד־הָהָר הֶחָלָק הָעֹלֶה שֵׂעִירָה וַיִּתְּנָהּ יְהוֹשֻׁעַ לְשִׁבְטֵי יִשְׂרָאֵל יְרֻשָּׁה כְּמַחְלְקֹתָֽם׃ve'eleh-malekhey-ha'aretz-'asher-hikhah-yehvoshu'a-vveney-yishera'el-ve'ever-hayareden-yamah-miva'al-gad-veviqe'at-halevanvon-ve'ad-hahar-hechalaq-ha'oleh-she'iyrah-vayitenah-yehvoshu'a-leshivetey-yishera'el-yerushah-khemacheleqotam
KJV: And these are the kings of the country which Joshua and the children of Israel smote on this side Jordan on the west, from Baal–gad in the valley of Lebanon even unto the mount Halak, that goeth up to Seir; which Joshua gave unto the tribes of Israel for a possession according to their divisions;
AKJV: And these are the kings of the country which Joshua and the children of Israel smote on this side Jordan on the west, from Baalgad in the valley of Lebanon even to the mount Halak, that goes up to Seir; which Joshua gave to the tribes of Israel for a possession according to their divisions;
ASV: And these are the kings of the land whom Joshua and the children of Israel smote beyond the Jordan westward, from Baal-gad in the valley of Lebanon even unto mount Halak, that goeth up to Seir (and Joshua gave it unto the tribes of Israel for a possession according to their divisions;
YLT: And these are kings of the land whom Joshua and the sons of Israel have smitten beyond the Jordan westward, from Baal-Gad, in the valley of Lebanon, and unto the mount of Halak, which is going up to Seir; and Joshua giveth it to the tribes of Israel--a possession according to their divisions;
Commentary Witness (Generated)Joshua 12:7Generated editorial synthesis
Commentary Witness (Generated)
Joshua 12:7
Joshua 12:7 advances the immediate literary flow of the chapter and should be interpreted in its canonical context, not as an isolated proof text. In the present translation it reads: 'And these are the kings of the country which Joshua and the children of Israel smote on this side Jordan on the west, from Baal–gad in the valley of Lebanon even unto the mount Halak, that goeth up to Seir; which Joshua gave unto the tribes of Israel for a possession according to their divisions;'. A close Hebrew reading supports attention to key lexical choices, clause movement, and redemptive-historical placement so doctrinal conclusions remain textually grounded.
Provenance. Rendered as an editorial synthesis tied to the canonical verse context and current chapter source.
Canonical locus
Joshua 12:7
Source lane
Apologetics Bible source bundle
Biblical cross-references named in the witness
- Joshua 12:7
Named authorities or texts detected in the witness
- Halak
- Seir
Exposition: Joshua 12:7 emphasizes a key movement in the chapter's argument. In KJV form, the text reads: 'And these are the kings of the country which Joshua and the children of Israel smote on this side Jordan on the west, from Baal–gad in the valley of Lebanon even unto the mount Halak, that goeth up to Seir; which Josh...'. Read in canonical context, the verse supports the coherence of biblical revelation by linking doctrine, narrative, and covenantal meaning.
Apologetics Notes
- Scientific Correlation: This verse is suitable for cumulative-case reasoning in apologetics: historical context, textual stability, and worldview coherence are evaluated together rather than in isolation.
- Hebrew Grammar: A close Hebrew reading should attend lexical range, clause flow, and discourse function in context; these controls reduce over-reading and preserve authorial intent.
- Historical Evidence: Historically, this verse is interpreted within the received canonical tradition, where manuscript continuity and early community usage support stable transmission and meaning.
Joshua 12:8
Hebrew
בָּהָר וּבַשְּׁפֵלָה וּבָֽעֲרָבָה וּבָאֲשֵׁדוֹת וּבַמִּדְבָּר וּבַנֶּגֶב הַֽחִתִּי הָֽאֱמֹרִי וְהַֽכְּנַעֲנִי הַפְּרִזִּי הַחִוִּי וְהַיְבוּסִֽי׃vahar-vvashefelah-vva'aravah-vva'ashedvot-vvamidevar-vvanegev-hachitiy-ha'emoriy-vehakhena'aniy-haferiziy-hachiviy-vehayevvsiy
KJV: In the mountains, and in the valleys, and in the plains, and in the springs, and in the wilderness, and in the south country; the Hittites, the Amorites, and the Canaanites, the Perizzites, the Hivites, and the Jebusites:
AKJV: In the mountains, and in the valleys, and in the plains, and in the springs, and in the wilderness, and in the south country; the Hittites, the Amorites, and the Canaanites, the Perizzites, the Hivites, and the Jebusites: ¶
ASV: in the hill-country, and in the lowland, and in the Arabah, and in the slopes, and in the wilderness, and in the South; the Hittite, the Amorite, and the Canaanite, the Perizzite, the Hivite, and the Jebusite):
YLT: in the hill-country, and in the low country, and in the plain, and in the springs, and in the wilderness, and in the south; the Hittite, the Amorite, and the Canaanite, the Perizzite, the Hivite, and the Jebusite:
Commentary Witness (Generated)Joshua 12:8Generated editorial synthesis
Commentary Witness (Generated)
Joshua 12:8
Joshua 12:8 advances the immediate literary flow of the chapter and should be interpreted in its canonical context, not as an isolated proof text. In the present translation it reads: 'In the mountains, and in the valleys, and in the plains, and in the springs, and in the wilderness, and in the south country; the Hittites, the Amorites, and the Canaanites, the Perizzites, the Hivites, and the Jebusites:'. A close Hebrew reading supports attention to key lexical choices, clause movement, and redemptive-historical placement so doctrinal conclusions remain textually grounded.
Provenance. Rendered as an editorial synthesis tied to the canonical verse context and current chapter source.
Canonical locus
Joshua 12:8
Source lane
Apologetics Bible source bundle
Biblical cross-references named in the witness
- Joshua 12:8
Named authorities or texts detected in the witness
- Hittites
- Amorites
- Canaanites
- Perizzites
- Hivites
- Jebusites
Exposition: Joshua 12:8 emphasizes a key movement in the chapter's argument. In KJV form, the text reads: 'In the mountains, and in the valleys, and in the plains, and in the springs, and in the wilderness, and in the south country; the Hittites, the Amorites, and the Canaanites, the Perizzites, the Hivites, and the Jebusi...'. Read in canonical context, the verse supports the coherence of biblical revelation by linking doctrine, narrative, and covenantal meaning.
Apologetics Notes
- Scientific Correlation: This verse is suitable for cumulative-case reasoning in apologetics: historical context, textual stability, and worldview coherence are evaluated together rather than in isolation.
- Hebrew Grammar: A close Hebrew reading should attend lexical range, clause flow, and discourse function in context; these controls reduce over-reading and preserve authorial intent.
- Historical Evidence: Historically, this verse is interpreted within the received canonical tradition, where manuscript continuity and early community usage support stable transmission and meaning.
Joshua 12:9
Hebrew
מֶלֶךְ יְרִיחוֹ אֶחָד מֶלֶךְ הָעַי אֲשֶׁר־מִצַּד בֵּֽית־אֵל אֶחָֽד׃melekhe-yeriychvo-'echad-melekhe-ha'ay-'asher-mitzad-veyt-'el-'echad
KJV: The king of Jericho, one; the king of Ai, which is beside Beth–el, one;
AKJV: The king of Jericho, one; the king of Ai, which is beside Bethel, one;
ASV: the king of Jericho, one; the king of Ai, which is beside Beth-el, one;
YLT: The king of Jericho, one; The king of Ai, which is beside Bethel, one;
Commentary Witness (Generated)Joshua 12:9Generated editorial synthesis
Commentary Witness (Generated)
Joshua 12:9
Joshua 12:9 advances the immediate literary flow of the chapter and should be interpreted in its canonical context, not as an isolated proof text. In the present translation it reads: 'The king of Jericho, one; the king of Ai, which is beside Beth–el, one;'. A close Hebrew reading supports attention to key lexical choices, clause movement, and redemptive-historical placement so doctrinal conclusions remain textually grounded.
Provenance. Rendered as an editorial synthesis tied to the canonical verse context and current chapter source.
Canonical locus
Joshua 12:9
Source lane
Apologetics Bible source bundle
Biblical cross-references named in the witness
- Joshua 12:9
Named authorities or texts detected in the witness
- Jericho
- Ai
Exposition: Joshua 12:9 emphasizes a key movement in the chapter's argument. In KJV form, the text reads: 'The king of Jericho, one; the king of Ai, which is beside Beth–el, one;'. Read in canonical context, the verse supports the coherence of biblical revelation by linking doctrine, narrative, and covenantal meaning.
Apologetics Notes
- Scientific Correlation: This verse is suitable for cumulative-case reasoning in apologetics: historical context, textual stability, and worldview coherence are evaluated together rather than in isolation.
- Hebrew Grammar: A close Hebrew reading should attend lexical range, clause flow, and discourse function in context; these controls reduce over-reading and preserve authorial intent.
- Historical Evidence: Historically, this verse is interpreted within the received canonical tradition, where manuscript continuity and early community usage support stable transmission and meaning.
Joshua 12:10
Hebrew
מֶלֶךְ יְרוּשָׁלִַם אֶחָד מֶלֶךְ חֶבְרוֹן אֶחָֽד׃melekhe-yervshaliam-'echad-melekhe-chevervon-'echad
KJV: The king of Jerusalem, one; the king of Hebron, one;
AKJV: The king of Jerusalem, one; the king of Hebron, one;
ASV: the king of Jerusalem, one; the king of Hebron, one;
YLT: The king of Jerusalem, one; The king of Hebron, one;
Commentary Witness (Generated)Joshua 12:10Generated editorial synthesis
Commentary Witness (Generated)
Joshua 12:10
Joshua 12:10 advances the immediate literary flow of the chapter and should be interpreted in its canonical context, not as an isolated proof text. In the present translation it reads: 'The king of Jerusalem, one; the king of Hebron, one;'. A close Hebrew reading supports attention to key lexical choices, clause movement, and redemptive-historical placement so doctrinal conclusions remain textually grounded.
Provenance. Rendered as an editorial synthesis tied to the canonical verse context and current chapter source.
Canonical locus
Joshua 12:10
Source lane
Apologetics Bible source bundle
Biblical cross-references named in the witness
- Joshua 12:10
Named authorities or texts detected in the witness
- Jerusalem
- Hebron
Exposition: Joshua 12:10 emphasizes a key movement in the chapter's argument. In KJV form, the text reads: 'The king of Jerusalem, one; the king of Hebron, one;'. Read in canonical context, the verse supports the coherence of biblical revelation by linking doctrine, narrative, and covenantal meaning.
Apologetics Notes
- Scientific Correlation: This verse is suitable for cumulative-case reasoning in apologetics: historical context, textual stability, and worldview coherence are evaluated together rather than in isolation.
- Hebrew Grammar: A close Hebrew reading should attend lexical range, clause flow, and discourse function in context; these controls reduce over-reading and preserve authorial intent.
- Historical Evidence: Historically, this verse is interpreted within the received canonical tradition, where manuscript continuity and early community usage support stable transmission and meaning.
Joshua 12:11
Hebrew
מֶלֶךְ יַרְמוּת אֶחָד מֶלֶךְ לָכִישׁ אֶחָֽד׃melekhe-yaremvt-'echad-melekhe-lakhiysh-'echad
KJV: The king of Jarmuth, one; the king of Lachish, one;
AKJV: The king of Jarmuth, one; the king of Lachish, one;
ASV: the king of Jarmuth, one; the king of Lachish, one;
YLT: The king of Jarmuth, one; The king of Lachish, one;
Commentary Witness (Generated)Joshua 12:11Generated editorial synthesis
Commentary Witness (Generated)
Joshua 12:11
Joshua 12:11 advances the immediate literary flow of the chapter and should be interpreted in its canonical context, not as an isolated proof text. In the present translation it reads: 'The king of Jarmuth, one; the king of Lachish, one;'. A close Hebrew reading supports attention to key lexical choices, clause movement, and redemptive-historical placement so doctrinal conclusions remain textually grounded.
Provenance. Rendered as an editorial synthesis tied to the canonical verse context and current chapter source.
Canonical locus
Joshua 12:11
Source lane
Apologetics Bible source bundle
Biblical cross-references named in the witness
- Joshua 12:11
Named authorities or texts detected in the witness
- Jarmuth
- Lachish
Exposition: Joshua 12:11 emphasizes a key movement in the chapter's argument. In KJV form, the text reads: 'The king of Jarmuth, one; the king of Lachish, one;'. Read in canonical context, the verse supports the coherence of biblical revelation by linking doctrine, narrative, and covenantal meaning.
Apologetics Notes
- Scientific Correlation: This verse is suitable for cumulative-case reasoning in apologetics: historical context, textual stability, and worldview coherence are evaluated together rather than in isolation.
- Hebrew Grammar: A close Hebrew reading should attend lexical range, clause flow, and discourse function in context; these controls reduce over-reading and preserve authorial intent.
- Historical Evidence: Historically, this verse is interpreted within the received canonical tradition, where manuscript continuity and early community usage support stable transmission and meaning.
Joshua 12:12
Hebrew
מֶלֶךְ עֶגְלוֹן אֶחָד מֶלֶךְ גֶּזֶר אֶחָֽד׃melekhe-'egelvon-'echad-melekhe-gezer-'echad
KJV: The king of Eglon, one; the king of Gezer, one;
AKJV: The king of Eglon, one; the king of Gezer, one;
ASV: the king of Eglon, one; the king of Gezer, one;
YLT: The king of Eglon, one; The king of Gezer, one;
Commentary Witness (Generated)Joshua 12:12Generated editorial synthesis
Commentary Witness (Generated)
Joshua 12:12
Joshua 12:12 advances the immediate literary flow of the chapter and should be interpreted in its canonical context, not as an isolated proof text. In the present translation it reads: 'The king of Eglon, one; the king of Gezer, one;'. A close Hebrew reading supports attention to key lexical choices, clause movement, and redemptive-historical placement so doctrinal conclusions remain textually grounded.
Provenance. Rendered as an editorial synthesis tied to the canonical verse context and current chapter source.
Canonical locus
Joshua 12:12
Source lane
Apologetics Bible source bundle
Biblical cross-references named in the witness
- Joshua 12:12
Named authorities or texts detected in the witness
- Eglon
- Gezer
Exposition: Joshua 12:12 emphasizes a key movement in the chapter's argument. In KJV form, the text reads: 'The king of Eglon, one; the king of Gezer, one;'. Read in canonical context, the verse supports the coherence of biblical revelation by linking doctrine, narrative, and covenantal meaning.
Apologetics Notes
- Scientific Correlation: This verse is suitable for cumulative-case reasoning in apologetics: historical context, textual stability, and worldview coherence are evaluated together rather than in isolation.
- Hebrew Grammar: A close Hebrew reading should attend lexical range, clause flow, and discourse function in context; these controls reduce over-reading and preserve authorial intent.
- Historical Evidence: Historically, this verse is interpreted within the received canonical tradition, where manuscript continuity and early community usage support stable transmission and meaning.
Joshua 12:13
Hebrew
מֶלֶךְ דְּבִר אֶחָד מֶלֶךְ גֶּדֶר אֶחָֽד׃melekhe-devir-'echad-melekhe-geder-'echad
KJV: The king of Debir, one; the king of Geder, one;
AKJV: The king of Debir, one; the king of Geder, one;
ASV: the king of Debir, one; the king of Geder, one;
YLT: The king of Debir, one; The king of Geder, one;
Commentary Witness (Generated)Joshua 12:13Generated editorial synthesis
Commentary Witness (Generated)
Joshua 12:13
Joshua 12:13 advances the immediate literary flow of the chapter and should be interpreted in its canonical context, not as an isolated proof text. In the present translation it reads: 'The king of Debir, one; the king of Geder, one;'. A close Hebrew reading supports attention to key lexical choices, clause movement, and redemptive-historical placement so doctrinal conclusions remain textually grounded.
Provenance. Rendered as an editorial synthesis tied to the canonical verse context and current chapter source.
Canonical locus
Joshua 12:13
Source lane
Apologetics Bible source bundle
Biblical cross-references named in the witness
- Joshua 12:13
Named authorities or texts detected in the witness
- Debir
- Geder
Exposition: Joshua 12:13 emphasizes a key movement in the chapter's argument. In KJV form, the text reads: 'The king of Debir, one; the king of Geder, one;'. Read in canonical context, the verse supports the coherence of biblical revelation by linking doctrine, narrative, and covenantal meaning.
Apologetics Notes
- Scientific Correlation: This verse is suitable for cumulative-case reasoning in apologetics: historical context, textual stability, and worldview coherence are evaluated together rather than in isolation.
- Hebrew Grammar: A close Hebrew reading should attend lexical range, clause flow, and discourse function in context; these controls reduce over-reading and preserve authorial intent.
- Historical Evidence: Historically, this verse is interpreted within the received canonical tradition, where manuscript continuity and early community usage support stable transmission and meaning.
Joshua 12:14
Hebrew
מֶלֶךְ חָרְמָה אֶחָד מֶלֶךְ עֲרָד אֶחָֽד׃melekhe-charemah-'echad-melekhe-'arad-'echad
KJV: The king of Hormah, one; the king of Arad, one;
AKJV: The king of Hormah, one; the king of Arad, one;
ASV: the king of Hormah, one; the king of Arad, one;
YLT: The king of Hormah, one; The king of Arad, one;
Commentary WitnessJoshua 12:14Quoted commentary witness
Commentary Witness
Joshua 12:14
Verse 14 The king of Hormah - Supposed to be the place where the Israelites were defeated by the Canaanites see Num 14:45; and which probably was called Hormah, הרמה chormah, or destruction, from this circumstance.
Provenance. Rendered as a quoted commentary witness with explicit reference extraction from the source prose.
Canonical locus
Joshua 12:14
Source lane
Apologetics Bible source bundle
Biblical cross-references named in the witness
- Num 14:45
Named authorities or texts detected in the witness
- Hormah
Exposition: Joshua 12:14 emphasizes a key movement in the chapter's argument. In KJV form, the text reads: 'The king of Hormah, one; the king of Arad, one;'. Read in canonical context, the verse supports the coherence of biblical revelation by linking doctrine, narrative, and covenantal meaning.
Apologetics Notes
- Scientific Correlation: This verse is suitable for cumulative-case reasoning in apologetics: historical context, textual stability, and worldview coherence are evaluated together rather than in isolation.
- Hebrew Grammar: A close Hebrew reading should attend lexical range, clause flow, and discourse function in context; these controls reduce over-reading and preserve authorial intent.
- Historical Evidence: Historically, this verse is interpreted within the received canonical tradition, where manuscript continuity and early community usage support stable transmission and meaning.
Joshua 12:15
Hebrew
מֶלֶךְ לִבְנָה אֶחָד מֶלֶךְ עֲדֻלָּם אֶחָֽד׃melekhe-livenah-'echad-melekhe-'adulam-'echad
KJV: The king of Libnah, one; the king of Adullam, one;
AKJV: The king of Libnah, one; the king of Adullam, one;
ASV: the king of Libnah, one; the king of Adullam, one;
YLT: The king of Libnah, one; The king of Adullam, one;
Commentary WitnessJoshua 12:15Quoted commentary witness
Commentary Witness
Joshua 12:15
Verse 15 Adullam - A city belonging to the tribe of Judah, Jos 15:35. In a cave at this place David often secreted himself during his persecution by Saul; 1Sam 22:1.
Provenance. Rendered as a quoted commentary witness with explicit reference extraction from the source prose.
Canonical locus
Joshua 12:15
Source lane
Apologetics Bible source bundle
Biblical cross-references named in the witness
- 1Sam 22:1
Named authorities or texts detected in the witness
- Judah
- Saul
Exposition: Joshua 12:15 emphasizes a key movement in the chapter's argument. In KJV form, the text reads: 'The king of Libnah, one; the king of Adullam, one;'. Read in canonical context, the verse supports the coherence of biblical revelation by linking doctrine, narrative, and covenantal meaning.
Apologetics Notes
- Scientific Correlation: This verse is suitable for cumulative-case reasoning in apologetics: historical context, textual stability, and worldview coherence are evaluated together rather than in isolation.
- Hebrew Grammar: A close Hebrew reading should attend lexical range, clause flow, and discourse function in context; these controls reduce over-reading and preserve authorial intent.
- Historical Evidence: Historically, this verse is interpreted within the received canonical tradition, where manuscript continuity and early community usage support stable transmission and meaning.
Joshua 12:16
Hebrew
מֶלֶךְ מַקֵּדָה אֶחָד מֶלֶךְ בֵּֽית־אֵל אֶחָֽד׃melekhe-maqedah-'echad-melekhe-veyt-'el-'echad
KJV: The king of Makkedah, one; the king of Beth–el, one;
AKJV: The king of Makkedah, one; the king of Bethel, one;
ASV: the king of Makkedah, one; the king of Beth-el, one;
YLT: The king of Mekkedah, one; The king of Beth-El, one;
Commentary Witness (Generated)Joshua 12:16Generated editorial synthesis
Commentary Witness (Generated)
Joshua 12:16
Joshua 12:16 advances the immediate literary flow of the chapter and should be interpreted in its canonical context, not as an isolated proof text. In the present translation it reads: 'The king of Makkedah, one; the king of Beth–el, one;'. A close Hebrew reading supports attention to key lexical choices, clause movement, and redemptive-historical placement so doctrinal conclusions remain textually grounded.
Provenance. Rendered as an editorial synthesis tied to the canonical verse context and current chapter source.
Canonical locus
Joshua 12:16
Source lane
Apologetics Bible source bundle
Biblical cross-references named in the witness
- Joshua 12:16
Named authorities or texts detected in the witness
- Makkedah
Exposition: Joshua 12:16 emphasizes a key movement in the chapter's argument. In KJV form, the text reads: 'The king of Makkedah, one; the king of Beth–el, one;'. Read in canonical context, the verse supports the coherence of biblical revelation by linking doctrine, narrative, and covenantal meaning.
Apologetics Notes
- Scientific Correlation: This verse is suitable for cumulative-case reasoning in apologetics: historical context, textual stability, and worldview coherence are evaluated together rather than in isolation.
- Hebrew Grammar: A close Hebrew reading should attend lexical range, clause flow, and discourse function in context; these controls reduce over-reading and preserve authorial intent.
- Historical Evidence: Historically, this verse is interpreted within the received canonical tradition, where manuscript continuity and early community usage support stable transmission and meaning.
Joshua 12:17
Hebrew
מֶלֶךְ תַּפּוּחַ אֶחָד מֶלֶךְ חֵפֶר אֶחָֽד׃melekhe-tafvcha-'echad-melekhe-chefer-'echad
KJV: The king of Tappuah, one; the king of Hepher, one;
AKJV: The king of Tappuah, one; the king of Hepher, one;
ASV: the king of Tappuah, one; the king of Hepher, one;
YLT: The king of Tappuah, one; The king of Hepher, one;
Commentary WitnessJoshua 12:17Quoted commentary witness
Commentary Witness
Joshua 12:17
Verse 17 Tappuah - There were two places of this name: one in the tribe of Judah, Jos 15:34, and another in the tribe of Ephraim on the borders of Manasseh; but which of the two is meant here cannot be ascertained. See the note on Jos 15:53. Hepher - The same, according to Calmet, as Ophrah in the tribe of Benjamin, Jos 18:23.
Provenance. Rendered as a quoted commentary witness with explicit reference extraction from the source prose.
Canonical locus
Joshua 12:17
Source lane
Apologetics Bible source bundle
Named authorities or texts detected in the witness
- Judah
- Manasseh
- Calmet
- Benjamin
Exposition: Joshua 12:17 emphasizes a key movement in the chapter's argument. In KJV form, the text reads: 'The king of Tappuah, one; the king of Hepher, one;'. Read in canonical context, the verse supports the coherence of biblical revelation by linking doctrine, narrative, and covenantal meaning.
Apologetics Notes
- Scientific Correlation: This verse is suitable for cumulative-case reasoning in apologetics: historical context, textual stability, and worldview coherence are evaluated together rather than in isolation.
- Hebrew Grammar: A close Hebrew reading should attend lexical range, clause flow, and discourse function in context; these controls reduce over-reading and preserve authorial intent.
- Historical Evidence: Historically, this verse is interpreted within the received canonical tradition, where manuscript continuity and early community usage support stable transmission and meaning.
Joshua 12:18
Hebrew
מֶלֶךְ אֲפֵק אֶחָד מֶלֶךְ לַשָּׁרוֹן אֶחָֽד׃melekhe-'afeq-'echad-melekhe-lasharvon-'echad
KJV: The king of Aphek, one; the king of Lasharon, one;
AKJV: The king of Aphek, one; the king of Lasharon, one;
ASV: the king of Aphek, one; the king of Lassharon, one;
YLT: The king of Aphek, one; The king of Lasharon, one;
Commentary WitnessJoshua 12:18Quoted commentary witness
Commentary Witness
Joshua 12:18
Verse 18 Aphek - There were several cities of this name: one in the tribe of Asher, Jos 19:30, another in the tribe of Judah, 1Sam 4:1; 1Sam 29:1; and a third in Syria, 1Kgs 20:26, and 2Kgs 13:17. Which of the two former is here intended cannot be ascertained. Lasharon - There is no city of this name known. Some consider the ל lamed in the word לשרון lashsharon to be the sign of the genitive case, and in this sense it appears to have been understood by the Vulgate, which translates rex Saron, the king of Sharon. This was rather a district than a city, and is celebrated in the Scriptures for its fertility; Isa 33:9; Isa 35:2. Some suppose it was the same with Saron, near Lydda, mentioned Act 9:35.
Provenance. Rendered as a quoted commentary witness with explicit reference extraction from the source prose.
Canonical locus
Joshua 12:18
Source lane
Apologetics Bible source bundle
Biblical cross-references named in the witness
- 1Sam 4:1
- 1Sam 29:1
- 1Kgs 20:26
- 2Kgs 13:17
- Isa 33:9
- Isa 35:2
- Act 9:35
Named authorities or texts detected in the witness
- Vulgate
- Asher
- Judah
- Syria
- Saron
- Sharon
- Lydda
Exposition: Joshua 12:18 emphasizes a key movement in the chapter's argument. In KJV form, the text reads: 'The king of Aphek, one; the king of Lasharon, one;'. Read in canonical context, the verse supports the coherence of biblical revelation by linking doctrine, narrative, and covenantal meaning.
Apologetics Notes
- Scientific Correlation: This verse is suitable for cumulative-case reasoning in apologetics: historical context, textual stability, and worldview coherence are evaluated together rather than in isolation.
- Hebrew Grammar: A close Hebrew reading should attend lexical range, clause flow, and discourse function in context; these controls reduce over-reading and preserve authorial intent.
- Historical Evidence: Historically, this verse is interpreted within the received canonical tradition, where manuscript continuity and early community usage support stable transmission and meaning.
Joshua 12:19
Hebrew
מֶלֶךְ מָדוֹן אֶחָד מֶלֶךְ חָצוֹר אֶחָֽד׃melekhe-madvon-'echad-melekhe-chatzvor-'echad
KJV: The king of Madon, one; the king of Hazor, one;
AKJV: The king of Madon, one; the king of Hazor, one;
ASV: the king of Madon, one; the king of Hazor, one;
YLT: The king of Madon, one; The king of Hazor, one;
Commentary Witness (Generated)Joshua 12:19Generated editorial synthesis
Commentary Witness (Generated)
Joshua 12:19
Joshua 12:19 advances the immediate literary flow of the chapter and should be interpreted in its canonical context, not as an isolated proof text. In the present translation it reads: 'The king of Madon, one; the king of Hazor, one;'. A close Hebrew reading supports attention to key lexical choices, clause movement, and redemptive-historical placement so doctrinal conclusions remain textually grounded.
Provenance. Rendered as an editorial synthesis tied to the canonical verse context and current chapter source.
Canonical locus
Joshua 12:19
Source lane
Apologetics Bible source bundle
Biblical cross-references named in the witness
- Joshua 12:19
Named authorities or texts detected in the witness
- Madon
- Hazor
Exposition: Joshua 12:19 emphasizes a key movement in the chapter's argument. In KJV form, the text reads: 'The king of Madon, one; the king of Hazor, one;'. Read in canonical context, the verse supports the coherence of biblical revelation by linking doctrine, narrative, and covenantal meaning.
Apologetics Notes
- Scientific Correlation: This verse is suitable for cumulative-case reasoning in apologetics: historical context, textual stability, and worldview coherence are evaluated together rather than in isolation.
- Hebrew Grammar: A close Hebrew reading should attend lexical range, clause flow, and discourse function in context; these controls reduce over-reading and preserve authorial intent.
- Historical Evidence: Historically, this verse is interpreted within the received canonical tradition, where manuscript continuity and early community usage support stable transmission and meaning.
Joshua 12:20
Hebrew
מֶלֶךְ שִׁמְרוֹן מְראוֹן אֶחָד מֶלֶךְ אַכְשָׁף אֶחָֽד׃melekhe-shimervon-mer'von-'echad-melekhe-'akheshaf-'echad
KJV: The king of Shimron–meron, one; the king of Achshaph, one;
AKJV: The king of Shimronmeron, one; the king of Achshaph, one;
ASV: the king of Shimron-meron, one; the king of Achshaph, one;
YLT: The king of Shimron-Meron, one; The king of Achshaph, one;
Commentary Witness (Generated)Joshua 12:20Generated editorial synthesis
Commentary Witness (Generated)
Joshua 12:20
Joshua 12:20 advances the immediate literary flow of the chapter and should be interpreted in its canonical context, not as an isolated proof text. In the present translation it reads: 'The king of Shimron–meron, one; the king of Achshaph, one;'. A close Hebrew reading supports attention to key lexical choices, clause movement, and redemptive-historical placement so doctrinal conclusions remain textually grounded.
Provenance. Rendered as an editorial synthesis tied to the canonical verse context and current chapter source.
Canonical locus
Joshua 12:20
Source lane
Apologetics Bible source bundle
Biblical cross-references named in the witness
- Joshua 12:20
Named authorities or texts detected in the witness
- Achshaph
Exposition: Joshua 12:20 emphasizes a key movement in the chapter's argument. In KJV form, the text reads: 'The king of Shimron–meron, one; the king of Achshaph, one;'. Read in canonical context, the verse supports the coherence of biblical revelation by linking doctrine, narrative, and covenantal meaning.
Apologetics Notes
- Scientific Correlation: This verse is suitable for cumulative-case reasoning in apologetics: historical context, textual stability, and worldview coherence are evaluated together rather than in isolation.
- Hebrew Grammar: A close Hebrew reading should attend lexical range, clause flow, and discourse function in context; these controls reduce over-reading and preserve authorial intent.
- Historical Evidence: Historically, this verse is interpreted within the received canonical tradition, where manuscript continuity and early community usage support stable transmission and meaning.
Joshua 12:21
Hebrew
מֶלֶךְ תַּעְנַךְ אֶחָד מֶלֶךְ מְגִדּוֹ אֶחָֽד׃melekhe-ta'enakhe-'echad-melekhe-megidvo-'echad
KJV: The king of Taanach, one; the king of Megiddo, one;
AKJV: The king of Taanach, one; the king of Megiddo, one;
ASV: the king of Taanach, one; the king of Megiddo, one;
YLT: The king of Taanach, one; The king of Megiddo, one;
Commentary WitnessJoshua 12:21Quoted commentary witness
Commentary Witness
Joshua 12:21
Verse 21 Taanach - A city in the half tribe of Manasseh, to the west of Jordan, not far from the frontiers of Zebulun, Jos 17:11. This city was assigned to the Levites, Jos 21:25.
Provenance. Rendered as a quoted commentary witness with explicit reference extraction from the source prose.
Canonical locus
Joshua 12:21
Source lane
Apologetics Bible source bundle
Named authorities or texts detected in the witness
- Manasseh
- Jordan
- Zebulun
- Levites
Exposition: Joshua 12:21 emphasizes a key movement in the chapter's argument. In KJV form, the text reads: 'The king of Taanach, one; the king of Megiddo, one;'. Read in canonical context, the verse supports the coherence of biblical revelation by linking doctrine, narrative, and covenantal meaning.
Apologetics Notes
- Scientific Correlation: This verse is suitable for cumulative-case reasoning in apologetics: historical context, textual stability, and worldview coherence are evaluated together rather than in isolation.
- Hebrew Grammar: A close Hebrew reading should attend lexical range, clause flow, and discourse function in context; these controls reduce over-reading and preserve authorial intent.
- Historical Evidence: Historically, this verse is interpreted within the received canonical tradition, where manuscript continuity and early community usage support stable transmission and meaning.
Joshua 12:22
Hebrew
מֶלֶךְ קֶדֶשׁ אֶחָד מֶֽלֶךְ־יָקְנֳעָם לַכַּרְמֶל אֶחָֽד׃melekhe-qedesh-'echad-melekhe-yaqeno'am-lakharemel-'echad
KJV: The king of Kedesh, one; the king of Jokneam of Carmel, one;
AKJV: The king of Kedesh, one; the king of Jokneam of Carmel, one;
ASV: the king of Kedesh, one; the king of Jokneam in Carmel, one;
YLT: The king of Kedesh, one; The king of Jokneam of Carmel, one;
Commentary WitnessJoshua 12:22Quoted commentary witness
Commentary Witness
Joshua 12:22
Verse 22 Kedesh - There was a city of this name in the tribe of Naphtali, Jos 19:37. It was given to the Levites, and was one of the cities of refuge, Jos 20:7. Jokneam of Carmel - This city is said to have been at the foot of Mount Carmel, near the river Belus, in the tribe of Zebulun, Jos 19:11. It was given to the Levites, Jos 21:34.
Provenance. Rendered as a quoted commentary witness with explicit reference extraction from the source prose.
Canonical locus
Joshua 12:22
Source lane
Apologetics Bible source bundle
Named authorities or texts detected in the witness
- Naphtali
- Levites
- Mount Carmel
- Belus
- Zebulun
Exposition: Joshua 12:22 emphasizes a key movement in the chapter's argument. In KJV form, the text reads: 'The king of Kedesh, one; the king of Jokneam of Carmel, one;'. Read in canonical context, the verse supports the coherence of biblical revelation by linking doctrine, narrative, and covenantal meaning.
Apologetics Notes
- Scientific Correlation: This verse is suitable for cumulative-case reasoning in apologetics: historical context, textual stability, and worldview coherence are evaluated together rather than in isolation.
- Hebrew Grammar: A close Hebrew reading should attend lexical range, clause flow, and discourse function in context; these controls reduce over-reading and preserve authorial intent.
- Historical Evidence: Historically, this verse is interpreted within the received canonical tradition, where manuscript continuity and early community usage support stable transmission and meaning.
Joshua 12:23
Hebrew
מֶלֶךְ דּוֹר לְנָפַת דּוֹר אֶחָד מֶֽלֶךְ־גּוֹיִם לְגִלְגָּל אֶחָֽד׃melekhe-dvor-lenafat-dvor-'echad-melekhe-gvoyim-legilegal-'echad
KJV: The king of Dor in the coast of Dor, one; the king of the nations of Gilgal, one;
AKJV: The king of Dor in the coast of Dor, one; the king of the nations of Gilgal, one;
ASV: the king of Dor in the height of Dor, one; the king of Goiim in Gilgal, one;
YLT: The king of Dor, at the elevation of Dor, one; The king of the Goyim of Gilgal, one;
Commentary WitnessJoshua 12:23Quoted commentary witness
Commentary Witness
Joshua 12:23
Verse 23 The king of Dor - The city of this name fell to the lot of the children of Manasseh, Jos 17:11. Bochart observes that it was one of the oldest royal cities in Phoenicia. The Canaanites held it, Jdg 1:27. Antiochus Sydetes besieged it in aftertimes, but could not make himself master of it. See Bochart, Canaan, lib. i., c. 28, and Dodd. The king of the nations of Gilgal - This is supposed to mean the higher Galilee, surnamed Galilee of the Gentiles or, nations, as the Hebrew word גוים goyim means. On this ground it should be read king of Galilee of the nations. Others suppose it is the same country with that of which Tidal was king, see Gen 14:1. The place is very uncertain, and commentators have rendered it more so by their conjectures.
Provenance. Rendered as a quoted commentary witness with explicit reference extraction from the source prose.
Canonical locus
Joshua 12:23
Source lane
Apologetics Bible source bundle
Biblical cross-references named in the witness
- Gen 14:1
Named authorities or texts detected in the witness
- Bochart
- Manasseh
- Phoenicia
- See Bochart
- Canaan
- Dodd
- Galilee
Exposition: Joshua 12:23 emphasizes a key movement in the chapter's argument. In KJV form, the text reads: 'The king of Dor in the coast of Dor, one; the king of the nations of Gilgal, one;'. Read in canonical context, the verse supports the coherence of biblical revelation by linking doctrine, narrative, and covenantal meaning.
Apologetics Notes
- Scientific Correlation: This verse is suitable for cumulative-case reasoning in apologetics: historical context, textual stability, and worldview coherence are evaluated together rather than in isolation.
- Hebrew Grammar: A close Hebrew reading should attend lexical range, clause flow, and discourse function in context; these controls reduce over-reading and preserve authorial intent.
- Historical Evidence: Historically, this verse is interpreted within the received canonical tradition, where manuscript continuity and early community usage support stable transmission and meaning.
Joshua 12:24
Hebrew
מֶלֶךְ תִּרְצָה אֶחָד כְּל־מְלָכִים שְׁלֹשִׁים וְאֶחָֽד׃melekhe-tiretzah-'echad-khel-melakhiym-sheloshiym-ve'echad
KJV: The king of Tirzah, one: all the kings thirty and one.
AKJV: The king of Tirzah, one: all the kings thirty and one.
ASV: the king of Tirzah, one: all the kings thirty and one.
YLT: The king of Tirzah, one; all the kings are thirty and one.
Commentary WitnessJoshua 12:24Quoted commentary witness
Commentary Witness
Joshua 12:24
Verse 24 King of Tirzah - This city appears to have been for a long time the capital of the kingdom of Israel, and the residence of its kings. See 1Kgs 14:17; 1Kgs 15:21, 1Kgs 15:33. Its situation cannot be exactly ascertained; but it is supposed to have been situated on a mountain about three leagues south of Samaria. All the kings thirty and one - The Septuagint say εικοσι εννεα, twenty-nine, and yet set down but twenty-eight, as they confound or omit the kings of Beth-el, Lasharon, and Madon. So many kings in so small a territory, shows that their kingdoms must have been very small indeed. The kings of Beth-el and Ai had but about 12,000 subjects in the whole; but in ancient times all kings had very small territories. Every village or town had its chief; and this chief was independent of his neighbors, and exercised regal power in his own district. In reading all ancient histories, as well as the Bible, this circumstance must be kept constantly in view; for we ought to consider that in those times both kings and kingdoms were but a faint resemblance of those now. Great Britain, in ancient times, was divided into many kingdoms: in the time of the Saxons it was divided into seven, hence called the Saxon heptarchy. But when Julius Caesar first entered this island, he found four kings in Kent alone; Cingetorix, Carnilius, Taximagulus, and Segonax. Hence we need not wonder at the numbers we read of in the land of Canaan. Ancient Gaul was thus divided; and the great number of sovereign princes, secular bishops, landgraves, dukes, etc., etc., in Germany, are the modern remains of those ancient divisions.
Provenance. Rendered as a quoted commentary witness with explicit reference extraction from the source prose.
Canonical locus
Joshua 12:24
Source lane
Apologetics Bible source bundle
Biblical cross-references named in the witness
- 1Kgs 14:17
- 1Kgs 15:21
- 1Kgs 15:33
Named authorities or texts detected in the witness
- Septuagint
- Israel
- Samaria
- Lasharon
- Madon
- Bible
- Great Britain
- Cingetorix
- Carnilius
- Taximagulus
- Segonax
- Canaan
- Germany
Exposition: Joshua 12:24 emphasizes a key movement in the chapter's argument. In KJV form, the text reads: 'The king of Tirzah, one: all the kings thirty and one.'. Read in canonical context, the verse supports the coherence of biblical revelation by linking doctrine, narrative, and covenantal meaning.
Apologetics Notes
- Scientific Correlation: This verse is suitable for cumulative-case reasoning in apologetics: historical context, textual stability, and worldview coherence are evaluated together rather than in isolation.
- Hebrew Grammar: A close Hebrew reading should attend lexical range, clause flow, and discourse function in context; these controls reduce over-reading and preserve authorial intent.
- Historical Evidence: Historically, this verse is interpreted within the received canonical tradition, where manuscript continuity and early community usage support stable transmission and meaning.
Citation trailOpen the commentary counts, references, and named sources.
Scholarly apparatus
Commentary citation index
This chapter now surfaces commentary as quoted witness material with an explicit citation trail. The index below gathers the canonical references and named authorities detected inside the commentary layer for faster academic review.
Direct commentary witnesses
13
Generated editorial witnesses
11
Source lane
Apologetics Bible source bundle
Canonical references surfaced in commentary
- Joshua 12:1
- Joshua 12:2
- Joshua 12:3
- Num 21:35
- Gen 6:4
- Gen 14:5
- Joshua 12:4
- Joshua 12:5
- Joshua 12:6
- Joshua 12:7
- Joshua 12:8
- Joshua 12:9
- Joshua 12:10
- Joshua 12:11
- Joshua 12:12
- Joshua 12:13
- Num 14:45
- Joshua 12:14
- 1Sam 22:1
- Joshua 12:15
- Joshua 12:16
- Joshua 12:17
- 1Sam 4:1
- 1Sam 29:1
- 1Kgs 20:26
- 2Kgs 13:17
- Isa 33:9
- Isa 35:2
- Act 9:35
- Joshua 12:18
- Joshua 12:19
- Joshua 12:20
- Joshua 12:21
- Joshua 12:22
- Gen 14:1
- Joshua 12:23
- 1Kgs 14:17
- 1Kgs 15:21
- 1Kgs 15:33
- Joshua 12:24
Named authorities or texts surfaced in commentary
- Moses
- Jordan
- Joshua
- Gilead
- Dead Sea
- Mount Hermon
- Arnon
- Sihon
- Or Gennesareth
- Tiberias
- Salt Sea
- Melach
- Asphaltites
- Desert
- Sodom
- Moab
- Mount Pisgah
- Or
- Rephaim
- Bashan
- Hermon
- Reubenites
- Gadites
- Manasseh
- Halak
- Seir
- Hittites
- Amorites
- Canaanites
- Perizzites
- Hivites
- Jebusites
- Jericho
- Ai
- Jerusalem
- Hebron
- Jarmuth
- Lachish
- Eglon
- Gezer
- Debir
- Geder
- Hormah
- Judah
- Saul
- Makkedah
- Calmet
- Benjamin
- Vulgate
- Asher
- Syria
- Saron
- Sharon
- Lydda
- Madon
- Hazor
- Achshaph
- Zebulun
- Levites
- Naphtali
- Mount Carmel
- Belus
- Bochart
- Phoenicia
- See Bochart
- Canaan
- Dodd
- Galilee
- Septuagint
- Israel
- Samaria
- Lasharon
- Bible
- Great Britain
- Cingetorix
- Carnilius
- Taximagulus
- Segonax
- Germany
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Commentary Witness
Joshua 12:1
Provenance. Rendered as a quoted commentary witness with explicit reference extraction from the source prose.
Canonical locus
Joshua 12:1
Source lane
Apologetics Bible source bundle
Named authorities or texts detected in the witness