Apologetics Bible
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Judges describes the repeated cycle of Israel's apostasy, oppression, repentance, and deliverance through Spirit-empowered judges. The book is unrelentingly honest about human failure — a mark of authentic historiography rather than theological propaganda.
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Connected primary witness
- Connected ID:
Judges_19
- Primary Witness Text: And it came to pass in those days, when there was no king in Israel, that there was a certain Levite sojourning on the side of mount Ephraim, who took to him a concubine out of Beth–lehem–judah. And his concubine played the whore against him, and went away from him unto her father’s house to Beth–lehem–judah, and was there four whole months. And her husband arose, and went after her, to speak friendly unto her, and to bring her again, having his servant with him, and a couple of asses: and she brought him into her father’s house: and when the father of the damsel saw him, he rejoiced to meet him. And his father in law, the damsel’s father, retained him; and he abode with him three days: so they did eat and drink, and lodged there. And it came to pass on the fourth day, when they arose early in the morning, that he rose up to depart: and the damsel’s father said unto his son in law, Comfort thine heart with a morsel of bread, and afterward go your way. And they sat down, and did eat and drink both of them together: for the damsel’s father had said unto the man, Be content, I pray thee, and tarry all night, and let thine heart be merry. And when the man rose up to depart, his father in law urged him: therefore he lodged there again. And he arose early in the morning on the fifth day to depart: and the damsel’s father said, Comfort thine heart, I pray thee. And they tarried until afternoon, and they did eat both of them. And when the man rose up to depart, he, and his concubine,...
Connected dataset overlay
- Connected ID:
Judges_19
- Chapter Blob Preview: And it came to pass in those days, when there was no king in Israel, that there was a certain Levite sojourning on the side of mount Ephraim, who took to him a concubine out of Beth–lehem–judah. And his concubine played the whore against him, and went away from him unto her father’s house to Beth–lehem–judah, and was there four whole months. And her husband arose, and went afte...
Chapter frameStart here before opening notes.
Chapter frame
Judges describes the repeated cycle of Israel's apostasy, oppression, repentance, and deliverance through Spirit-empowered judges. The book is unrelentingly honest about human failure — a mark of authentic historiography rather than theological propaganda.
The book's apologetics contribution is its candor: Scripture does not sanitize its heroes. Samson, Gideon, and Jephthah are delivered-through-faith despite massive moral failure (Heb 11:32). The final chapters of Judges (17-21) are the bleakest in the OT, deliberately framed to demand a king and ultimately a divine King who can actually transform human nature.
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Judges 19:1
Hebrew
וַיְהִי בַּיָּמִים הָהֵם וּמֶלֶךְ אֵין בְּיִשְׂרָאֵל וַיְהִי ׀ אִישׁ לֵוִי גָּר בְּיַרְכְּתֵי הַר־אֶפְרַיִם וַיִּֽקַּֽח־לוֹ אִשָּׁה פִילֶגֶשׁ מִבֵּית לֶחֶם יְהוּדָֽה׃vayehiy-vayamiym-hahem-vmelekhe-'eyn-veyishera'el-vayehiy- -'iysh-leviy-gar-veyarekhetey-har-'eferayim-vayiqach-lvo-'ishah-fiylegesh-miveyt-lechem-yehvdah
KJV: And it came to pass in those days, when there was no king in Israel, that there was a certain Levite sojourning on the side of mount Ephraim, who took to him a concubine out of Beth–lehem–judah.
AKJV: And it came to pass in those days, when there was no king in Israel, that there was a certain Levite sojourning on the side of mount Ephraim, who took to him a concubine out of Bethlehemjudah.
ASV: And it came to pass in those days, when there was no king in Israel, that there was a certain Levite sojourning on the farther side of the hill-country of Ephraim, who took to him a concubine out of Beth-lehem-judah.
YLT: And it cometh to pass, in those days, when there is no king in Israel, that there is a man a Levite, a sojourner in the sides of the hill-country of Ephraim, and he taketh to him a wife, a concubine, out of Beth-Lehem-Judah;
Exposition: Judges 19:1 emphasizes a key movement in the chapter's argument. In KJV form, the text reads: 'And it came to pass in those days, when there was no king in Israel, that there was a certain Levite sojourning on the side of mount Ephraim, who took to him a concubine out of Beth–lehem–judah.'. Read in canonical context, the verse supports the coherence of biblical revelation by linking doctrine, narrative, and covenantal meaning.
Apologetics Notes
- Scientific Correlation: This verse is suitable for cumulative-case reasoning in apologetics: historical context, textual stability, and worldview coherence are evaluated together rather than in isolation.
- Hebrew Grammar: A close Hebrew reading should attend lexical range, clause flow, and discourse function in context; these controls reduce over-reading and preserve authorial intent.
- Historical Evidence: Historically, this verse is interpreted within the received canonical tradition, where manuscript continuity and early community usage support stable transmission and meaning.
Judges 19:2
Hebrew
וַתִּזְנֶה עָלָיו פִּֽילַגְשׁוֹ וַתֵּלֶךְ מֵֽאִתּוֹ אֶל־בֵּית אָבִיהָ אֶל־בֵּית לֶחֶם יְהוּדָה וַתְּהִי־שָׁם יָמִים אַרְבָּעָה חֳדָשִֽׁים׃vatizeneh-'alayv-fiylageshvo-vatelekhe-me'itvo-'el-veyt-'aviyha-'el-veyt-lechem-yehvdah-vatehiy-sham-yamiym-'areva'ah-chodashiym
KJV: And his concubine played the whore against him, and went away from him unto her father’s house to Beth–lehem–judah, and was there four whole months.
AKJV: And his concubine played the whore against him, and went away from him to her father’s house to Bethlehemjudah, and was there four whole months.
ASV: And his concubine played the harlot against him, and went away from him unto her father’s house to Beth-lehem-judah, and was there the space of four months.
YLT: and commit whoredom against him doth his concubine, and she goeth from him unto the house of her father, unto Beth-Lehem-Judah, and is there days--four months.
Commentary WitnessJudges 19:2Quoted commentary witness
Commentary Witness
Judges 19:2
Verse 2 Played the whore - Neither the Vulgate, Septuagint, Targum, nor Josephus, understand this word as implying any act of conjugal infidelity on the woman's part. They merely state that the parties disagreed, and the woman returned to her father's house. Indeed all the circumstances of the case vindicate this view of the subject. If she had been a whore, or adulteress, it is not very likely that her husband would have gone after her to speak friendly, literally, to speak to her heart, and entreat her to return. The Vulgate simply states, quae reliquit eum, that she left him; the Septuagint, ωργισθη αυτῳ, that she was angry with him; the Targum ובסרת עלוהי ubserath alohi, that she despised him; Josephus, αλλοτοιως ειχε, that she was alienated, or separated herself, from him. Houbigant translates the clause: quae cum ab eo alienata esset, vel irata in eum esset, eum reliquit; "who when she was alienated from him, or angry with him, left him;" and he defends this version in his note. I think the true meaning to be among the above interpretations. They had contentions; she ceased to love him, her affections were alienated from him; and she left his house, and went home to her father.
Provenance. Rendered as a quoted commentary witness with explicit reference extraction from the source prose.
Canonical locus
Judges 19:2
Source lane
Apologetics Bible source bundle
Named authorities or texts detected in the witness
- Josephus
- Septuagint
- Vulgate
- Targum
Exposition: Judges 19:2 emphasizes a key movement in the chapter's argument. In KJV form, the text reads: 'And his concubine played the whore against him, and went away from him unto her father’s house to Beth–lehem–judah, and was there four whole months.'. Read in canonical context, the verse supports the coherence of biblical revelation by linking doctrine, narrative, and covenantal meaning.
Apologetics Notes
- Scientific Correlation: This verse is suitable for cumulative-case reasoning in apologetics: historical context, textual stability, and worldview coherence are evaluated together rather than in isolation.
- Hebrew Grammar: A close Hebrew reading should attend lexical range, clause flow, and discourse function in context; these controls reduce over-reading and preserve authorial intent.
- Historical Evidence: Historically, this verse is interpreted within the received canonical tradition, where manuscript continuity and early community usage support stable transmission and meaning.
Judges 19:3
Hebrew
וַיָּקָם אִישָׁהּ וַיֵּלֶךְ אַחֲרֶיהָ לְדַבֵּר עַל־לִבָּהּ להשיבו לַהֲשִׁיבָהּ וְנַעֲרוֹ עִמּוֹ וְצֶמֶד חֲמֹרִים וַתְּבִיאֵהוּ בֵּית אָבִיהָ וַיִּרְאֵהוּ אֲבִי הַֽנַּעֲרָה וַיִּשְׂמַח לִקְרָאתֽוֹ׃vayaqam-'iyshah-vayelekhe-'achareyha-ledaver-'al-livah-lhshyvv-lahashiyvah-vena'arvo-'imvo-vetzemed-chamoriym-vateviy'ehv-veyt-'aviyha-vayire'ehv-'aviy-hana'arah-vayishemach-liqera'tvo
KJV: And her husband arose, and went after her, to speak friendly unto her, and to bring her again, having his servant with him, and a couple of asses: and she brought him into her father’s house: and when the father of the damsel saw him, he rejoiced to meet him.
AKJV: And her husband arose, and went after her, to speak friendly to her, and to bring her again, having his servant with him, and a couple of asses: and she brought him into her father’s house: and when the father of the damsel saw him, he rejoiced to meet him.
ASV: And her husband arose, and went after her, to speak kindly unto her, to bring her again, having his servant with him, and a couple of asses: and she brought him into her father’s house; and when the father of the damsel saw him, he rejoiced to meet him.
YLT: And her husband riseth and goeth after her, to speak unto her heart, to bring her back, and his young man is with him, and a couple of asses; and she bringeth him into the house of her father, and the father of the young woman seeth him, and rejoiceth to meet him.
Commentary Witness (Generated)Judges 19:3Generated editorial synthesis
Commentary Witness (Generated)
Judges 19:3
Judges 19:3 advances the immediate literary flow of the chapter and should be interpreted in its canonical context, not as an isolated proof text. In the present translation it reads: 'And her husband arose, and went after her, to speak friendly unto her, and to bring her again, having his servant with him, and a couple of asses: and she brought him into her father’s house: and when the father of the damsel saw him, he rejoiced to meet him.'. A close Hebrew reading supports attention to key lexical choices, clause movement, and redemptive-historical placement so doctrinal conclusions remain textually grounded.
Provenance. Rendered as an editorial synthesis tied to the canonical verse context and current chapter source.
Canonical locus
Judges 19:3
Source lane
Apologetics Bible source bundle
Biblical cross-references named in the witness
- Judges 19:3
Exposition: Judges 19:3 emphasizes a key movement in the chapter's argument. In KJV form, the text reads: 'And her husband arose, and went after her, to speak friendly unto her, and to bring her again, having his servant with him, and a couple of asses: and she brought him into her father’s house: and when the father of th...'. Read in canonical context, the verse supports the coherence of biblical revelation by linking doctrine, narrative, and covenantal meaning.
Apologetics Notes
- Scientific Correlation: This verse is suitable for cumulative-case reasoning in apologetics: historical context, textual stability, and worldview coherence are evaluated together rather than in isolation.
- Hebrew Grammar: A close Hebrew reading should attend lexical range, clause flow, and discourse function in context; these controls reduce over-reading and preserve authorial intent.
- Historical Evidence: Historically, this verse is interpreted within the received canonical tradition, where manuscript continuity and early community usage support stable transmission and meaning.
Judges 19:4
Hebrew
וַיֶּחֱזַק־בּוֹ חֹֽתְנוֹ אֲבִי הַֽנַּעֲרָה וַיֵּשֶׁב אִתּוֹ שְׁלֹשֶׁת יָמִים וַיֹּאכְלוּ וַיִּשְׁתּוּ וַיָּלִינוּ שָֽׁם׃vayechezaq-vvo-chotenvo-'aviy-hana'arah-vayeshev-'itvo-sheloshet-yamiym-vayo'khelv-vayishetv-vayaliynv-sham
KJV: And his father in law, the damsel’s father, retained him; and he abode with him three days: so they did eat and drink, and lodged there.
AKJV: And his father in law, the damsel’s father, retained him; and he stayed with him three days: so they did eat and drink, and lodged there. ¶
ASV: And his father-in-law, the damsel’s father, retained him; and he abode with him three days: so they did eat and drink, and lodged there.
YLT: And keep hold on him doth his father-in-law, father of the young woman, and he abideth with him three days, and they eat and drink, and lodge there.
Commentary Witness (Generated)Judges 19:4Generated editorial synthesis
Commentary Witness (Generated)
Judges 19:4
Judges 19:4 advances the immediate literary flow of the chapter and should be interpreted in its canonical context, not as an isolated proof text. In the present translation it reads: 'And his father in law, the damsel’s father, retained him; and he abode with him three days: so they did eat and drink, and lodged there.'. A close Hebrew reading supports attention to key lexical choices, clause movement, and redemptive-historical placement so doctrinal conclusions remain textually grounded.
Provenance. Rendered as an editorial synthesis tied to the canonical verse context and current chapter source.
Canonical locus
Judges 19:4
Source lane
Apologetics Bible source bundle
Biblical cross-references named in the witness
- Judges 19:4
Exposition: Judges 19:4 emphasizes a key movement in the chapter's argument. In KJV form, the text reads: 'And his father in law, the damsel’s father, retained him; and he abode with him three days: so they did eat and drink, and lodged there.'. Read in canonical context, the verse supports the coherence of biblical revelation by linking doctrine, narrative, and covenantal meaning.
Apologetics Notes
- Scientific Correlation: This verse is suitable for cumulative-case reasoning in apologetics: historical context, textual stability, and worldview coherence are evaluated together rather than in isolation.
- Hebrew Grammar: A close Hebrew reading should attend lexical range, clause flow, and discourse function in context; these controls reduce over-reading and preserve authorial intent.
- Historical Evidence: Historically, this verse is interpreted within the received canonical tradition, where manuscript continuity and early community usage support stable transmission and meaning.
Judges 19:5
Hebrew
וַֽיְהִי בַּיּוֹם הָרְבִיעִי וַיַּשְׁכִּימוּ בַבֹּקֶר וַיָּקָם לָלֶכֶת וַיֹּאמֶר אֲבִי הַֽנַּעֲרָה אֶל־חֲתָנוֹ סְעָד לִבְּךָ פַּת־לֶחֶם וְאַחַר תֵּלֵֽכוּ׃vayehiy-vayvom-hareviy'iy-vayashekhiymv-vavoqer-vayaqam-lalekhet-vayo'mer-'aviy-hana'arah-'el-chatanvo-se'ad-livekha-fat-lechem-ve'achar-telekhv
KJV: And it came to pass on the fourth day, when they arose early in the morning, that he rose up to depart: and the damsel’s father said unto his son in law, Comfort thine heart with a morsel of bread, and afterward go your way.
AKJV: And it came to pass on the fourth day, when they arose early in the morning, that he rose up to depart: and the damsel’s father said to his son in law, Comfort your heart with a morsel of bread, and afterward go your way.
ASV: And it came to pass on the fourth day, that they arose early in the morning, and he rose up to depart: and the damsel’s father said unto his son-in-law, Strengthen thy heart with a morsel of bread, and afterward ye shall go your way.
YLT: And it cometh to pass, on the fourth day, that they rise early in the morning, and he riseth to go, and the father of the young woman saith unto his son-in-law, `Support thy heart with a morsel of bread, and afterward ye go on.'
Commentary Witness (Generated)Judges 19:5Generated editorial synthesis
Commentary Witness (Generated)
Judges 19:5
Judges 19:5 advances the immediate literary flow of the chapter and should be interpreted in its canonical context, not as an isolated proof text. In the present translation it reads: 'And it came to pass on the fourth day, when they arose early in the morning, that he rose up to depart: and the damsel’s father said unto his son in law, Comfort thine heart with a morsel of bread, and afterward go your way.'. A close Hebrew reading supports attention to key lexical choices, clause movement, and redemptive-historical placement so doctrinal conclusions remain textually grounded.
Provenance. Rendered as an editorial synthesis tied to the canonical verse context and current chapter source.
Canonical locus
Judges 19:5
Source lane
Apologetics Bible source bundle
Biblical cross-references named in the witness
- Judges 19:5
Exposition: Judges 19:5 emphasizes a key movement in the chapter's argument. In KJV form, the text reads: 'And it came to pass on the fourth day, when they arose early in the morning, that he rose up to depart: and the damsel’s father said unto his son in law, Comfort thine heart with a morsel of bread, and afterward go yo...'. Read in canonical context, the verse supports the coherence of biblical revelation by linking doctrine, narrative, and covenantal meaning.
Apologetics Notes
- Scientific Correlation: This verse is suitable for cumulative-case reasoning in apologetics: historical context, textual stability, and worldview coherence are evaluated together rather than in isolation.
- Hebrew Grammar: A close Hebrew reading should attend lexical range, clause flow, and discourse function in context; these controls reduce over-reading and preserve authorial intent.
- Historical Evidence: Historically, this verse is interpreted within the received canonical tradition, where manuscript continuity and early community usage support stable transmission and meaning.
Judges 19:6
Hebrew
וַיֵּשְׁבוּ וַיֹּאכְלוּ שְׁנֵיהֶם יַחְדָּו וַיִּשְׁתּוּ וַיֹּאמֶר אֲבִי הַֽנַּעֲרָה אֶל־הָאִישׁ הֽוֹאֶל־נָא וְלִין וְיִטַב לִבֶּֽךָ׃vayeshevv-vayo'khelv-sheneyhem-yachedav-vayishetv-vayo'mer-'aviy-hana'arah-'el-ha'iysh-hvo'el-na'-veliyn-veyitav-livekha
KJV: And they sat down, and did eat and drink both of them together: for the damsel’s father had said unto the man, Be content, I pray thee, and tarry all night, and let thine heart be merry.
AKJV: And they sat down, and did eat and drink both of them together: for the damsel’s father had said to the man, Be content, I pray you, and tarry all night, and let your heart be merry.
ASV: So they sat down, and did eat and drink, both of them together: and the damsel’s father said unto the man, Be pleased, I pray thee, to tarry all night, and let thy heart be merry.
YLT: And they sit and eat both of them together, and drink, and the father of the young woman saith unto the man, `Be willing, I pray thee, and lodge all night, and let thy heart be glad.'
Commentary Witness (Generated)Judges 19:6Generated editorial synthesis
Commentary Witness (Generated)
Judges 19:6
Judges 19:6 advances the immediate literary flow of the chapter and should be interpreted in its canonical context, not as an isolated proof text. In the present translation it reads: 'And they sat down, and did eat and drink both of them together: for the damsel’s father had said unto the man, Be content, I pray thee, and tarry all night, and let thine heart be merry.'. A close Hebrew reading supports attention to key lexical choices, clause movement, and redemptive-historical placement so doctrinal conclusions remain textually grounded.
Provenance. Rendered as an editorial synthesis tied to the canonical verse context and current chapter source.
Canonical locus
Judges 19:6
Source lane
Apologetics Bible source bundle
Biblical cross-references named in the witness
- Judges 19:6
Named authorities or texts detected in the witness
- Ray
Exposition: Judges 19:6 emphasizes a key movement in the chapter's argument. In KJV form, the text reads: 'And they sat down, and did eat and drink both of them together: for the damsel’s father had said unto the man, Be content, I pray thee, and tarry all night, and let thine heart be merry.'. Read in canonical context, the verse supports the coherence of biblical revelation by linking doctrine, narrative, and covenantal meaning.
Apologetics Notes
- Scientific Correlation: This verse is suitable for cumulative-case reasoning in apologetics: historical context, textual stability, and worldview coherence are evaluated together rather than in isolation.
- Hebrew Grammar: A close Hebrew reading should attend lexical range, clause flow, and discourse function in context; these controls reduce over-reading and preserve authorial intent.
- Historical Evidence: Historically, this verse is interpreted within the received canonical tradition, where manuscript continuity and early community usage support stable transmission and meaning.
Judges 19:7
Hebrew
וַיָּקָם הָאִישׁ לָלֶכֶת וַיִּפְצַר־בּוֹ חֹתְנוֹ וַיָּשָׁב וַיָּלֶן שָֽׁם׃vayaqam-ha'iysh-lalekhet-vayifetzar-vvo-chotenvo-vayashav-vayalen-sham
KJV: And when the man rose up to depart, his father in law urged him: therefore he lodged there again.
AKJV: And when the man rose up to depart, his father in law urged him: therefore he lodged there again.
ASV: And the man rose up to depart; but his father-in-law urged him, and he lodged there again.
YLT: And the man riseth to go, and his father-in-law presseth on him, and he turneth back and lodgeth there.
Commentary Witness (Generated)Judges 19:7Generated editorial synthesis
Commentary Witness (Generated)
Judges 19:7
Judges 19:7 advances the immediate literary flow of the chapter and should be interpreted in its canonical context, not as an isolated proof text. In the present translation it reads: 'And when the man rose up to depart, his father in law urged him: therefore he lodged there again.'. A close Hebrew reading supports attention to key lexical choices, clause movement, and redemptive-historical placement so doctrinal conclusions remain textually grounded.
Provenance. Rendered as an editorial synthesis tied to the canonical verse context and current chapter source.
Canonical locus
Judges 19:7
Source lane
Apologetics Bible source bundle
Biblical cross-references named in the witness
- Judges 19:7
Exposition: Judges 19:7 emphasizes a key movement in the chapter's argument. In KJV form, the text reads: 'And when the man rose up to depart, his father in law urged him: therefore he lodged there again.'. Read in canonical context, the verse supports the coherence of biblical revelation by linking doctrine, narrative, and covenantal meaning.
Apologetics Notes
- Scientific Correlation: This verse is suitable for cumulative-case reasoning in apologetics: historical context, textual stability, and worldview coherence are evaluated together rather than in isolation.
- Hebrew Grammar: A close Hebrew reading should attend lexical range, clause flow, and discourse function in context; these controls reduce over-reading and preserve authorial intent.
- Historical Evidence: Historically, this verse is interpreted within the received canonical tradition, where manuscript continuity and early community usage support stable transmission and meaning.
Judges 19:8
Hebrew
וַיַּשְׁכֵּם בַּבֹּקֶר בַּיּוֹם הַחֲמִישִׁי לָלֶכֶת וַיֹּאמֶר ׀ אֲבִי הַֽנַּעֲרָה סְעָד־נָא לְבָבְךָ וְהִֽתְמַהְמְהוּ עַד־נְטוֹת הַיּוֹם וַיֹּאכְלוּ שְׁנֵיהֶֽם׃vayashekhem-vavoqer-vayvom-hachamiyshiy-lalekhet-vayo'mer- -'aviy-hana'arah-se'ad-na'-levavekha-vehitemahemehv-'ad-netvot-hayvom-vayo'khelv-sheneyhem
KJV: And he arose early in the morning on the fifth day to depart: and the damsel’s father said, Comfort thine heart, I pray thee. And they tarried until afternoon, and they did eat both of them.
AKJV: And he arose early in the morning on the fifth day to depart; and the damsel’s father said, Comfort your heart, I pray you. And they tarried until afternoon, and they did eat both of them.
ASV: And he arose early in the morning on the fifth day to depart; and the damsel’s father said, Strengthen thy heart, I pray thee, and tarry ye until the day declineth; and they did eat, both of them.
YLT: And he riseth early in the morning, on the fifth day, to go, and the father of the young woman saith, `Support, I pray thee, thy heart;' and they have tarried till the turning of the day, and they eat, both of them.
Commentary WitnessJudges 19:8Quoted commentary witness
Commentary Witness
Judges 19:8
Verse 8 And they tarried until afternoon - Merely that they might avoid the heat of the day, which would have been very inconvenient in travelling.
Provenance. Rendered as a quoted commentary witness with explicit reference extraction from the source prose.
Canonical locus
Judges 19:8
Source lane
Apologetics Bible source bundle
Exposition: Judges 19:8 emphasizes a key movement in the chapter's argument. In KJV form, the text reads: 'And he arose early in the morning on the fifth day to depart: and the damsel’s father said, Comfort thine heart, I pray thee. And they tarried until afternoon, and they did eat both of them.'. Read in canonical context, the verse supports the coherence of biblical revelation by linking doctrine, narrative, and covenantal meaning.
Apologetics Notes
- Scientific Correlation: This verse is suitable for cumulative-case reasoning in apologetics: historical context, textual stability, and worldview coherence are evaluated together rather than in isolation.
- Hebrew Grammar: A close Hebrew reading should attend lexical range, clause flow, and discourse function in context; these controls reduce over-reading and preserve authorial intent.
- Historical Evidence: Historically, this verse is interpreted within the received canonical tradition, where manuscript continuity and early community usage support stable transmission and meaning.
Judges 19:9
Hebrew
וַיָּקָם הָאִישׁ לָלֶכֶת הוּא וּפִילַגְשׁוֹ וְנַעֲרוֹ וַיֹּאמֶר לוֹ חֹתְנוֹ אֲבִי הַֽנַּעֲרָה הִנֵּה נָא רָפָה הַיּוֹם לַעֲרֹב לִֽינוּ־נָא הִנֵּה חֲנוֹת הַיּוֹם לִין פֹּה וְיִיטַב לְבָבֶךָ וְהִשְׁכַּמְתֶּם מָחָר לְדַרְכְּכֶם וְהָלַכְתָּ לְאֹהָלֶֽךָ׃vayaqam-ha'iysh-lalekhet-hv'-vfiylageshvo-vena'arvo-vayo'mer-lvo-chotenvo-'aviy-hana'arah-hineh-na'-rafah-hayvom-la'arov-liynv-na'-hineh-chanvot-hayvom-liyn-foh-veyiytav-levavekha-vehishekhametem-machar-ledarekhekhem-vehalakheta-le'ohalekha
KJV: And when the man rose up to depart, he, and his concubine, and his servant, his father in law, the damsel’s father, said unto him, Behold, now the day draweth toward evening, I pray you tarry all night: behold, the day groweth to an end, lodge here, that thine heart may be merry; and to morrow get you early on your way, that thou mayest go home.
AKJV: And when the man rose up to depart, he, and his concubine, and his servant, his father in law, the damsel’s father, said to him, Behold, now the day draws toward evening, I pray you tarry all night: behold, the day grows to an end, lodge here, that your heart may be merry; and to morrow get you early on your way, that you may go home.
ASV: And when the man rose up to depart, he, and his concubine, and his servant, his father-in-law, the damsel’s father, said unto him, Behold, now the day draweth toward evening, I pray you tarry all night: behold, the day groweth to an end, lodge here, that thy heart may be merry; and to-morrow get you early on your way, that thou mayest go home.
YLT: And the man riseth to go, he and his concubine, and his young man, and his father-in-law, father of the young woman, saith to him, `Lo, I pray thee, the day hath fallen toward evening, lodge all night, I pray thee; lo, the declining of the day! lodge here, and let thine heart be glad--and ye have risen early to-morrow for your journey, and thou hast gone to thy tent.'
Commentary WitnessJudges 19:9Quoted commentary witness
Commentary Witness
Judges 19:9
Verse 9 The day groweth to an end - חנות היום chanoth haiyom, "the day is about to pitch its tent;" that is, it was near the time in which travelers ordinarily pitched their tents, to take up their lodging for the night.
Provenance. Rendered as a quoted commentary witness with explicit reference extraction from the source prose.
Canonical locus
Judges 19:9
Source lane
Apologetics Bible source bundle
Exposition: Judges 19:9 emphasizes a key movement in the chapter's argument. In KJV form, the text reads: 'And when the man rose up to depart, he, and his concubine, and his servant, his father in law, the damsel’s father, said unto him, Behold, now the day draweth toward evening, I pray you tarry all night: behold, the da...'. Read in canonical context, the verse supports the coherence of biblical revelation by linking doctrine, narrative, and covenantal meaning.
Apologetics Notes
- Scientific Correlation: This verse is suitable for cumulative-case reasoning in apologetics: historical context, textual stability, and worldview coherence are evaluated together rather than in isolation.
- Hebrew Grammar: A close Hebrew reading should attend lexical range, clause flow, and discourse function in context; these controls reduce over-reading and preserve authorial intent.
- Historical Evidence: Historically, this verse is interpreted within the received canonical tradition, where manuscript continuity and early community usage support stable transmission and meaning.
Judges 19:10
Hebrew
וְלֹֽא־אָבָה הָאִישׁ לָלוּן וַיָּקָם וַיֵּלֶךְ וַיָּבֹא עַד־נֹכַח יְבוּס הִיא יְרוּשָׁלָ͏ִם וְעִמּוֹ צֶמֶד חֲמוֹרִים חֲבוּשִׁים וּפִילַגְשׁוֹ עִמּֽוֹ׃velo'-'avah-ha'iysh-lalvn-vayaqam-vayelekhe-vayavo'-'ad-nokhach-yevvs-hiy'-yervshalaim-ve'imvo-tzemed-chamvoriym-chavvshiym-vfiylageshvo-'imvo
KJV: But the man would not tarry that night, but he rose up and departed, and came over against Jebus, which is Jerusalem; and there were with him two asses saddled, his concubine also was with him.
AKJV: But the man would not tarry that night, but he rose up and departed, and came over against Jebus, which is Jerusalem; and there were with him two asses saddled, his concubine also was with him.
ASV: But the man would not tarry that night, but he rose up and departed, and came over against Jebus (the same is Jerusalem): and there were with him a couple of asses saddled; his concubine also was with him.
YLT: And the man hath not been willing to lodge all night, and he riseth, and goeth, and cometh in till over-against Jebus (It is Jerusalem), and with him are a couple of asses saddled; and his concubine is with him.
Commentary Witness (Generated)Judges 19:10Generated editorial synthesis
Commentary Witness (Generated)
Judges 19:10
Judges 19:10 advances the immediate literary flow of the chapter and should be interpreted in its canonical context, not as an isolated proof text. In the present translation it reads: 'But the man would not tarry that night, but he rose up and departed, and came over against Jebus, which is Jerusalem; and there were with him two asses saddled, his concubine also was with him.'. A close Hebrew reading supports attention to key lexical choices, clause movement, and redemptive-historical placement so doctrinal conclusions remain textually grounded.
Provenance. Rendered as an editorial synthesis tied to the canonical verse context and current chapter source.
Canonical locus
Judges 19:10
Source lane
Apologetics Bible source bundle
Biblical cross-references named in the witness
- Judges 19:10
Named authorities or texts detected in the witness
- Jebus
- Jerusalem
Exposition: Judges 19:10 emphasizes a key movement in the chapter's argument. In KJV form, the text reads: 'But the man would not tarry that night, but he rose up and departed, and came over against Jebus, which is Jerusalem; and there were with him two asses saddled, his concubine also was with him.'. Read in canonical context, the verse supports the coherence of biblical revelation by linking doctrine, narrative, and covenantal meaning.
Apologetics Notes
- Scientific Correlation: This verse is suitable for cumulative-case reasoning in apologetics: historical context, textual stability, and worldview coherence are evaluated together rather than in isolation.
- Hebrew Grammar: A close Hebrew reading should attend lexical range, clause flow, and discourse function in context; these controls reduce over-reading and preserve authorial intent.
- Historical Evidence: Historically, this verse is interpreted within the received canonical tradition, where manuscript continuity and early community usage support stable transmission and meaning.
Judges 19:11
Hebrew
הֵם עִם־יְבוּס וְהַיּוֹם רַד מְאֹד וַיֹּאמֶר הַנַּעַר אֶל־אֲדֹנָיו לְכָה־נָּא וְנָסוּרָה אֶל־עִֽיר־הַיְבוּסִי הַזֹּאת וְנָלִין בָּֽהּ׃hem-'im-yevvs-vehayvom-rad-me'od-vayo'mer-hana'ar-'el-'adonayv-lekhah-na'-venasvrah-'el-'iyr-hayevvsiy-hazo't-venaliyn-vah
KJV: And when they were by Jebus, the day was far spent; and the servant said unto his master, Come, I pray thee, and let us turn in into this city of the Jebusites, and lodge in it.
AKJV: And when they were by Jebus, the day was far spent; and the servant said to his master, Come, I pray you, and let us turn in into this city of the Jebusites, and lodge in it.
ASV: When they were by Jebus, the day was far spent; and the servant said unto his master, Come, I pray thee, and let us turn aside into this city of the Jebusites, and lodge in it.
YLT: They are near Jebus, and the day hath gone greatly down, and the young man saith unto his lord, `Come, I pray thee, and we turn aside unto this city of the Jebusite, and lodge in it.'
Commentary WitnessJudges 19:11Quoted commentary witness
Commentary Witness
Judges 19:11
Verse 11 When they were by Jebus - This was Jerusalem, in which, though after the death of Joshua it appears to have been partly conquered by the tribe of Judah, yet the Jebusites kept the strong hold of Zion till the days of David, by whom they were finally expelled. See the note on Jdg 1:8.
Provenance. Rendered as a quoted commentary witness with explicit reference extraction from the source prose.
Canonical locus
Judges 19:11
Source lane
Apologetics Bible source bundle
Named authorities or texts detected in the witness
- Jerusalem
- Judah
- David
Exposition: Judges 19:11 emphasizes a key movement in the chapter's argument. In KJV form, the text reads: 'And when they were by Jebus, the day was far spent; and the servant said unto his master, Come, I pray thee, and let us turn in into this city of the Jebusites, and lodge in it.'. Read in canonical context, the verse supports the coherence of biblical revelation by linking doctrine, narrative, and covenantal meaning.
Apologetics Notes
- Scientific Correlation: This verse is suitable for cumulative-case reasoning in apologetics: historical context, textual stability, and worldview coherence are evaluated together rather than in isolation.
- Hebrew Grammar: A close Hebrew reading should attend lexical range, clause flow, and discourse function in context; these controls reduce over-reading and preserve authorial intent.
- Historical Evidence: Historically, this verse is interpreted within the received canonical tradition, where manuscript continuity and early community usage support stable transmission and meaning.
Judges 19:12
Hebrew
וַיֹּאמֶר אֵלָיו אֲדֹנָיו לֹא נָסוּר אֶל־עִיר נָכְרִי אֲשֶׁר לֹֽא־מִבְּנֵי יִשְׂרָאֵל הֵנָּה וְעָבַרְנוּ עַד־גִּבְעָֽה׃vayo'mer-'elayv-'adonayv-lo'-nasvr-'el-'iyr-nakheriy-'asher-lo'-miveney-yishera'el-henah-ve'avarenv-'ad-give'ah
KJV: And his master said unto him, We will not turn aside hither into the city of a stranger, that is not of the children of Israel; we will pass over to Gibeah.
AKJV: And his master said to him, We will not turn aside here into the city of a stranger, that is not of the children of Israel; we will pass over to Gibeah.
ASV: And his master said unto him, We will not turn aside into the city of a foreigner, that is not of the children of Israel; but we will pass over to Gibeah.
YLT: And his lord saith unto him, `Let us not turn aside unto the city of a stranger, that is not of the sons of Israel, thither, but we have passed over unto Gibeah.'
Commentary Witness (Generated)Judges 19:12Generated editorial synthesis
Commentary Witness (Generated)
Judges 19:12
Judges 19:12 advances the immediate literary flow of the chapter and should be interpreted in its canonical context, not as an isolated proof text. In the present translation it reads: 'And his master said unto him, We will not turn aside hither into the city of a stranger, that is not of the children of Israel; we will pass over to Gibeah.'. A close Hebrew reading supports attention to key lexical choices, clause movement, and redemptive-historical placement so doctrinal conclusions remain textually grounded.
Provenance. Rendered as an editorial synthesis tied to the canonical verse context and current chapter source.
Canonical locus
Judges 19:12
Source lane
Apologetics Bible source bundle
Biblical cross-references named in the witness
- Judges 19:12
Named authorities or texts detected in the witness
- Israel
- Gibeah
Exposition: Judges 19:12 emphasizes a key movement in the chapter's argument. In KJV form, the text reads: 'And his master said unto him, We will not turn aside hither into the city of a stranger, that is not of the children of Israel; we will pass over to Gibeah.'. Read in canonical context, the verse supports the coherence of biblical revelation by linking doctrine, narrative, and covenantal meaning.
Apologetics Notes
- Scientific Correlation: This verse is suitable for cumulative-case reasoning in apologetics: historical context, textual stability, and worldview coherence are evaluated together rather than in isolation.
- Hebrew Grammar: A close Hebrew reading should attend lexical range, clause flow, and discourse function in context; these controls reduce over-reading and preserve authorial intent.
- Historical Evidence: Historically, this verse is interpreted within the received canonical tradition, where manuscript continuity and early community usage support stable transmission and meaning.
Judges 19:13
Hebrew
וַיֹּאמֶר לְנַעֲרוֹ לְךָ וְנִקְרְבָה בְּאַחַד הַמְּקֹמוֹת וְלַנּוּ בַגִּבְעָה אוֹ בָרָמָֽה׃vayo'mer-lena'arvo-lekha-veniqerevah-ve'achad-hameqomvot-velanv-vagive'ah-'vo-varamah
KJV: And he said unto his servant, Come, and let us draw near to one of these places to lodge all night, in Gibeah, or in Ramah.
AKJV: And he said to his servant, Come, and let us draw near to one of these places to lodge all night, in Gibeah, or in Ramah.
ASV: And he said unto his servant, Come and let us draw near to one of these places; and we will lodge in Gibeah, or in Ramah.
YLT: And he saith to his young man, `Come, and we draw near to one of the places, and have lodged in Gibeah, or in Ramah.'
Commentary Witness (Generated)Judges 19:13Generated editorial synthesis
Commentary Witness (Generated)
Judges 19:13
Judges 19:13 advances the immediate literary flow of the chapter and should be interpreted in its canonical context, not as an isolated proof text. In the present translation it reads: 'And he said unto his servant, Come, and let us draw near to one of these places to lodge all night, in Gibeah, or in Ramah.'. A close Hebrew reading supports attention to key lexical choices, clause movement, and redemptive-historical placement so doctrinal conclusions remain textually grounded.
Provenance. Rendered as an editorial synthesis tied to the canonical verse context and current chapter source.
Canonical locus
Judges 19:13
Source lane
Apologetics Bible source bundle
Biblical cross-references named in the witness
- Judges 19:13
Named authorities or texts detected in the witness
- Come
- Gibeah
- Ramah
Exposition: Judges 19:13 emphasizes a key movement in the chapter's argument. In KJV form, the text reads: 'And he said unto his servant, Come, and let us draw near to one of these places to lodge all night, in Gibeah, or in Ramah.'. Read in canonical context, the verse supports the coherence of biblical revelation by linking doctrine, narrative, and covenantal meaning.
Apologetics Notes
- Scientific Correlation: This verse is suitable for cumulative-case reasoning in apologetics: historical context, textual stability, and worldview coherence are evaluated together rather than in isolation.
- Hebrew Grammar: A close Hebrew reading should attend lexical range, clause flow, and discourse function in context; these controls reduce over-reading and preserve authorial intent.
- Historical Evidence: Historically, this verse is interpreted within the received canonical tradition, where manuscript continuity and early community usage support stable transmission and meaning.
Judges 19:14
Hebrew
וַיַּעַבְרוּ וַיֵּלֵכוּ וַתָּבֹא לָהֶם הַשֶּׁמֶשׁ אֵצֶל הַגִּבְעָה אֲשֶׁר לְבִנְיָמִֽן׃vaya'averv-vayelekhv-vatavo'-lahem-hashemesh-'etzel-hagive'ah-'asher-levineyamin
KJV: And they passed on and went their way; and the sun went down upon them when they were by Gibeah, which belongeth to Benjamin.
AKJV: And they passed on and went their way; and the sun went down on them when they were by Gibeah, which belongs to Benjamin.
ASV: So they passed on and went their way; and the sun went down upon them near to Gibeah, which belongeth to Benjamin.
YLT: And they pass over, and go on, and the sun goeth in upon them near Gibeah, which is to Benjamin;
Commentary Witness (Generated)Judges 19:14Generated editorial synthesis
Commentary Witness (Generated)
Judges 19:14
Judges 19:14 advances the immediate literary flow of the chapter and should be interpreted in its canonical context, not as an isolated proof text. In the present translation it reads: 'And they passed on and went their way; and the sun went down upon them when they were by Gibeah, which belongeth to Benjamin.'. A close Hebrew reading supports attention to key lexical choices, clause movement, and redemptive-historical placement so doctrinal conclusions remain textually grounded.
Provenance. Rendered as an editorial synthesis tied to the canonical verse context and current chapter source.
Canonical locus
Judges 19:14
Source lane
Apologetics Bible source bundle
Biblical cross-references named in the witness
- Judges 19:14
Named authorities or texts detected in the witness
- Gibeah
- Benjamin
Exposition: Judges 19:14 emphasizes a key movement in the chapter's argument. In KJV form, the text reads: 'And they passed on and went their way; and the sun went down upon them when they were by Gibeah, which belongeth to Benjamin.'. Read in canonical context, the verse supports the coherence of biblical revelation by linking doctrine, narrative, and covenantal meaning.
Apologetics Notes
- Scientific Correlation: This verse is suitable for cumulative-case reasoning in apologetics: historical context, textual stability, and worldview coherence are evaluated together rather than in isolation.
- Hebrew Grammar: A close Hebrew reading should attend lexical range, clause flow, and discourse function in context; these controls reduce over-reading and preserve authorial intent.
- Historical Evidence: Historically, this verse is interpreted within the received canonical tradition, where manuscript continuity and early community usage support stable transmission and meaning.
Judges 19:15
Hebrew
וַיָּסֻרוּ שָׁם לָבוֹא לָלוּן בַּגִּבְעָה וַיָּבֹא וַיֵּשֶׁב בִּרְחוֹב הָעִיר וְאֵין אִישׁ מְאַסֵּֽף־אוֹתָם הַבַּיְתָה לָלֽוּן׃vayasurv-sham-lavvo'-lalvn-vagive'ah-vayavo'-vayeshev-virechvov-ha'iyr-ve'eyn-'iysh-me'asef-'votam-havayetah-lalvn
KJV: And they turned aside thither, to go in and to lodge in Gibeah: and when he went in, he sat him down in a street of the city: for there was no man that took them into his house to lodging.
AKJV: And they turned aside thither, to go in and to lodge in Gibeah: and when he went in, he sat him down in a street of the city: for there was no man that took them into his house to lodging. ¶
ASV: And they turned aside thither, to go in to lodge in Gibeah: and he went in, and sat him down in the street of the city; for there was no man that took them into his house to lodge.
YLT: and they turn aside there to go in to lodge in Gibeah, and he goeth in and sitteth in a broad place of the city, and there is no man gathering them into the house to lodge.
Commentary WitnessJudges 19:15Quoted commentary witness
Commentary Witness
Judges 19:15
Verse 15 No man - took them into his house to lodging - There was probably no inn or house of public entertainment in this place, and therefore they could not have a lodging unless furnished by mere hospitality. To say that there were no inns in those primitive times, is not true; there were such places, though not very frequent. Joseph's brethren found their money in their sacks when they loosed them at an inn, Gen 42:27. The house of Rahab was an inn, Jos 2:1. And the woman whose house Samson frequented at Gaza was a hostess, or one who kept a place of public entertainment.
Provenance. Rendered as a quoted commentary witness with explicit reference extraction from the source prose.
Canonical locus
Judges 19:15
Source lane
Apologetics Bible source bundle
Biblical cross-references named in the witness
- Gen 42:27
Exposition: Judges 19:15 emphasizes a key movement in the chapter's argument. In KJV form, the text reads: 'And they turned aside thither, to go in and to lodge in Gibeah: and when he went in, he sat him down in a street of the city: for there was no man that took them into his house to lodging.'. Read in canonical context, the verse supports the coherence of biblical revelation by linking doctrine, narrative, and covenantal meaning.
Apologetics Notes
- Scientific Correlation: This verse is suitable for cumulative-case reasoning in apologetics: historical context, textual stability, and worldview coherence are evaluated together rather than in isolation.
- Hebrew Grammar: A close Hebrew reading should attend lexical range, clause flow, and discourse function in context; these controls reduce over-reading and preserve authorial intent.
- Historical Evidence: Historically, this verse is interpreted within the received canonical tradition, where manuscript continuity and early community usage support stable transmission and meaning.
Judges 19:16
Hebrew
וְהִנֵּה ׀ אִישׁ זָקֵן בָּא מִֽן־מַעֲשֵׂהוּ מִן־הַשָּׂדֶה בָּעֶרֶב וְהָאִישׁ מֵהַר אֶפְרַיִם וְהוּא־גָר בַּגִּבְעָה וְאַנְשֵׁי הַמָּקוֹם בְּנֵי יְמִינִֽי׃vehineh- -'iysh-zaqen-va'-min-ma'ashehv-min-hashadeh-va'erev-veha'iysh-mehar-'eferayim-vehv'-gar-vagive'ah-ve'aneshey-hamaqvom-veney-yemiyniy
KJV: And, behold, there came an old man from his work out of the field at even, which was also of mount Ephraim; and he sojourned in Gibeah: but the men of the place were Benjamites.
AKJV: And, behold, there came an old man from his work out of the field at even, which was also of mount Ephraim; and he sojourned in Gibeah: but the men of the place were Benjamites.
ASV: And, behold, there came an old man from his work out of the field at even: now the man was of the hill-country of Ephraim, and he sojourned in Gibeah; but the men of the place were Benjamites.
YLT: And lo, a man, an aged one, hath come from his work from the field in the evening, and the man is of the hill-country of Ephraim, and he is a sojourner in Gibeah, and the men of the place are Benjamites.
Commentary Witness (Generated)Judges 19:16Generated editorial synthesis
Commentary Witness (Generated)
Judges 19:16
Judges 19:16 advances the immediate literary flow of the chapter and should be interpreted in its canonical context, not as an isolated proof text. In the present translation it reads: 'And, behold, there came an old man from his work out of the field at even, which was also of mount Ephraim; and he sojourned in Gibeah: but the men of the place were Benjamites.'. A close Hebrew reading supports attention to key lexical choices, clause movement, and redemptive-historical placement so doctrinal conclusions remain textually grounded.
Provenance. Rendered as an editorial synthesis tied to the canonical verse context and current chapter source.
Canonical locus
Judges 19:16
Source lane
Apologetics Bible source bundle
Biblical cross-references named in the witness
- Judges 19:16
Named authorities or texts detected in the witness
- And
- Ephraim
- Gibeah
- Benjamites
Exposition: Judges 19:16 emphasizes a key movement in the chapter's argument. In KJV form, the text reads: 'And, behold, there came an old man from his work out of the field at even, which was also of mount Ephraim; and he sojourned in Gibeah: but the men of the place were Benjamites.'. Read in canonical context, the verse supports the coherence of biblical revelation by linking doctrine, narrative, and covenantal meaning.
Apologetics Notes
- Scientific Correlation: This verse is suitable for cumulative-case reasoning in apologetics: historical context, textual stability, and worldview coherence are evaluated together rather than in isolation.
- Hebrew Grammar: A close Hebrew reading should attend lexical range, clause flow, and discourse function in context; these controls reduce over-reading and preserve authorial intent.
- Historical Evidence: Historically, this verse is interpreted within the received canonical tradition, where manuscript continuity and early community usage support stable transmission and meaning.
Judges 19:17
Hebrew
וַיִּשָּׂא עֵינָיו וַיַּרְא אֶת־הָאִישׁ הָאֹרֵחַ בִּרְחֹב הָעִיר וַיֹּאמֶר הָאִישׁ הַזָּקֵן אָנָה תֵלֵךְ וּמֵאַיִן תָּבֽוֹא׃vayisha'-'eynayv-vayare'-'et-ha'iysh-ha'orecha-virechov-ha'iyr-vayo'mer-ha'iysh-hazaqen-'anah-telekhe-vme'ayin-tavvo'
KJV: And when he had lifted up his eyes, he saw a wayfaring man in the street of the city: and the old man said, Whither goest thou? and whence comest thou?
AKJV: And when he had lifted up his eyes, he saw a wayfaring man in the street of the city: and the old man said, Where go you? and from where come you?
ASV: And he lifted up his eyes, and saw the wayfaring man in the street of the city; and the old man said, Whither goest thou? and whence comest thou?
YLT: And he lifteth up his eyes, and seeth the man, the traveller, in a broad place of the city, and the aged man saith, `Whither goest thou? and whence comest thou?'
Commentary Witness (Generated)Judges 19:17Generated editorial synthesis
Commentary Witness (Generated)
Judges 19:17
Judges 19:17 advances the immediate literary flow of the chapter and should be interpreted in its canonical context, not as an isolated proof text. In the present translation it reads: 'And when he had lifted up his eyes, he saw a wayfaring man in the street of the city: and the old man said, Whither goest thou? and whence comest thou?'. A close Hebrew reading supports attention to key lexical choices, clause movement, and redemptive-historical placement so doctrinal conclusions remain textually grounded.
Provenance. Rendered as an editorial synthesis tied to the canonical verse context and current chapter source.
Canonical locus
Judges 19:17
Source lane
Apologetics Bible source bundle
Biblical cross-references named in the witness
- Judges 19:17
Exposition: Judges 19:17 emphasizes a key movement in the chapter's argument. In KJV form, the text reads: 'And when he had lifted up his eyes, he saw a wayfaring man in the street of the city: and the old man said, Whither goest thou? and whence comest thou?'. Read in canonical context, the verse supports the coherence of biblical revelation by linking doctrine, narrative, and covenantal meaning.
Apologetics Notes
- Scientific Correlation: This verse is suitable for cumulative-case reasoning in apologetics: historical context, textual stability, and worldview coherence are evaluated together rather than in isolation.
- Hebrew Grammar: A close Hebrew reading should attend lexical range, clause flow, and discourse function in context; these controls reduce over-reading and preserve authorial intent.
- Historical Evidence: Historically, this verse is interpreted within the received canonical tradition, where manuscript continuity and early community usage support stable transmission and meaning.
Judges 19:18
Hebrew
וַיֹּאמֶר אֵלָיו עֹבְרִים אֲנַחְנוּ מִבֵּֽית־לֶחֶם יְהוּדָה עַד־יַרְכְּתֵי הַר־אֶפְרַיִם מִשָּׁם אָנֹכִי וָאֵלֵךְ עַד־בֵּית לֶחֶם יְהוּדָה וְאֶת־בֵּית יְהוָה אֲנִי הֹלֵךְ וְאֵין אִישׁ מְאַסֵּף אוֹתִי הַבָּֽיְתָה׃vayo'mer-'elayv-'overiym-'anachenv-miveyt-lechem-yehvdah-'ad-yarekhetey-har-'eferayim-misham-'anokhiy-va'elekhe-'ad-veyt-lechem-yehvdah-ve'et-veyt-yehvah-'aniy-holekhe-ve'eyn-'iysh-me'asef-'votiy-havayetah
KJV: And he said unto him, We are passing from Beth–lehem–judah toward the side of mount Ephraim; from thence am I: and I went to Beth–lehem–judah, but I am now going to the house of the LORD; and there is no man that receiveth me to house.
AKJV: And he said to him, We are passing from Bethlehemjudah toward the side of mount Ephraim; from there am I: and I went to Bethlehemjudah, but I am now going to the house of the LORD; and there is no man that receives me to house.
ASV: And he said unto him, We are passing from Beth-lehem-judah unto the farther side of the hill-country of Ephraim; from thence am I, and I went to Beth-lehem-judah: and I am now going to the house of Jehovah; and there is no man that taketh me into his house.
YLT: And he saith unto him, `We are passing over from Beth-Lehem-Judah unto the sides of the hill-country of Ephraim--thence I am , and I go unto Beth-Lehem-Judah; and to the house of Jehovah I am going, and there is no man gathering me into the house,
Commentary Witness (Generated)Judges 19:18Generated editorial synthesis
Commentary Witness (Generated)
Judges 19:18
Judges 19:18 advances the immediate literary flow of the chapter and should be interpreted in its canonical context, not as an isolated proof text. In the present translation it reads: 'And he said unto him, We are passing from Beth–lehem–judah toward the side of mount Ephraim; from thence am I: and I went to Beth–lehem–judah, but I am now going to the house of the LORD; and there is no man that receiveth me to house.'. A close Hebrew reading supports attention to key lexical choices, clause movement, and redemptive-historical placement so doctrinal conclusions remain textually grounded.
Provenance. Rendered as an editorial synthesis tied to the canonical verse context and current chapter source.
Canonical locus
Judges 19:18
Source lane
Apologetics Bible source bundle
Biblical cross-references named in the witness
- Judges 19:18
Named authorities or texts detected in the witness
- Ephraim
Exposition: Judges 19:18 emphasizes a key movement in the chapter's argument. In KJV form, the text reads: 'And he said unto him, We are passing from Beth–lehem–judah toward the side of mount Ephraim; from thence am I: and I went to Beth–lehem–judah, but I am now going to the house of the LORD; and there is no man that rece...'. Read in canonical context, the verse supports the coherence of biblical revelation by linking doctrine, narrative, and covenantal meaning.
Apologetics Notes
- Scientific Correlation: This verse is suitable for cumulative-case reasoning in apologetics: historical context, textual stability, and worldview coherence are evaluated together rather than in isolation.
- Hebrew Grammar: A close Hebrew reading should attend lexical range, clause flow, and discourse function in context; these controls reduce over-reading and preserve authorial intent.
- Historical Evidence: Historically, this verse is interpreted within the received canonical tradition, where manuscript continuity and early community usage support stable transmission and meaning.
Judges 19:19
Hebrew
וְגַם־תֶּבֶן גַּם־מִסְפּוֹא יֵשׁ לַחֲמוֹרֵינוּ וְגַם לֶחֶם וָיַיִן יֶשׁ־לִי וְלַֽאֲמָתֶךָ וְלַנַּעַר עִם־עֲבָדֶיךָ אֵין מַחְסוֹר כָּל־דָּבָֽר׃vegam-teven-gam-misefvo'-yesh-lachamvoreynv-vegam-lechem-vayayin-yesh-liy-vela'amatekha-velana'ar-'im-'avadeykha-'eyn-machesvor-khal-davar
KJV: Yet there is both straw and provender for our asses; and there is bread and wine also for me, and for thy handmaid, and for the young man which is with thy servants: there is no want of any thing.
AKJV: Yet there is both straw and provender for our asses; and there is bread and wine also for me, and for your handmaid, and for the young man which is with your servants: there is no want of any thing.
ASV: Yet there is both straw and provender for our asses; and there is bread and wine also for me, and for thy handmaid, and for the young man that is with thy servants: there is no want of anything.
YLT: and both straw and provender are for our asses, and also bread and wine there are for me, and for thy handmaid, and for the young man with thy servants; there is no lack of anything.'
Commentary WitnessJudges 19:19Quoted commentary witness
Commentary Witness
Judges 19:19
Verse 19 There is both straw and provender for our asses - In the countries principally devoted to pasturage, there was no hay; but as they raised some corn, they took great care of their straw, chopped it very small, and having mixed it with barley, beans, or the pounded kernels of dates, made it into balls, and fed their cattle with it. Straw, cut into what is called chaff, is not unfrequently used in England for the same purpose.
Provenance. Rendered as a quoted commentary witness with explicit reference extraction from the source prose.
Canonical locus
Judges 19:19
Source lane
Apologetics Bible source bundle
Named authorities or texts detected in the witness
- Straw
Exposition: Judges 19:19 emphasizes a key movement in the chapter's argument. In KJV form, the text reads: 'Yet there is both straw and provender for our asses; and there is bread and wine also for me, and for thy handmaid, and for the young man which is with thy servants: there is no want of any thing.'. Read in canonical context, the verse supports the coherence of biblical revelation by linking doctrine, narrative, and covenantal meaning.
Apologetics Notes
- Scientific Correlation: This verse is suitable for cumulative-case reasoning in apologetics: historical context, textual stability, and worldview coherence are evaluated together rather than in isolation.
- Hebrew Grammar: A close Hebrew reading should attend lexical range, clause flow, and discourse function in context; these controls reduce over-reading and preserve authorial intent.
- Historical Evidence: Historically, this verse is interpreted within the received canonical tradition, where manuscript continuity and early community usage support stable transmission and meaning.
Judges 19:20
Hebrew
וַיֹּאמֶר הָאִישׁ הַזָּקֵן שָׁלוֹם לָךְ רַק כָּל־מַחְסוֹרְךָ עָלָי רַק בָּרְחוֹב אַל־תָּלַֽן׃vayo'mer-ha'iysh-hazaqen-shalvom-lakhe-raq-khal-machesvorekha-'alay-raq-varechvov-'al-talan
KJV: And the old man said, Peace be with thee; howsoever let all thy wants lie upon me; only lodge not in the street.
AKJV: And the old man said, Peace be with you; howsoever let all your wants lie on me; only lodge not in the street.
ASV: And the old man said, Peace be unto thee; howsoever let all thy wants lie upon me; only lodge not in the street.
YLT: And the old man saith, `Peace to thee; only, all thy lack is on me, only in the broad place lodge not.'
Commentary WitnessJudges 19:20Quoted commentary witness
Commentary Witness
Judges 19:20
Verse 20 All thy wants lie upon me - Here was genuine hospitality: "Keep your bread and wine for yourselves, and your straw and provender for your asses; you may need them before you finish your journey; I will supply all your wants for this night, therefore do not lodge in the street."
Provenance. Rendered as a quoted commentary witness with explicit reference extraction from the source prose.
Canonical locus
Judges 19:20
Source lane
Apologetics Bible source bundle
Exposition: Judges 19:20 emphasizes a key movement in the chapter's argument. In KJV form, the text reads: 'And the old man said, Peace be with thee; howsoever let all thy wants lie upon me; only lodge not in the street.'. Read in canonical context, the verse supports the coherence of biblical revelation by linking doctrine, narrative, and covenantal meaning.
Apologetics Notes
- Scientific Correlation: This verse is suitable for cumulative-case reasoning in apologetics: historical context, textual stability, and worldview coherence are evaluated together rather than in isolation.
- Hebrew Grammar: A close Hebrew reading should attend lexical range, clause flow, and discourse function in context; these controls reduce over-reading and preserve authorial intent.
- Historical Evidence: Historically, this verse is interpreted within the received canonical tradition, where manuscript continuity and early community usage support stable transmission and meaning.
Judges 19:21
Hebrew
וַיְבִיאֵהוּ לְבֵיתוֹ וַיָּבָול לַחֲמוֹרִים וַֽיִּרְחֲצוּ רַגְלֵיהֶם וַיֹּאכְלוּ וַיִּשְׁתּֽוּ׃vayeviy'ehv-leveytvo-vayavavl-lachamvoriym-vayirechatzv-rageleyhem-vayo'khelv-vayishetv
KJV: So he brought him into his house, and gave provender unto the asses: and they washed their feet, and did eat and drink.
AKJV: So he brought him into his house, and gave provender to the asses: and they washed their feet, and did eat and drink. ¶
ASV: So he brought him into his house, and gave the asses fodder; and they washed their feet, and did eat and drink.
YLT: And he bringeth him in to his house, and mixeth food for the asses, and they wash their feet, and eat and drink.
Commentary Witness (Generated)Judges 19:21Generated editorial synthesis
Commentary Witness (Generated)
Judges 19:21
Judges 19:21 advances the immediate literary flow of the chapter and should be interpreted in its canonical context, not as an isolated proof text. In the present translation it reads: 'So he brought him into his house, and gave provender unto the asses: and they washed their feet, and did eat and drink.'. A close Hebrew reading supports attention to key lexical choices, clause movement, and redemptive-historical placement so doctrinal conclusions remain textually grounded.
Provenance. Rendered as an editorial synthesis tied to the canonical verse context and current chapter source.
Canonical locus
Judges 19:21
Source lane
Apologetics Bible source bundle
Biblical cross-references named in the witness
- Judges 19:21
Exposition: Judges 19:21 emphasizes a key movement in the chapter's argument. In KJV form, the text reads: 'So he brought him into his house, and gave provender unto the asses: and they washed their feet, and did eat and drink.'. Read in canonical context, the verse supports the coherence of biblical revelation by linking doctrine, narrative, and covenantal meaning.
Apologetics Notes
- Scientific Correlation: This verse is suitable for cumulative-case reasoning in apologetics: historical context, textual stability, and worldview coherence are evaluated together rather than in isolation.
- Hebrew Grammar: A close Hebrew reading should attend lexical range, clause flow, and discourse function in context; these controls reduce over-reading and preserve authorial intent.
- Historical Evidence: Historically, this verse is interpreted within the received canonical tradition, where manuscript continuity and early community usage support stable transmission and meaning.
Judges 19:22
Hebrew
הֵמָּה מֵיטִיבִים אֶת־לִבָּם וְהִנֵּה אַנְשֵׁי הָעִיר אַנְשֵׁי בְנֵֽי־בְלִיַּעַל נָסַבּוּ אֶת־הַבַּיִת מִֽתְדַּפְּקִים עַל־הַדָּלֶת וַיֹּאמְרוּ אֶל־הָאִישׁ בַּעַל הַבַּיִת הַזָּקֵן לֵאמֹר הוֹצֵא אֶת־הָאִישׁ אֲשֶׁר־בָּא אֶל־בֵּיתְךָ וְנֵדָעֶֽנּוּ׃hemah-meytiyviym-'et-livam-vehineh-'aneshey-ha'iyr-'aneshey-veney-veliya'al-nasavv-'et-havayit-mitedafeqiym-'al-hadalet-vayo'merv-'el-ha'iysh-va'al-havayit-hazaqen-le'mor-hvotze'-'et-ha'iysh-'asher-va'-'el-veytekha-veneda'env
KJV: Now as they were making their hearts merry, behold, the men of the city, certain sons of Belial, beset the house round about, and beat at the door, and spake to the master of the house, the old man, saying, Bring forth the man that came into thine house, that we may know him.
AKJV: Now as they were making their hearts merry, behold, the men of the city, certain sons of Belial, beset the house round about, and beat at the door, and spoke to the master of the house, the old man, saying, Bring forth the man that came into your house, that we may know him.
ASV: As they were making their hearts merry, behold, the men of the city, certain base fellows, beset the house round about, beating at the door; and they spake to the master of the house, the old man, saying, Bring forth the man that came into thy house, that we may know him.
YLT: They are making their heart glad, and lo, men of the city, men--sons of worthlessness--have gone round about the house, beating on the door, and they speak unto the old man, the master of the house, saying, `Bring out the man who hath come unto thine house, and we know him.'
Commentary WitnessJudges 19:22Quoted commentary witness
Commentary Witness
Judges 19:22
Verse 22 Sons of Belial - Profligate fellows. See the notes on Deu 13:13. That we may know him - See Gen 19:5. These were genuine sodomites as to their practice; sons of Belial, rascals and miscreants of the deepest dye; worse than brutes, being a compound of beast and devil inseparably blended.
Provenance. Rendered as a quoted commentary witness with explicit reference extraction from the source prose.
Canonical locus
Judges 19:22
Source lane
Apologetics Bible source bundle
Biblical cross-references named in the witness
- Gen 19:5
Named authorities or texts detected in the witness
- Belial
Exposition: Judges 19:22 emphasizes a key movement in the chapter's argument. In KJV form, the text reads: 'Now as they were making their hearts merry, behold, the men of the city, certain sons of Belial, beset the house round about, and beat at the door, and spake to the master of the house, the old man, saying, Bring fort...'. Read in canonical context, the verse supports the coherence of biblical revelation by linking doctrine, narrative, and covenantal meaning.
Apologetics Notes
- Scientific Correlation: This verse is suitable for cumulative-case reasoning in apologetics: historical context, textual stability, and worldview coherence are evaluated together rather than in isolation.
- Hebrew Grammar: A close Hebrew reading should attend lexical range, clause flow, and discourse function in context; these controls reduce over-reading and preserve authorial intent.
- Historical Evidence: Historically, this verse is interpreted within the received canonical tradition, where manuscript continuity and early community usage support stable transmission and meaning.
Judges 19:23
Hebrew
וַיֵּצֵא אֲלֵיהֶם הָאִישׁ בַּעַל הַבַּיִת וַיֹּאמֶר אֲלֵהֶם אַל־אַחַי אַל־תָּרֵעוּ נָא אַחֲרֵי אֲשֶׁר־בָּא הָאִישׁ הַזֶּה אַל־בֵּיתִי אַֽל־תַּעֲשׂוּ אֶת־הַנְּבָלָה הַזֹּֽאת׃vayetze'-'aleyhem-ha'iysh-va'al-havayit-vayo'mer-'alehem-'al-'achay-'al-tare'v-na'-'acharey-'asher-va'-ha'iysh-hazeh-'al-veytiy-'al-ta'ashv-'et-hanevalah-hazo't
KJV: And the man, the master of the house, went out unto them, and said unto them, Nay, my brethren, nay, I pray you, do not so wickedly; seeing that this man is come into mine house, do not this folly.
AKJV: And the man, the master of the house, went out to them, and said to them, No, my brothers, no, I pray you, do not so wickedly; seeing that this man is come into my house, do not this folly.
ASV: And the man, the master of the house, went out unto them, and said unto them, Nay, my brethren, I pray you, do not so wickedly; seeing that this man is come into my house, do not this folly.
YLT: And the man, the master of the house, goeth out unto them, and saith unto them, `Nay, my brethren, do not evil, I pray you, after that this man hath come in unto my house, do not this folly;
Commentary Witness (Generated)Judges 19:23Generated editorial synthesis
Commentary Witness (Generated)
Judges 19:23
Judges 19:23 advances the immediate literary flow of the chapter and should be interpreted in its canonical context, not as an isolated proof text. In the present translation it reads: 'And the man, the master of the house, went out unto them, and said unto them, Nay, my brethren, nay, I pray you, do not so wickedly; seeing that this man is come into mine house, do not this folly.'. A close Hebrew reading supports attention to key lexical choices, clause movement, and redemptive-historical placement so doctrinal conclusions remain textually grounded.
Provenance. Rendered as an editorial synthesis tied to the canonical verse context and current chapter source.
Canonical locus
Judges 19:23
Source lane
Apologetics Bible source bundle
Biblical cross-references named in the witness
- Judges 19:23
Named authorities or texts detected in the witness
- Ray
- Nay
Exposition: Judges 19:23 emphasizes a key movement in the chapter's argument. In KJV form, the text reads: 'And the man, the master of the house, went out unto them, and said unto them, Nay, my brethren, nay, I pray you, do not so wickedly; seeing that this man is come into mine house, do not this folly.'. Read in canonical context, the verse supports the coherence of biblical revelation by linking doctrine, narrative, and covenantal meaning.
Apologetics Notes
- Scientific Correlation: This verse is suitable for cumulative-case reasoning in apologetics: historical context, textual stability, and worldview coherence are evaluated together rather than in isolation.
- Hebrew Grammar: A close Hebrew reading should attend lexical range, clause flow, and discourse function in context; these controls reduce over-reading and preserve authorial intent.
- Historical Evidence: Historically, this verse is interpreted within the received canonical tradition, where manuscript continuity and early community usage support stable transmission and meaning.
Judges 19:24
Hebrew
הִנֵּה בִתִּי הַבְּתוּלָה וּפִֽילַגְשֵׁהוּ אוֹצִֽיאָה־נָּא אוֹתָם וְעַנּוּ אוֹתָם וַעֲשׂוּ לָהֶם הַטּוֹב בְּעֵינֵיכֶם וְלָאִישׁ הַזֶּה לֹא תַעֲשׂוּ דְּבַר הַנְּבָלָה הַזֹּֽאת׃hineh-vitiy-havetvlah-vfiylageshehv-'votziy'ah-na'-'votam-ve'anv-'votam-va'ashv-lahem-hatvov-ve'eyneykhem-vela'iysh-hazeh-lo'-ta'ashv-devar-hanevalah-hazo't
KJV: Behold, here is my daughter a maiden, and his concubine; them I will bring out now, and humble ye them, and do with them what seemeth good unto you: but unto this man do not so vile a thing.
AKJV: Behold, here is my daughter a maiden, and his concubine; them I will bring out now, and humble you them, and do with them what seems good to you: but to this man do not so vile a thing.
ASV: Behold, here is my daughter a virgin, and his concubine; them I will bring out now, and humble ye them, and do with them what seemeth good unto you: but unto this man do not any such folly.
YLT: lo, my daughter, the virgin, and his concubine, let me bring them out, I pray you, and humble ye them, and do to them that which is good in your eyes, and to this man do not this foolish thing.'
Commentary WitnessJudges 19:24Quoted commentary witness
Commentary Witness
Judges 19:24
Verse 24 Here is my daughter, a maiden - Such a proposal was made by Lot to the men of Sodom, Gen 19:8, but nothing can excuse either. That the rights of hospitality were sacred in the East, and most highly regarded we know; and that a man would defend, at the expense of his life, the stranger whom he had admitted under his roof, is true; but how a father could make such a proposal relative to his virgin daughter, must remain among those things which are incomprehensible.
Provenance. Rendered as a quoted commentary witness with explicit reference extraction from the source prose.
Canonical locus
Judges 19:24
Source lane
Apologetics Bible source bundle
Biblical cross-references named in the witness
- Gen 19:8
Named authorities or texts detected in the witness
- Sodom
- East
Exposition: Judges 19:24 emphasizes a key movement in the chapter's argument. In KJV form, the text reads: 'Behold, here is my daughter a maiden, and his concubine; them I will bring out now, and humble ye them, and do with them what seemeth good unto you: but unto this man do not so vile a thing.'. Read in canonical context, the verse supports the coherence of biblical revelation by linking doctrine, narrative, and covenantal meaning.
Apologetics Notes
- Scientific Correlation: This verse is suitable for cumulative-case reasoning in apologetics: historical context, textual stability, and worldview coherence are evaluated together rather than in isolation.
- Hebrew Grammar: A close Hebrew reading should attend lexical range, clause flow, and discourse function in context; these controls reduce over-reading and preserve authorial intent.
- Historical Evidence: Historically, this verse is interpreted within the received canonical tradition, where manuscript continuity and early community usage support stable transmission and meaning.
Judges 19:25
Hebrew
וְלֹֽא־אָבוּ הָאֲנָשִׁים לִשְׁמֹעַֽ לוֹ וַיַּחֲזֵק הָאִישׁ בְּפִילַגְשׁוֹ וַיֹּצֵא אֲלֵיהֶם הַחוּץ וַיֵּדְעוּ אוֹתָהּ וַיִּֽתְעַלְּלוּ־בָהּ כָּל־הַלַּיְלָה עַד־הַבֹּקֶר וַֽיְשַׁלְּחוּהָ בעלות כַּעֲלוֹת הַשָּֽׁחַר׃velo'-'avv-ha'anashiym-lishemo'a-lvo-vayachazeq-ha'iysh-vefiylageshvo-vayotze'-'aleyhem-hachvtz-vayede'v-'votah-vayite'alelv-vah-khal-halayelah-'ad-havoqer-vayeshalechvha-v'lvt-kha'alvot-hashachar
KJV: But the men would not hearken to him: so the man took his concubine, and brought her forth unto them; and they knew her, and abused her all the night until the morning: and when the day began to spring, they let her go.
AKJV: But the men would not listen to him: so the man took his concubine, and brought her forth to them; and they knew her, and abused her all the night until the morning: and when the day began to spring, they let her go.
ASV: But the men would not hearken to him: so the man laid hold on his concubine, and brought her forth unto them; and they knew her, and abused her all the night until the morning: and when the day began to spring, they let her go.
YLT: And the men have not been willing to hearken to him, and the man taketh hold on his concubine, and bringeth her out unto them without, and they know her, and roll themselves upon her all the night, till the morning, and send her away in the ascending of the dawn;
Commentary WitnessJudges 19:25Quoted commentary witness
Commentary Witness
Judges 19:25
Verse 25 So the man took his concubine - The word יחזק yachazek, which we here translate simply took, signifies rather to take or seize by violence. The woman would not go out to them; but her graceless husband forced her to go, in order that he might save his own body. He could have but little love for her, and this was the cause of their separation before. The men of Gibeah who wished to abuse the body of the Levite; the Levite who wished to save his body at the expense of the modesty, reputation, and life of his wife; and the old man who wished to save his guest at the expense of the violation of his daughter; are all characters that humanity and modesty wish to be buried in everlasting oblivion. When the day began to spring - Their turpitude could not bear the full light of the day; and they dismissed the poor woman when the day began to break.
Provenance. Rendered as a quoted commentary witness with explicit reference extraction from the source prose.
Canonical locus
Judges 19:25
Source lane
Apologetics Bible source bundle
Named authorities or texts detected in the witness
- Levite
Exposition: Judges 19:25 emphasizes a key movement in the chapter's argument. In KJV form, the text reads: 'But the men would not hearken to him: so the man took his concubine, and brought her forth unto them; and they knew her, and abused her all the night until the morning: and when the day began to spring, they let her go.'. Read in canonical context, the verse supports the coherence of biblical revelation by linking doctrine, narrative, and covenantal meaning.
Apologetics Notes
- Scientific Correlation: This verse is suitable for cumulative-case reasoning in apologetics: historical context, textual stability, and worldview coherence are evaluated together rather than in isolation.
- Hebrew Grammar: A close Hebrew reading should attend lexical range, clause flow, and discourse function in context; these controls reduce over-reading and preserve authorial intent.
- Historical Evidence: Historically, this verse is interpreted within the received canonical tradition, where manuscript continuity and early community usage support stable transmission and meaning.
Judges 19:26
Hebrew
וַתָּבֹא הָאִשָּׁה לִפְנוֹת הַבֹּקֶר וַתִּפֹּל פֶּתַח בֵּית־הָאִישׁ אֲשֶׁר־אֲדוֹנֶיהָ שָּׁם עַד־הָאֽוֹר׃vatavo'-ha'ishah-lifenvot-havoqer-vatifol-fetach-veyt-ha'iysh-'asher-'advoneyha-sham-'ad-ha'vor
KJV: Then came the woman in the dawning of the day, and fell down at the door of the man’s house where her lord was, till it was light.
AKJV: Then came the woman in the dawning of the day, and fell down at the door of the man’s house where her lord was, till it was light.
ASV: Then came the woman in the dawning of the day, and fell down at the door of the man’s house where her lord was, till it was light.
YLT: and the woman cometh in at the turning of the morning, and falleth at the opening of the man's house, where her lord is , till the light.
Commentary WitnessJudges 19:26Quoted commentary witness
Commentary Witness
Judges 19:26
Verse 26 Fell down at the door - She had strength to reach the door, but not to knock for admittance: when she reached the door she fell down dead! The reason of this abominable and horrid catastrophe is strongly signified by the original words, Jdg 19:25 : וידעו אותה ויתעללו בה כל הלילה vaiyedu othah, vaiyithallelu bah col hallailah, which we modestly translate, and they knew her, and they abused her all the night. More literally, but still not fully: Illi cum ea rem habuerunt, et alternatim in eam tota nocte ascenderunt. The hithpahel used here in the verb עלל greatly increases the sense: Conjugatio hithpahel frequentiam actus et immanem libidinem designat. The Arabic is not too strong; the following is its meaning: Exercuerunt in ea cupiditates suas, et maechati, sunt in ea ad matutinum usque.
Provenance. Rendered as a quoted commentary witness with explicit reference extraction from the source prose.
Canonical locus
Judges 19:26
Source lane
Apologetics Bible source bundle
Exposition: Judges 19:26 emphasizes a key movement in the chapter's argument. In KJV form, the text reads: 'Then came the woman in the dawning of the day, and fell down at the door of the man’s house where her lord was, till it was light.'. Read in canonical context, the verse supports the coherence of biblical revelation by linking doctrine, narrative, and covenantal meaning.
Apologetics Notes
- Scientific Correlation: This verse is suitable for cumulative-case reasoning in apologetics: historical context, textual stability, and worldview coherence are evaluated together rather than in isolation.
- Hebrew Grammar: A close Hebrew reading should attend lexical range, clause flow, and discourse function in context; these controls reduce over-reading and preserve authorial intent.
- Historical Evidence: Historically, this verse is interpreted within the received canonical tradition, where manuscript continuity and early community usage support stable transmission and meaning.
Judges 19:27
Hebrew
וַיָּקָם אֲדֹנֶיהָ בַּבֹּקֶר וַיִּפְתַּח דַּלְתוֹת הַבַּיִת וַיֵּצֵא לָלֶכֶת לְדַרְכּוֹ וְהִנֵּה הָאִשָּׁה פִֽילַגְשׁוֹ נֹפֶלֶת פֶּתַח הַבַּיִת וְיָדֶיהָ עַל־הַסַּֽף׃vayaqam-'adoneyha-vavoqer-vayifetach-daletvot-havayit-vayetze'-lalekhet-ledarekhvo-vehineh-ha'ishah-fiylageshvo-nofelet-fetach-havayit-veyadeyha-'al-hasaf
KJV: And her lord rose up in the morning, and opened the doors of the house, and went out to go his way: and, behold, the woman his concubine was fallen down at the door of the house, and her hands were upon the threshold.
AKJV: And her lord rose up in the morning, and opened the doors of the house, and went out to go his way: and, behold, the woman his concubine was fallen down at the door of the house, and her hands were on the threshold.
ASV: And her lord rose up in the morning, and opened the doors of the house, and went out to go his way; and, behold, the woman his concubine was fallen down at the door of the house, with her hands upon the threshold.
YLT: And her lord riseth in the morning, and openeth the doors of the house, and goeth out to go on his way, and lo, the woman, his concubine, is fallen at the opening of the house, and her hands are on the threshold,
Commentary Witness (Generated)Judges 19:27Generated editorial synthesis
Commentary Witness (Generated)
Judges 19:27
Judges 19:27 advances the immediate literary flow of the chapter and should be interpreted in its canonical context, not as an isolated proof text. In the present translation it reads: 'And her lord rose up in the morning, and opened the doors of the house, and went out to go his way: and, behold, the woman his concubine was fallen down at the door of the house, and her hands were upon the threshold.'. A close Hebrew reading supports attention to key lexical choices, clause movement, and redemptive-historical placement so doctrinal conclusions remain textually grounded.
Provenance. Rendered as an editorial synthesis tied to the canonical verse context and current chapter source.
Canonical locus
Judges 19:27
Source lane
Apologetics Bible source bundle
Biblical cross-references named in the witness
- Judges 19:27
Exposition: Judges 19:27 emphasizes a key movement in the chapter's argument. In KJV form, the text reads: 'And her lord rose up in the morning, and opened the doors of the house, and went out to go his way: and, behold, the woman his concubine was fallen down at the door of the house, and her hands were upon the threshold.'. Read in canonical context, the verse supports the coherence of biblical revelation by linking doctrine, narrative, and covenantal meaning.
Apologetics Notes
- Scientific Correlation: This verse is suitable for cumulative-case reasoning in apologetics: historical context, textual stability, and worldview coherence are evaluated together rather than in isolation.
- Hebrew Grammar: A close Hebrew reading should attend lexical range, clause flow, and discourse function in context; these controls reduce over-reading and preserve authorial intent.
- Historical Evidence: Historically, this verse is interpreted within the received canonical tradition, where manuscript continuity and early community usage support stable transmission and meaning.
Judges 19:28
Hebrew
וַיֹּאמֶר אֵלֶיהָ קוּמִי וְנֵלֵכָה וְאֵין עֹנֶה וַיִּקָּחֶהָ עַֽל־הַחֲמוֹר וַיָּקָם הָאִישׁ וַיֵּלֶךְ לִמְקֹמֽוֹ׃vayo'mer-'eleyha-qvmiy-venelekhah-ve'eyn-'oneh-vayiqacheha-'al-hachamvor-vayaqam-ha'iysh-vayelekhe-limeqomvo
KJV: And he said unto her, Up, and let us be going. But none answered. Then the man took her up upon an ass, and the man rose up, and gat him unto his place.
AKJV: And he said to her, Up, and let us be going. But none answered. Then the man took her up on an ass, and the man rose up, and got him to his place. ¶
ASV: And he said unto her, Up, and let us be going; but none answered: then he took her up upon the ass; and the man rose up, and gat him unto his place.
YLT: and he saith unto her, `Rise, and we go;' and there is none answering, and he taketh her on the ass, and the man riseth and goeth to his place,
Commentary Witness (Generated)Judges 19:28Generated editorial synthesis
Commentary Witness (Generated)
Judges 19:28
Judges 19:28 advances the immediate literary flow of the chapter and should be interpreted in its canonical context, not as an isolated proof text. In the present translation it reads: 'And he said unto her, Up, and let us be going. But none answered. Then the man took her up upon an ass, and the man rose up, and gat him unto his place.'. A close Hebrew reading supports attention to key lexical choices, clause movement, and redemptive-historical placement so doctrinal conclusions remain textually grounded.
Provenance. Rendered as an editorial synthesis tied to the canonical verse context and current chapter source.
Canonical locus
Judges 19:28
Source lane
Apologetics Bible source bundle
Biblical cross-references named in the witness
- Judges 19:28
Named authorities or texts detected in the witness
- Up
Exposition: Judges 19:28 emphasizes a key movement in the chapter's argument. In KJV form, the text reads: 'And he said unto her, Up, and let us be going. But none answered. Then the man took her up upon an ass, and the man rose up, and gat him unto his place.'. Read in canonical context, the verse supports the coherence of biblical revelation by linking doctrine, narrative, and covenantal meaning.
Apologetics Notes
- Scientific Correlation: This verse is suitable for cumulative-case reasoning in apologetics: historical context, textual stability, and worldview coherence are evaluated together rather than in isolation.
- Hebrew Grammar: A close Hebrew reading should attend lexical range, clause flow, and discourse function in context; these controls reduce over-reading and preserve authorial intent.
- Historical Evidence: Historically, this verse is interpreted within the received canonical tradition, where manuscript continuity and early community usage support stable transmission and meaning.
Judges 19:29
Hebrew
וַיָּבֹא אֶל־בֵּיתוֹ וַיִּקַּח אֶת־הַֽמַּאֲכֶלֶת וַיַּחֲזֵק בְּפִֽילַגְשׁוֹ וַֽיְנַתְּחֶהָ לַעֲצָמֶיהָ לִשְׁנֵים עָשָׂר נְתָחִים וַֽיְשַׁלְּחֶהָ בְּכֹל גְּבוּל יִשְׂרָאֵֽל׃vayavo'-'el-veytvo-vayiqach-'et-hama'akhelet-vayachazeq-vefiylageshvo-vayenatecheha-la'atzameyha-lisheneym-'ashar-netachiym-vayeshalecheha-vekhol-gevvl-yishera'el
KJV: And when he was come into his house, he took a knife, and laid hold on his concubine, and divided her, together with her bones, into twelve pieces, and sent her into all the coasts of Israel.
AKJV: And when he was come into his house, he took a knife, and laid hold on his concubine, and divided her, together with her bones, into twelve pieces, and sent her into all the coasts of Israel.
ASV: And when he was come into his house, he took a knife, and laid hold on his concubine, and divided her, limb by limb, into twelve pieces, and sent her throughout all the borders of Israel.
YLT: and cometh in unto his house, and taketh the knife, and layeth hold on his concubine, and cutteth her in pieces to her bones--into twelve pieces, and sendeth her into all the border of Israel.
Commentary WitnessJudges 19:29Quoted commentary witness
Commentary Witness
Judges 19:29
Verse 29 Divided her - into twelve pieces - There is no doubt that with the pieces he sent to each tribe a circumstantial account of the barbarity of the men of Gibeah; and it is very likely that they considered each of the pieces as expressing an execration, "If ye will not come and avenge my wrongs, may ye be hewn in pieces like this abused and murdered woman!" It was a custom among the ancient Highlanders in Scotland, when one clan wished to call all the rest to avenge its wrongs, to take a wooden cross, dip it in blood, and send it by a special messenger through all the clans. This was called the fire cross, because at sight of it each clan lighted a fire or beacon, which gave notice to all the adjoining clans that a general rising was immediately to take place.
Provenance. Rendered as a quoted commentary witness with explicit reference extraction from the source prose.
Canonical locus
Judges 19:29
Source lane
Apologetics Bible source bundle
Named authorities or texts detected in the witness
- Gibeah
- Scotland
Exposition: Judges 19:29 emphasizes a key movement in the chapter's argument. In KJV form, the text reads: 'And when he was come into his house, he took a knife, and laid hold on his concubine, and divided her, together with her bones, into twelve pieces, and sent her into all the coasts of Israel.'. Read in canonical context, the verse supports the coherence of biblical revelation by linking doctrine, narrative, and covenantal meaning.
Apologetics Notes
- Scientific Correlation: This verse is suitable for cumulative-case reasoning in apologetics: historical context, textual stability, and worldview coherence are evaluated together rather than in isolation.
- Hebrew Grammar: A close Hebrew reading should attend lexical range, clause flow, and discourse function in context; these controls reduce over-reading and preserve authorial intent.
- Historical Evidence: Historically, this verse is interpreted within the received canonical tradition, where manuscript continuity and early community usage support stable transmission and meaning.
Judges 19:30
Hebrew
וְהָיָה כָל־הָרֹאֶה וְאָמַר לֹֽא־נִהְיְתָה וְלֹֽא־נִרְאֲתָה כָּזֹאת לְמִיּוֹם עֲלוֹת בְּנֵֽי־יִשְׂרָאֵל מֵאֶרֶץ מִצְרַיִם עַד הַיּוֹם הַזֶּה שִֽׂימוּ־לָכֶם עָלֶיהָ עֻצוּ וְדַבֵּֽרוּ׃vehayah-khal-haro'eh-ve'amar-lo'-niheyetah-velo'-nire'atah-khazo't-lemiyvom-'alvot-veney-yishera'el-me'eretz-mitzerayim-'ad-hayvom-hazeh-shiymv-lakhem-'aleyha-'utzv-vedaverv
KJV: And it was so, that all that saw it said, There was no such deed done nor seen from the day that the children of Israel came up out of the land of Egypt unto this day: consider of it, take advice, and speak your minds.
AKJV: And it was so, that all that saw it said, There was no such deed done nor seen from the day that the children of Israel came up out of the land of Egypt to this day: consider of it, take advice, and speak your minds.
ASV: And it was so, that all that saw it said, There was no such deed done nor seen from the day that the children of Israel came up out of the land of Egypt unto this day: consider it, take counsel, and speak.
YLT: And it hath come to pass, every one who seeth hath said, `There hath not been--yea, there hath not been seen like this, from the day of the coming up of the sons of Israel out of the land of Egypt till this day; set your heart upon it, take counsel, and speak.'
Commentary WitnessJudges 19:30Quoted commentary witness
Commentary Witness
Judges 19:30
Verse 30 There was no such deed done nor seen - They were all struck with the enormity of the crime; and considered it a sovereign disgrace to all the tribes of Israel. Consider of it - Literally, Put it to yourselves; take counsel upon it; and speak. This was the prelude to the council held, and the subsequent operations, which are mentioned in the following chapter. I Have passed over the abominable transactions of this chapter as lightly as I could, and shall make no apology to the learned or unlearned reader for leaving some things untranslated. What a blessing are wholesome laws, and a vigorous and attentive magistracy! These wretched people had no form of government, and every one did what was right in his own eyes: their own eye (corrupt inclination) was the measure and rule of their conduct; and how bad a rule, the abuse and murder of the Levite's wife testify. Reader, bless God for a civil government.
Provenance. Rendered as a quoted commentary witness with explicit reference extraction from the source prose.
Canonical locus
Judges 19:30
Source lane
Apologetics Bible source bundle
Named authorities or texts detected in the witness
- Israel
- Literally
- Reader
Exposition: Judges 19:30 emphasizes a key movement in the chapter's argument. In KJV form, the text reads: 'And it was so, that all that saw it said, There was no such deed done nor seen from the day that the children of Israel came up out of the land of Egypt unto this day: consider of it, take advice, and speak your minds.'. Read in canonical context, the verse supports the coherence of biblical revelation by linking doctrine, narrative, and covenantal meaning.
Apologetics Notes
- Scientific Correlation: This verse is suitable for cumulative-case reasoning in apologetics: historical context, textual stability, and worldview coherence are evaluated together rather than in isolation.
- Hebrew Grammar: A close Hebrew reading should attend lexical range, clause flow, and discourse function in context; these controls reduce over-reading and preserve authorial intent.
- Historical Evidence: Historically, this verse is interpreted within the received canonical tradition, where manuscript continuity and early community usage support stable transmission and meaning.
Citation trailOpen the commentary counts, references, and named sources.
Scholarly apparatus
Commentary citation index
This chapter now surfaces commentary as quoted witness material with an explicit citation trail. The index below gathers the canonical references and named authorities detected inside the commentary layer for faster academic review.
Direct commentary witnesses
14
Generated editorial witnesses
16
Source lane
Apologetics Bible source bundle
Canonical references surfaced in commentary
- Judges 19:1
- Judges 19:2
- Judges 19:3
- Judges 19:4
- Judges 19:5
- Judges 19:6
- Judges 19:7
- Judges 19:8
- Judges 19:9
- Judges 19:10
- Judges 19:11
- Judges 19:12
- Judges 19:13
- Judges 19:14
- Gen 42:27
- Judges 19:15
- Judges 19:16
- Judges 19:17
- Judges 19:18
- Judges 19:19
- Judges 19:20
- Judges 19:21
- Gen 19:5
- Judges 19:22
- Judges 19:23
- Gen 19:8
- Judges 19:24
- Judges 19:25
- Judges 19:26
- Judges 19:27
- Judges 19:28
- Judges 19:29
- Judges 19:30
Named authorities or texts surfaced in commentary
- Gibeah
- Benjamin
- Levite
- Mr
- Josephus
- Septuagint
- Vulgate
- Targum
- Ray
- Jebus
- Jerusalem
- Judah
- David
- Israel
- Come
- Ramah
- And
- Ephraim
- Benjamites
- Straw
- Belial
- Nay
- Sodom
- East
- Up
- Scotland
- Literally
- Reader
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Rendered chapters 1–3 are mapped to the public reader path for 2 Thessalonians. Use this card to open chapter 1 and move directly into the study surface.
1 Timothy
Rendered chapters 1–6 are mapped to the public reader path for 1 Timothy. Use this card to open chapter 1 and move directly into the study surface.
2 Timothy
Rendered chapters 1–4 are mapped to the public reader path for 2 Timothy. Use this card to open chapter 1 and move directly into the study surface.
Titus
Rendered chapters 1–3 are mapped to the public reader path for Titus. Use this card to open chapter 1 and move directly into the study surface.
Philemon
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Hebrews
Rendered chapters 1–13 are mapped to the public reader path for Hebrews. Use this card to open chapter 1 and move directly into the study surface.
James
Rendered chapters 1–5 are mapped to the public reader path for James. Use this card to open chapter 1 and move directly into the study surface.
1 Peter
Rendered chapters 1–5 are mapped to the public reader path for 1 Peter. Use this card to open chapter 1 and move directly into the study surface.
2 Peter
Rendered chapters 1–3 are mapped to the public reader path for 2 Peter. Use this card to open chapter 1 and move directly into the study surface.
1 John
Rendered chapters 1–5 are mapped to the public reader path for 1 John. Use this card to open chapter 1 and move directly into the study surface.
2 John
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3 John
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Jude
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Revelation
Rendered chapters 1–22 are mapped to the public reader path for Revelation. Use this card to open chapter 1 and move directly into the study surface.
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What this explorer shows today
The public reader has book-by-book chapter entry points across the 66-book canon. Deeper corpus and provenance details stay on the supporting Bible Data shelves.
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Commentary Witness
Judges 19:1
Provenance. Rendered as a quoted commentary witness with explicit reference extraction from the source prose.
Canonical locus
Judges 19:1
Source lane
Apologetics Bible source bundle
Named authorities or texts detected in the witness