Apologetics Bible · Scripture Reader

Apologetics Bible

Read Scripture with the original-language, translation, commentary, and apologetics layers kept close to the text.

Scripture-first study surface. Data layers support reading; they do not replace prayer, context, humility, or the text itself.

What makes it different

Four study layers kept near the text.

The reader keeps Scripture first, then brings original-language notes, translation comparison, commentary witness, and apologetics exposition into an ordered study path without letting the tools outrank the passage.

Layer 01
Original Language

Hebrew and Greek source shelves sit near the passage with transliteration and morphology notes where the source data is available.

Layer 02
Translation Comparison

A broad translation-comparison set brings KJV, ASV, YLT, BSB, Darby, and many other renderings near the verse so wording differences can be studied carefully.

Layer 03
Commentary Witness

Historical witness notes appear where source coverage is available, helping readers compare older interpreters without replacing the passage.

Layer 04
Apologetics Exposition

Apologetics exposition helps trace how passages function in canonical argument, what doctrinal claims they touch, and how themes connect across the 66 books.

Scripture reader

Open a passage.

Read the text first, then compare available translations, words, witness notes, and defense notes.

Type a Bible reference, then jump into the reader.

Verse not recognized — try "John 3:16" or "Gen 1:1"

Choose a layer, then the reader opens that study surface near the passage.

Genesis 1:1 · Old Testament
Reader
Loading translations…
How a chapter works

Summary first. Then the depth.

Each chapter starts with the passage, then keeps the supporting study layers close enough to check without replacing the text.

Chapter opening
Book Introduction

Book framing comes before the notes: title, placement, authorship questions, and why the passage matters.

Primary witness
Full Chapter Text

The chapter text stays first. Supporting source shelves sit after the passage.

Verse-by-verse
Four Study Layers

Original language, translation comparison, commentary witness, and apologetics exposition stay grouped around the passage when the supporting data is available.

Start with the passage. Use the tools after the text.

The reader keeps translations, source shelves, original-language data, and verse-linked notes close to Scripture. Open Bible Data for the public shelves, or bring a careful question to DaveAI later.

Scripture first

Read the Word before every witness.

Open the chapter itself first. Summaries, verse waypoints, ancient witnesses, cross-references, and the citation apparatus are here to serve the Word YHWH has given, never to outrank it.

The Bible is the authority here. Notes, languages, witnesses, and defenses sit below the text as servants of faithful study.

Published chapter Reader summary first Matthew live Chapter 1 of 28 25 verse waypoints 25 commentary witnesses

Holy Scripture opened

Matthew 1 — Matthew 1

Connected primary witness
  • Connected ID: Matthew_1
  • Primary Witness Text: The book of the generation of Jesus Christ, the son of David, the son of Abraham. Abraham begat Isaac; and Isaac begat Jacob; and Jacob begat Judas and his brethren; And Judas begat Phares and Zara of Thamar; and Phares begat Esrom; and Esrom begat Aram; And Aram begat Aminadab; and Aminadab begat Naasson; and Naasson begat Salmon; And Salmon begat Booz of Rachab; and Booz begat Obed of Ruth; and Obed begat Jesse; And Jesse begat David the king; and David the king begat Solomon of her that had been the wife of Urias; And Solomon begat Roboam; and Roboam begat Abia; and Abia begat Asa; And Asa begat Josaphat; and Josaphat begat Joram; and Joram begat Ozias; And Ozias begat Joatham; and Joatham begat Achaz; and Achaz begat Ezekias; And Ezekias begat Manasses; and Manasses begat Amon; and Amon begat Josias; And Josias begat Jechonias and his brethren, about the time they were carried away to Babylon: And after they were brought to Babylon, Jechonias begat Salathiel; and Salathiel begat Zorobabel; And Zorobabel begat Abiud; and Abiud begat Eliakim; and Eliakim begat Azor; And Azor begat Sadoc; and Sadoc begat Achim; and Achim begat Eliud; And Eliud begat Eleazar; and Eleazar begat Matthan; and Matthan begat Jacob; And Jacob begat Joseph the husband of Mary, of whom was born Jesus, who is called Christ. So all the generations from Abraham to David are fourteen generations; and from David until the carrying away into Babylon are fourteen generations; and from the carrying away into...

Connected dataset overlay
  • Connected ID: Matthew_1
  • Chapter Blob Preview: The book of the generation of Jesus Christ, the son of David, the son of Abraham. Abraham begat Isaac; and Isaac begat Jacob; and Jacob begat Judas and his brethren; And Judas begat Phares and Zara of Thamar; and Phares begat Esrom; and Esrom begat Aram; And Aram begat Aminadab; and Aminadab begat Naasson; and Naasson begat Salmon; And Salmon begat Booz of Rachab; and Booz bega...

Chapter frameStart here before opening notes.

Chapter frame

Matthew, written c. AD 50-60 for a primarily Jewish audience, is structured around five great discourse blocks — echoing the five books of Moses and presenting Jesus as the new and greater Moses, the fulfillment of the Torah rather than its abolition (5:17).

Matthew is the most OT-citation-dense Gospel (~65 explicit citations plus hundreds of allusions), consistently showing fulfillment of OT Scripture. Its opening genealogy (1:1-17) traces the Davidic-Abrahamic covenant line, establishing Jesus' legal right to the Messianic throne. Matthew's Sermon on the Mount (chs. 5-7) remains the most complete statement of Kingdom ethics in ancient literature.


Verse-by-verse study laneOpen only when you are ready for notes and witnesses.

Verse-by-verse study lane

Matthew 1:1

Greek
Βίβλος γενέσεως Ἰησοῦ χριστοῦ υἱοῦ Δαυὶδ υἱοῦ Ἀβραάμ.

Biblos geneseos Iesoy christoy yioy Dayid yioy Abraam.

KJV: The book of the generation of Jesus Christ, the son of David, the son of Abraham.

AKJV: The book of the generation of Jesus Christ, the son of David, the son of Abraham.

ASV: The book of the generation of Jesus Christ, the son of David, the son of Abraham.

YLT: A roll of the birth of Jesus Christ, son of David, son of Abraham.

Commentary Witness (Generated)Matthew 1:1
Generated editorial synthesis

Commentary Witness (Generated)

Matthew 1:1

Generated editorial synthesis

Matthew 1:1 advances the immediate literary flow of the chapter and should be interpreted in its canonical context, not as an isolated proof text. In the present translation it reads: 'The book of the generation of Jesus Christ, the son of David, the son of Abraham.'. A close Koine Greek reading supports attention to key lexical choices, clause movement, and redemptive-historical placement so doctrinal conclusions remain textually grounded.

Provenance. Rendered as an editorial synthesis tied to the canonical verse context and current chapter source.

Canonical locus

Matthew 1:1

Source lane

Apologetics Bible source bundle

Biblical cross-references named in the witness

  • Matthew 1:1

Named authorities or texts detected in the witness

  • Jesus
  • Jesus Christ
  • David
  • Abraham

Exposition: Matthew 1:1 emphasizes a key movement in the chapter's argument. In KJV form, the text reads: 'The book of the generation of Jesus Christ, the son of David, the son of Abraham.'. Read in canonical context, the verse supports the coherence of biblical revelation by linking doctrine, narrative, and covenantal meaning.

Apologetics Notes
  • Scientific Correlation: This verse is suitable for cumulative-case reasoning in apologetics: historical context, textual stability, and worldview coherence are evaluated together rather than in isolation.
  • Koine Greek Grammar: A close Koine Greek reading should attend lexical range, clause flow, and discourse function in context; these controls reduce over-reading and preserve authorial intent.
  • Historical Evidence: Historically, this verse is interpreted within the received canonical tradition, where manuscript continuity and early community usage support stable transmission and meaning.

Matthew 1:2

Greek
Ἀβραὰμ ἐγέννησεν τὸν Ἰσαάκ, Ἰσαὰκ δὲ ἐγέννησεν τὸν Ἰακώβ, Ἰακὼβ δὲ ἐγέννησεν τὸν Ἰούδαν καὶ τοὺς ἀδελφοὺς αὐτοῦ,

Abraam egennesen ton Isaak, Isaak de egennesen ton Iakob, Iakob de egennesen ton Ioydan kai toys adelphoys aytoy,

KJV: Abraham begat Isaac; and Isaac begat Jacob; and Jacob begat Judas and his brethren;

AKJV: Abraham was the father of Isaac; and Isaac was the father of Jacob; and Jacob was the father of Judas and his brothers;

ASV: Abraham begat Isaac; and Isaac begat Jacob; and Jacob begat Judah and his brethren;

YLT: Abraham begat Isaac, and Isaac begat Jacob, and Jacob begat Judah and his brethren,

Commentary WitnessMatthew 1:2
Quoted commentary witness

Commentary Witness

Matthew 1:2

Quoted commentary witness

Verse 2 Abraham begat Isaac - In this genealogy, those persons only, among the ancestors of Christ, which formed the direct line, as specified: hence no mention is made of Ishmael, the son of Abraham, nor of Esau, the son of Isaac; and of all the twelve patriarchs, or sons of Jacob, Judah alone is mentioned.

Provenance. Rendered as a quoted commentary witness with explicit reference extraction from the source prose.

Canonical locus

Matthew 1:2

Source lane

Apologetics Bible source bundle

Named authorities or texts detected in the witness

  • Christ
  • Ishmael
  • Abraham
  • Esau
  • Isaac
  • Jacob

Exposition: Matthew 1:2 emphasizes a key movement in the chapter's argument. In KJV form, the text reads: 'Abraham begat Isaac; and Isaac begat Jacob; and Jacob begat Judas and his brethren;'. Read in canonical context, the verse supports the coherence of biblical revelation by linking doctrine, narrative, and covenantal meaning.

Apologetics Notes
  • Scientific Correlation: This verse is suitable for cumulative-case reasoning in apologetics: historical context, textual stability, and worldview coherence are evaluated together rather than in isolation.
  • Koine Greek Grammar: A close Koine Greek reading should attend lexical range, clause flow, and discourse function in context; these controls reduce over-reading and preserve authorial intent.
  • Historical Evidence: Historically, this verse is interpreted within the received canonical tradition, where manuscript continuity and early community usage support stable transmission and meaning.

Matthew 1:3

Greek
Ἰούδας δὲ ἐγέννησεν τὸν Φαρὲς καὶ τὸν Ζάρα ἐκ τῆς Θαμάρ, Φαρὲς δὲ ἐγέννησεν τὸν Ἑσρώμ, Ἑσρὼμ δὲ ἐγέννησεν τὸν Ἀράμ,

Ioydas de egennesen ton Phares kai ton Zara ek tes Thamar, Phares de egennesen ton Esrom, Esrom de egennesen ton Aram,

KJV: And Judas begat Phares and Zara of Thamar; and Phares begat Esrom; and Esrom begat Aram;

AKJV: And Judas was the father of Phares and Zara of Thamar; and Phares was the father of Esrom; and Esrom was the father of Aram;

ASV: and Judah begat Perez and Zerah of Tamar; and Perez begat Hezron; and Hezron begat Ram;

YLT: and Judah begat Pharez and Zarah of Tamar, and Pharez begat Hezron, and Hezron begat Ram,

Commentary WitnessMatthew 1:3
Quoted commentary witness

Commentary Witness

Matthew 1:3

Quoted commentary witness

Verse 3 Phares and Zara - The remarkable history of these twins may be seen, Genesis 38: Some of the ancients were of opinion, that the evangelist refers to the mystery of the youngest being preferred to the eldest, as prefiguring the exaltation of the Christian Church over the synagogue. Concerning the women whose names are recorded in this genealogy, see the note at the end of the chapter, (Mat 1:25 (note)).

Provenance. Rendered as a quoted commentary witness with explicit reference extraction from the source prose.

Canonical locus

Matthew 1:3

Source lane

Apologetics Bible source bundle

Biblical cross-references named in the witness

  • Mat 1:25

Exposition: Matthew 1:3 emphasizes a key movement in the chapter's argument. In KJV form, the text reads: 'And Judas begat Phares and Zara of Thamar; and Phares begat Esrom; and Esrom begat Aram;'. Read in canonical context, the verse supports the coherence of biblical revelation by linking doctrine, narrative, and covenantal meaning.

Apologetics Notes
  • Scientific Correlation: This verse is suitable for cumulative-case reasoning in apologetics: historical context, textual stability, and worldview coherence are evaluated together rather than in isolation.
  • Koine Greek Grammar: A close Koine Greek reading should attend lexical range, clause flow, and discourse function in context; these controls reduce over-reading and preserve authorial intent.
  • Historical Evidence: Historically, this verse is interpreted within the received canonical tradition, where manuscript continuity and early community usage support stable transmission and meaning.

Matthew 1:4

Greek
Ἀρὰμ δὲ ἐγέννησεν τὸν Ἀμιναδάβ, Ἀμιναδὰβ δὲ ἐγέννησεν τὸν Ναασσών, Ναασσὼν δὲ ἐγέννησεν τὸν Σαλμών,

Aram de egennesen ton Aminadab, Aminadab de egennesen ton Naasson, Naasson de egennesen ton Salmon,

KJV: And Aram begat Aminadab; and Aminadab begat Naasson; and Naasson begat Salmon;

AKJV: And Aram was the father of Aminadab; and Aminadab was the father of Naasson; and Naasson was the father of Salmon;

ASV: and Ram begat Amminadab; and Amminadab begat Nahshon; and Nahshon begat Salmon;

YLT: and Ram begat Amminadab, and Amminadab begat Nahshon, and Nahshon begat Salmon,

Commentary Witness (Generated)Matthew 1:4
Generated editorial synthesis

Commentary Witness (Generated)

Matthew 1:4

Generated editorial synthesis

Matthew 1:4 advances the immediate literary flow of the chapter and should be interpreted in its canonical context, not as an isolated proof text. In the present translation it reads: 'And Aram begat Aminadab; and Aminadab begat Naasson; and Naasson begat Salmon;'. A close Koine Greek reading supports attention to key lexical choices, clause movement, and redemptive-historical placement so doctrinal conclusions remain textually grounded.

Provenance. Rendered as an editorial synthesis tied to the canonical verse context and current chapter source.

Canonical locus

Matthew 1:4

Source lane

Apologetics Bible source bundle

Biblical cross-references named in the witness

  • Matthew 1:4

Named authorities or texts detected in the witness

  • Aminadab
  • Naasson
  • Salmon

Exposition: Matthew 1:4 emphasizes a key movement in the chapter's argument. In KJV form, the text reads: 'And Aram begat Aminadab; and Aminadab begat Naasson; and Naasson begat Salmon;'. Read in canonical context, the verse supports the coherence of biblical revelation by linking doctrine, narrative, and covenantal meaning.

Apologetics Notes
  • Scientific Correlation: This verse is suitable for cumulative-case reasoning in apologetics: historical context, textual stability, and worldview coherence are evaluated together rather than in isolation.
  • Koine Greek Grammar: A close Koine Greek reading should attend lexical range, clause flow, and discourse function in context; these controls reduce over-reading and preserve authorial intent.
  • Historical Evidence: Historically, this verse is interpreted within the received canonical tradition, where manuscript continuity and early community usage support stable transmission and meaning.

Matthew 1:5

Greek
Σαλμὼν δὲ ἐγέννησεν τὸν ⸂Βόες ἐκ τῆς Ῥαχάβ, Βόες⸃ δὲ ἐγέννησεν τὸν ⸂Ἰωβὴδ ἐκ τῆς Ῥούθ, Ἰωβὴδ⸃ δὲ ἐγέννησεν τὸν Ἰεσσαί,

Salmon de egennesen ton Boes ek tes Rachab, Boes de egennesen ton Iobed ek tes Royth, Iobed de egennesen ton Iessai,

KJV: And Salmon begat Booz of Rachab; and Booz begat Obed of Ruth; and Obed begat Jesse;

AKJV: And Salmon was the father of Booz of Rachab; and Booz was the father of Obed of Ruth; and Obed was the father of Jesse;

ASV: and Salmon begat Boaz of Rahab; and Boaz begat Obed of Ruth; and Obed begat Jesse;

YLT: and Salmon begat Boaz of Rahab, and Boaz begat Obed of Ruth, and Obed begat Jesse,

Commentary Witness (Generated)Matthew 1:5
Generated editorial synthesis

Commentary Witness (Generated)

Matthew 1:5

Generated editorial synthesis

Matthew 1:5 advances the immediate literary flow of the chapter and should be interpreted in its canonical context, not as an isolated proof text. In the present translation it reads: 'And Salmon begat Booz of Rachab; and Booz begat Obed of Ruth; and Obed begat Jesse;'. A close Koine Greek reading supports attention to key lexical choices, clause movement, and redemptive-historical placement so doctrinal conclusions remain textually grounded.

Provenance. Rendered as an editorial synthesis tied to the canonical verse context and current chapter source.

Canonical locus

Matthew 1:5

Source lane

Apologetics Bible source bundle

Biblical cross-references named in the witness

  • Matthew 1:5

Named authorities or texts detected in the witness

  • Rachab
  • Ruth
  • Jesse

Exposition: Matthew 1:5 emphasizes a key movement in the chapter's argument. In KJV form, the text reads: 'And Salmon begat Booz of Rachab; and Booz begat Obed of Ruth; and Obed begat Jesse;'. Read in canonical context, the verse supports the coherence of biblical revelation by linking doctrine, narrative, and covenantal meaning.

Apologetics Notes
  • Scientific Correlation: This verse is suitable for cumulative-case reasoning in apologetics: historical context, textual stability, and worldview coherence are evaluated together rather than in isolation.
  • Koine Greek Grammar: A close Koine Greek reading should attend lexical range, clause flow, and discourse function in context; these controls reduce over-reading and preserve authorial intent.
  • Historical Evidence: Historically, this verse is interpreted within the received canonical tradition, where manuscript continuity and early community usage support stable transmission and meaning.

Matthew 1:6

Greek
Ἰεσσαὶ δὲ ἐγέννησεν τὸν Δαυὶδ τὸν βασιλέα. Δαυὶδ ⸀δὲ ἐγέννησεν τὸν Σολομῶνα ἐκ τῆς τοῦ Οὐρίου,

Iessai de egennesen ton Dayid ton basilea. Dayid de egennesen ton Solomona ek tes toy Oyrioy,

KJV: And Jesse begat David the king; and David the king begat Solomon of her that had been the wife of Urias;

AKJV: And Jesse was the father of David the king; and David the king was the father of Solomon of her that had been the wife of Urias;

ASV: and Jesse begat David the king. And David begat Solomon of her that had been the wife of Uriah;

YLT: and Jesse begat David the king. And David the king begat Solomon, of her who had been Uriah's,

Commentary Witness (Generated)Matthew 1:6
Generated editorial synthesis

Commentary Witness (Generated)

Matthew 1:6

Generated editorial synthesis

Matthew 1:6 advances the immediate literary flow of the chapter and should be interpreted in its canonical context, not as an isolated proof text. In the present translation it reads: 'And Jesse begat David the king; and David the king begat Solomon of her that had been the wife of Urias;'. A close Koine Greek reading supports attention to key lexical choices, clause movement, and redemptive-historical placement so doctrinal conclusions remain textually grounded.

Provenance. Rendered as an editorial synthesis tied to the canonical verse context and current chapter source.

Canonical locus

Matthew 1:6

Source lane

Apologetics Bible source bundle

Biblical cross-references named in the witness

  • Matthew 1:6

Named authorities or texts detected in the witness

  • Urias

Exposition: Matthew 1:6 emphasizes a key movement in the chapter's argument. In KJV form, the text reads: 'And Jesse begat David the king; and David the king begat Solomon of her that had been the wife of Urias;'. Read in canonical context, the verse supports the coherence of biblical revelation by linking doctrine, narrative, and covenantal meaning.

Apologetics Notes
  • Scientific Correlation: This verse is suitable for cumulative-case reasoning in apologetics: historical context, textual stability, and worldview coherence are evaluated together rather than in isolation.
  • Koine Greek Grammar: A close Koine Greek reading should attend lexical range, clause flow, and discourse function in context; these controls reduce over-reading and preserve authorial intent.
  • Historical Evidence: Historically, this verse is interpreted within the received canonical tradition, where manuscript continuity and early community usage support stable transmission and meaning.

Matthew 1:7

Greek
Σολομὼν δὲ ἐγέννησεν τὸν Ῥοβοάμ, Ῥοβοὰμ δὲ ἐγέννησεν τὸν Ἀβιά, Ἀβιὰ δὲ ἐγέννησεν τὸν ⸂Ἀσάφ,

Solomon de egennesen ton Roboam, Roboam de egennesen ton Abia, Abia de egennesen ton Asaph,

KJV: And Solomon begat Roboam; and Roboam begat Abia; and Abia begat Asa;

AKJV: And Solomon was the father of Roboam; and Roboam was the father of Abia; and Abia was the father of Asa;

ASV: and Solomon begat Rehoboam; and Rehoboam begat Abijah; and Abijah begat Asa;

YLT: and Solomon begat Rehoboam, and Rehoboam begat Abijah, and Abijah begat Asa,

Commentary Witness (Generated)Matthew 1:7
Generated editorial synthesis

Commentary Witness (Generated)

Matthew 1:7

Generated editorial synthesis

Matthew 1:7 advances the immediate literary flow of the chapter and should be interpreted in its canonical context, not as an isolated proof text. In the present translation it reads: 'And Solomon begat Roboam; and Roboam begat Abia; and Abia begat Asa;'. A close Koine Greek reading supports attention to key lexical choices, clause movement, and redemptive-historical placement so doctrinal conclusions remain textually grounded.

Provenance. Rendered as an editorial synthesis tied to the canonical verse context and current chapter source.

Canonical locus

Matthew 1:7

Source lane

Apologetics Bible source bundle

Biblical cross-references named in the witness

  • Matthew 1:7

Named authorities or texts detected in the witness

  • Roboam
  • Abia
  • Asa

Exposition: Matthew 1:7 emphasizes a key movement in the chapter's argument. In KJV form, the text reads: 'And Solomon begat Roboam; and Roboam begat Abia; and Abia begat Asa;'. Read in canonical context, the verse supports the coherence of biblical revelation by linking doctrine, narrative, and covenantal meaning.

Apologetics Notes
  • Scientific Correlation: This verse is suitable for cumulative-case reasoning in apologetics: historical context, textual stability, and worldview coherence are evaluated together rather than in isolation.
  • Koine Greek Grammar: A close Koine Greek reading should attend lexical range, clause flow, and discourse function in context; these controls reduce over-reading and preserve authorial intent.
  • Historical Evidence: Historically, this verse is interpreted within the received canonical tradition, where manuscript continuity and early community usage support stable transmission and meaning.

Matthew 1:8

Greek
Ἀσὰφ⸃ δὲ ἐγέννησεν τὸν Ἰωσαφάτ, Ἰωσαφὰτ δὲ ἐγέννησεν τὸν Ἰωράμ, Ἰωρὰμ δὲ ἐγέννησεν τὸν Ὀζίαν,

Asaph de egennesen ton Iosaphat, Iosaphat de egennesen ton Ioram, Ioram de egennesen ton Ozian,

KJV: And Asa begat Josaphat; and Josaphat begat Joram; and Joram begat Ozias;

AKJV: And Asa was the father of Josaphat; and Josaphat was the father of Joram; and Joram was the father of Ozias;

ASV: and Asa begat Jehoshaphat; and Jehoshaphat begat Joram; and Joram begat Uzziah;

YLT: and Asa begat Jehoshaphat, and Jehoshaphat begat Joram, and Joram begat Uzziah,

Commentary WitnessMatthew 1:8
Quoted commentary witness

Commentary Witness

Matthew 1:8

Quoted commentary witness

Verse 8 Joram begat Ozias - This is the Uzziah, king of Judah, who was struck with the leprosy for his presumption in entering the temple to offer incense before the Lord. See 2Chr 26:16, etc. Ozias was not the immediate son of Joram: there were three kings between them, Ahaziah, Joash, and Amaziah, which swell the fourteen generations to seventeen: but it is observed that omissions of this kind are not uncommon in the Jewish genealogies. In Ezr 7:3, Azariah is called the son of Meraioth, although it is evident, from 1Chr 6:7-9, that there were six descendants between them. This circumstance the evangelist was probably aware of; but did not see it proper to attempt to correct what he found in the public accredited genealogical tables; as he knew it to be of no consequence to his argument, which was merely to show that Jesus Christ as surely descended, in an uninterrupted line from David, as David did from Abraham. And this he has done in the most satisfactory manner; nor did any person in those days pretend to detect any inaccuracy in his statement; though the account was published among those very people whose interest it was to expose the fallacy, in vindication of their own obstinate rejection of the Messiah, if any such fallacy could have been proved. But as they were silent, modern and comparatively modern unbelievers may for ever hold their peace. The objections raised on this head are worthy of no regard; yet the following statement deserves notice. St. Matthew took up the genealogies just as he found them in the public Jewish records, which, though they were in the main correct, yet were deficient in many particulars. The Jews themselves give us sufficient proof of this. The Talmud, title Kiddushim, mentions ten classes of persons who returned from the Babylonish captivity: I. כהני Cohaney, priests. II. לוי Levey, Levites. III. ישראל Yishrael, Israelites. IV. חלולי Chululey, common persons, as to the priesthood; such whose fathers were priests, but their mothers were such as the priests should not marry. V. גירי Girey, proselytes. VI. חרורי Charurey, freed-men, or servants who had been liberated by their masters. VII. ממזירי Mamzirey, spurious, such as were born in unlawful wedlock. VIII. נתיני Nethiney, Nethinim. IX. שתוקי Shetukey, bastards, persons whose mothers, though well known, could not ascertain the fathers of their children, because of their connections with different men. X. אסופי Asuphey, such as were gathered up out of the streets, whose fathers and mothers were utterly unknown. Such was the heterogeneous mass brought up from Babylon to Jerusalem; and although we learn from the Jews, that great care was taken to separate the spurious from the true-born Israelites, and canons were made for that purpose, yet it so happened, that sometimes a spurious family had got into high authority, and therefore must not be meddled with. See several cases in Lightfoot. On this account, a faithful genealogist would insert in his roll such only as were indisputable. "It is therefore easy to guess," says Dr. Lightfoot, "whence Matthew took the last fourteen generations of this genealogy, and Luke the first forty names of his: namely, from the genealogical rolls, at that time well known, and laid up in the public κειμηλια, repositories, and in the private also. And it was necessary indeed, in so noble and sublime a subject, and a thing that would be so much inquired into by the Jewish people, as the lineage of the Messiah would be, that the evangelists should deliver a truth, not only that could not be gainsayed, but also might be proved and established from certain and undoubted rolls of ancestors." See Horae Talmudicae.

Provenance. Rendered as a quoted commentary witness with explicit reference extraction from the source prose.

Canonical locus

Matthew 1:8

Source lane

Apologetics Bible source bundle

Biblical cross-references named in the witness

  • 2Chr 26:16
  • 1Chr 6:7-9

Named authorities or texts detected in the witness

  • Jesus
  • Uzziah
  • Judah
  • Lord
  • Joram
  • Ahaziah
  • Joash
  • Amaziah
  • Meraioth
  • David
  • Abraham
  • Messiah
  • St
  • The Talmud
  • Kiddushim
  • Cohaney
  • Levey
  • Levites
  • Yishrael
  • Israelites
  • Chululey
  • Girey
  • Charurey
  • Mamzirey
  • Nethiney
  • Nethinim
  • Shetukey
  • Asuphey
  • Jerusalem
  • Jews
  • Lightfoot
  • Dr
  • See Horae Talmudicae

Exposition: Matthew 1:8 emphasizes a key movement in the chapter's argument. In KJV form, the text reads: 'And Asa begat Josaphat; and Josaphat begat Joram; and Joram begat Ozias;'. Read in canonical context, the verse supports the coherence of biblical revelation by linking doctrine, narrative, and covenantal meaning.

Apologetics Notes
  • Scientific Correlation: This verse is suitable for cumulative-case reasoning in apologetics: historical context, textual stability, and worldview coherence are evaluated together rather than in isolation.
  • Koine Greek Grammar: A close Koine Greek reading should attend lexical range, clause flow, and discourse function in context; these controls reduce over-reading and preserve authorial intent.
  • Historical Evidence: Historically, this verse is interpreted within the received canonical tradition, where manuscript continuity and early community usage support stable transmission and meaning.

Matthew 1:9

Greek
Ὀζίας δὲ ἐγέννησεν τὸν Ἰωαθάμ, Ἰωαθὰμ δὲ ἐγέννησεν τὸν Ἀχάζ, Ἀχὰζ δὲ ἐγέννησεν τὸν Ἑζεκίαν,

Ozias de egennesen ton Ioatham, Ioatham de egennesen ton Achaz, Achaz de egennesen ton Ezekian,

KJV: And Ozias begat Joatham; and Joatham begat Achaz; and Achaz begat Ezekias;

AKJV: And Ozias was the father of Joatham; and Joatham was the father of Achaz; and Achaz was the father of Ezekias;

ASV: and Uzziah begat Jotham; and Jotham begat Ahaz; and Ahaz begat Hezekiah;

YLT: and Uzziah begat Jotham, and Jotham begat Ahaz, and Ahaz begat Hezekiah,

Commentary Witness (Generated)Matthew 1:9
Generated editorial synthesis

Commentary Witness (Generated)

Matthew 1:9

Generated editorial synthesis

Matthew 1:9 advances the immediate literary flow of the chapter and should be interpreted in its canonical context, not as an isolated proof text. In the present translation it reads: 'And Ozias begat Joatham; and Joatham begat Achaz; and Achaz begat Ezekias;'. A close Koine Greek reading supports attention to key lexical choices, clause movement, and redemptive-historical placement so doctrinal conclusions remain textually grounded.

Provenance. Rendered as an editorial synthesis tied to the canonical verse context and current chapter source.

Canonical locus

Matthew 1:9

Source lane

Apologetics Bible source bundle

Biblical cross-references named in the witness

  • Matthew 1:9

Named authorities or texts detected in the witness

  • Joatham
  • Achaz
  • Ezekias

Exposition: Matthew 1:9 emphasizes a key movement in the chapter's argument. In KJV form, the text reads: 'And Ozias begat Joatham; and Joatham begat Achaz; and Achaz begat Ezekias;'. Read in canonical context, the verse supports the coherence of biblical revelation by linking doctrine, narrative, and covenantal meaning.

Apologetics Notes
  • Scientific Correlation: This verse is suitable for cumulative-case reasoning in apologetics: historical context, textual stability, and worldview coherence are evaluated together rather than in isolation.
  • Koine Greek Grammar: A close Koine Greek reading should attend lexical range, clause flow, and discourse function in context; these controls reduce over-reading and preserve authorial intent.
  • Historical Evidence: Historically, this verse is interpreted within the received canonical tradition, where manuscript continuity and early community usage support stable transmission and meaning.

Matthew 1:10

Greek
Ἑζεκίας δὲ ἐγέννησεν τὸν Μανασσῆ, Μανασσῆς δὲ ἐγέννησεν τὸν ⸂Ἀμώς, Ἀμὼς⸃ δὲ ἐγέννησεν τὸν Ἰωσίαν,

Ezekias de egennesen ton Manasse, Manasses de egennesen ton Amos, Amos de egennesen ton Iosian,

KJV: And Ezekias begat Manasses; and Manasses begat Amon; and Amon begat Josias;

AKJV: And Ezekias was the father of Manasses; and Manasses was the father of Amon; and Amon was the father of Josias;

ASV: and Hezekiah begat Manasseh; and Manasseh begat Amon; and Amon begat Josiah;

YLT: and Hezekiah begat Manasseh, and Manasseh begat Amon, and Amon begat Josiah,

Commentary Witness (Generated)Matthew 1:10
Generated editorial synthesis

Commentary Witness (Generated)

Matthew 1:10

Generated editorial synthesis

Matthew 1:10 advances the immediate literary flow of the chapter and should be interpreted in its canonical context, not as an isolated proof text. In the present translation it reads: 'And Ezekias begat Manasses; and Manasses begat Amon; and Amon begat Josias;'. A close Koine Greek reading supports attention to key lexical choices, clause movement, and redemptive-historical placement so doctrinal conclusions remain textually grounded.

Provenance. Rendered as an editorial synthesis tied to the canonical verse context and current chapter source.

Canonical locus

Matthew 1:10

Source lane

Apologetics Bible source bundle

Biblical cross-references named in the witness

  • Matthew 1:10

Named authorities or texts detected in the witness

  • Manasses
  • Amon
  • Josias

Exposition: Matthew 1:10 emphasizes a key movement in the chapter's argument. In KJV form, the text reads: 'And Ezekias begat Manasses; and Manasses begat Amon; and Amon begat Josias;'. Read in canonical context, the verse supports the coherence of biblical revelation by linking doctrine, narrative, and covenantal meaning.

Apologetics Notes
  • Scientific Correlation: This verse is suitable for cumulative-case reasoning in apologetics: historical context, textual stability, and worldview coherence are evaluated together rather than in isolation.
  • Koine Greek Grammar: A close Koine Greek reading should attend lexical range, clause flow, and discourse function in context; these controls reduce over-reading and preserve authorial intent.
  • Historical Evidence: Historically, this verse is interpreted within the received canonical tradition, where manuscript continuity and early community usage support stable transmission and meaning.

Matthew 1:11

Greek
Ἰωσίας δὲ ἐγέννησεν τὸν Ἰεχονίαν καὶ τοὺς ἀδελφοὺς αὐτοῦ ἐπὶ τῆς μετοικεσίας Βαβυλῶνος.

Iosias de egennesen ton Iechonian kai toys adelphoys aytoy epi tes metoikesias Babylonos.

KJV: And Josias begat Jechonias and his brethren, about the time they were carried away to Babylon:

AKJV: And Josias was the father of Jechonias and his brothers, about the time they were carried away to Babylon:

ASV: and Josiah begat Jechoniah and his brethren, at the time of the carrying away to Babylon.

YLT: and Josiah begat Jeconiah and his brethren, at the Babylonian removal.

Commentary WitnessMatthew 1:11
Quoted commentary witness

Commentary Witness

Matthew 1:11

Quoted commentary witness

Verse 11 Josias begat Jechonias, etc. - There are three considerable difficulties in this verse. 1. Josias was not the father of Jechonias; he was only the grandfather of that prince: 1Chr 3:14-16. 2. Jechonias had no brethren; at least, none are on record. 3. Josias died 20 years before the Babylonish captivity took place, and therefore Jechonias and his brethren could not have been begotten about the time they were carried away to Babylon. To this may be added a fourth difficulty, viz. there are only thirteen in this 2nd class of generations; or forty-one, instead of forty-two, in the whole. But all these difficulties disappear, by adopting a reading found in many MSS. Ιωσιας δε εγεννησε τον Ιωακειμ· Ιωακειμ δε εγεννησε τον Ιεχονιαν. And Josias begat Jehoiakim, or Joakim, and Joakim begat Jechonias. For this reading, see the authorities in Griesbach. Josiah was the immediate father of Jehoiakim (called also Eliakeim and Joakim) and his brethren, who were Johanan, Zedekiah, and Shallum: see 1Chr 3:15. Joakim was the father of Joachin or Jechonias, about the time of the first Babylonish captivity: for we may reckon three Babylonish captivities. The first happened in the fourth year of Joakim, son of Josiah, about A. M. 3398. In this year, Nebuchadnezzar, having taken Jerusalem, led a great number of captives to Babylon. The second captivity happened under Jechoniah, son of Joakim; who, having reigned three months, was taken prisoner in 3405, and was carried to Babylon, with a great number of the Jewish nobility. The third captivity took place under Zedekiah, A. M. 3416. And thus, says Calmet, Mat 1:11 should be read: Josias begat Joakim and his brethren: and Joakim begat Jechonias about the time of the first Babylonish captivity; and Jechonias begat Salathiel, after they were brought to Babylon. Thus, with the necessary addition of Joakim, the three classes, each containing fourteen generations, are complete. And to make this the more evident, I shall set down each of these three generations in a separate column, with the additional Joakim, that the reader may have them all at one view. 1 Abraham 1 Solomon 1 Jechonias 2 Isaac 2 Rehoboam 2 Salathiel 3 Jacob 3 Abia 3 Zorobabel 4 Judah 4 Asa 4 Abiud 5 Pharez 5 Josaphat 5 Eliakim 6 Esrom 6 Joram 6 Azor 7 Aram 7 Ozias 7 Sadoc 8 Aminadab 8 Joatham 8 Achim 9 Naason 9 Achaz 9 Eliud 10 Salmon 10 Ezekias 10 Eleazar 11 Booz 11 Manasses 11 Matthan 12 Obed 12 Amon 12 Jacob 13 Jesse 13 Josias 13 Joseph 14 david 14 joachim 14 jesus In all forty-two generations.

Provenance. Rendered as a quoted commentary witness with explicit reference extraction from the source prose.

Canonical locus

Matthew 1:11

Source lane

Apologetics Bible source bundle

Biblical cross-references named in the witness

  • 1Chr 3:14-16
  • 1Chr 3:15
  • Mat 1:11

Named authorities or texts detected in the witness

  • Jesus
  • Jechonias
  • Babylon
  • Jehoiakim
  • Joakim
  • Griesbach
  • Johanan
  • Zedekiah
  • Shallum
  • Josiah
  • Nebuchadnezzar
  • Jerusalem
  • Jechoniah
  • Calmet
  • Salathiel
  • Thus

Exposition: Matthew 1:11 emphasizes a key movement in the chapter's argument. In KJV form, the text reads: 'And Josias begat Jechonias and his brethren, about the time they were carried away to Babylon:'. Read in canonical context, the verse supports the coherence of biblical revelation by linking doctrine, narrative, and covenantal meaning.

Apologetics Notes
  • Scientific Correlation: This verse is suitable for cumulative-case reasoning in apologetics: historical context, textual stability, and worldview coherence are evaluated together rather than in isolation.
  • Koine Greek Grammar: A close Koine Greek reading should attend lexical range, clause flow, and discourse function in context; these controls reduce over-reading and preserve authorial intent.
  • Historical Evidence: Historically, this verse is interpreted within the received canonical tradition, where manuscript continuity and early community usage support stable transmission and meaning.

Matthew 1:12

Greek
Μετὰ δὲ τὴν μετοικεσίαν Βαβυλῶνος Ἰεχονίας ἐγέννησεν τὸν Σαλαθιήλ, Σαλαθιὴλ δὲ ἐγέννησεν τὸν Ζοροβαβέλ,

Meta de ten metoikesian Babylonos Iechonias egennesen ton Salathiel, Salathiel de egennesen ton Zorobabel,

KJV: And after they were brought to Babylon, Jechonias begat Salathiel; and Salathiel begat Zorobabel;

AKJV: And after they were brought to Babylon, Jechonias was the father of Salathiel; and Salathiel was the father of Zorobabel;

ASV: And after the carrying away to Babylon, Jechoniah begat Shealtiel; and Shealtiel begat Zerubbabel;

YLT: And after the Babylonian removal, Jeconiah begat Shealtiel, and Shealtiel begat Zerubbabel,

Commentary WitnessMatthew 1:12
Quoted commentary witness

Commentary Witness

Matthew 1:12

Quoted commentary witness

Verse 12 Jechonias begat Salathiel - After Jechonias was brought to Babylon, he was put in prison by Nebuchadnezzar, where he continued till the death of this prince, and the accession of Evilmerodach, who brought him out of prison, in which he had been detained thirty-seven years, and restored him to such favor that his throne (seat) was exalted above all the kings which were with him in Babylon: Jer 52:31, Jer 52:32. But though he thus became a royal favorite, he was never restored to his kingdom. And, according to the prophecy of Jeremiah, Jer 22:30, no man of his seed sat upon the throne of David; yet the regal line was continued through his son Salathiel, who died in Babylon: but Zorobabel, his son, returned from captivity, and by him the race of David was continued, according to Matthew, by Abiud; and, according to Luke, by Rhesa. See on Luk 3:23 (note), etc. The term carrying away to Babylon, μετοικεσια, from μετοικεω, to change a habitation, or place of residence, would be more properly translated by the word transportation, which is here peculiarly appropriate: the change was not voluntary; they were forced away.

Provenance. Rendered as a quoted commentary witness with explicit reference extraction from the source prose.

Canonical locus

Matthew 1:12

Source lane

Apologetics Bible source bundle

Biblical cross-references named in the witness

  • Jer 52:31
  • Jer 52:32
  • Jer 22:30

Named authorities or texts detected in the witness

  • Babylon
  • Nebuchadnezzar
  • Evilmerodach
  • And
  • Jeremiah
  • David
  • Salathiel
  • Zorobabel
  • Matthew
  • Abiud
  • Luke
  • Rhesa

Exposition: Matthew 1:12 emphasizes a key movement in the chapter's argument. In KJV form, the text reads: 'And after they were brought to Babylon, Jechonias begat Salathiel; and Salathiel begat Zorobabel;'. Read in canonical context, the verse supports the coherence of biblical revelation by linking doctrine, narrative, and covenantal meaning.

Apologetics Notes
  • Scientific Correlation: This verse is suitable for cumulative-case reasoning in apologetics: historical context, textual stability, and worldview coherence are evaluated together rather than in isolation.
  • Koine Greek Grammar: A close Koine Greek reading should attend lexical range, clause flow, and discourse function in context; these controls reduce over-reading and preserve authorial intent.
  • Historical Evidence: Historically, this verse is interpreted within the received canonical tradition, where manuscript continuity and early community usage support stable transmission and meaning.

Matthew 1:13

Greek
Ζοροβαβὲλ δὲ ἐγέννησεν τὸν Ἀβιούδ, Ἀβιοὺδ δὲ ἐγέννησεν τὸν Ἐλιακίμ, Ἐλιακὶμ δὲ ἐγέννησεν τὸν Ἀζώρ,

Zorobabel de egennesen ton Abioyd, Abioyd de egennesen ton Eliakim, Eliakim de egennesen ton Azor,

KJV: And Zorobabel begat Abiud; and Abiud begat Eliakim; and Eliakim begat Azor;

AKJV: And Zorobabel was the father of Abiud; and Abiud was the father of Eliakim; and Eliakim was the father of Azor;

ASV: and Zerubbabel begat Abiud; and Abiud begat Eliakim; and Eliakim begat Azor;

YLT: and Zerubbabel begat Abiud, and Abiud begat Eliakim, and Eliakim begat Azor,

Commentary Witness (Generated)Matthew 1:13
Generated editorial synthesis

Commentary Witness (Generated)

Matthew 1:13

Generated editorial synthesis

Matthew 1:13 advances the immediate literary flow of the chapter and should be interpreted in its canonical context, not as an isolated proof text. In the present translation it reads: 'And Zorobabel begat Abiud; and Abiud begat Eliakim; and Eliakim begat Azor;'. A close Koine Greek reading supports attention to key lexical choices, clause movement, and redemptive-historical placement so doctrinal conclusions remain textually grounded.

Provenance. Rendered as an editorial synthesis tied to the canonical verse context and current chapter source.

Canonical locus

Matthew 1:13

Source lane

Apologetics Bible source bundle

Biblical cross-references named in the witness

  • Matthew 1:13

Named authorities or texts detected in the witness

  • Abiud
  • Eliakim
  • Azor

Exposition: Matthew 1:13 emphasizes a key movement in the chapter's argument. In KJV form, the text reads: 'And Zorobabel begat Abiud; and Abiud begat Eliakim; and Eliakim begat Azor;'. Read in canonical context, the verse supports the coherence of biblical revelation by linking doctrine, narrative, and covenantal meaning.

Apologetics Notes
  • Scientific Correlation: This verse is suitable for cumulative-case reasoning in apologetics: historical context, textual stability, and worldview coherence are evaluated together rather than in isolation.
  • Koine Greek Grammar: A close Koine Greek reading should attend lexical range, clause flow, and discourse function in context; these controls reduce over-reading and preserve authorial intent.
  • Historical Evidence: Historically, this verse is interpreted within the received canonical tradition, where manuscript continuity and early community usage support stable transmission and meaning.

Matthew 1:14

Greek
Ἀζὼρ δὲ ἐγέννησεν τὸν Σαδώκ, Σαδὼκ δὲ ἐγέννησεν τὸν Ἀχίμ, Ἀχὶμ δὲ ἐγέννησεν τὸν Ἐλιούδ,

Azor de egennesen ton Sadok, Sadok de egennesen ton Achim, Achim de egennesen ton Elioyd,

KJV: And Azor begat Sadoc; and Sadoc begat Achim; and Achim begat Eliud;

AKJV: And Azor was the father of Sadoc; and Sadoc was the father of Achim; and Achim was the father of Eliud;

ASV: and Azor begat Sadoc; and Sadoc begat Achim; and Achim begat Eliud;

YLT: and Azor begat Sadok, and Sadok begat Achim, and Achim begat Eliud,

Commentary Witness (Generated)Matthew 1:14
Generated editorial synthesis

Commentary Witness (Generated)

Matthew 1:14

Generated editorial synthesis

Matthew 1:14 advances the immediate literary flow of the chapter and should be interpreted in its canonical context, not as an isolated proof text. In the present translation it reads: 'And Azor begat Sadoc; and Sadoc begat Achim; and Achim begat Eliud;'. A close Koine Greek reading supports attention to key lexical choices, clause movement, and redemptive-historical placement so doctrinal conclusions remain textually grounded.

Provenance. Rendered as an editorial synthesis tied to the canonical verse context and current chapter source.

Canonical locus

Matthew 1:14

Source lane

Apologetics Bible source bundle

Biblical cross-references named in the witness

  • Matthew 1:14

Named authorities or texts detected in the witness

  • Sadoc
  • Achim
  • Eliud

Exposition: Matthew 1:14 emphasizes a key movement in the chapter's argument. In KJV form, the text reads: 'And Azor begat Sadoc; and Sadoc begat Achim; and Achim begat Eliud;'. Read in canonical context, the verse supports the coherence of biblical revelation by linking doctrine, narrative, and covenantal meaning.

Apologetics Notes
  • Scientific Correlation: This verse is suitable for cumulative-case reasoning in apologetics: historical context, textual stability, and worldview coherence are evaluated together rather than in isolation.
  • Koine Greek Grammar: A close Koine Greek reading should attend lexical range, clause flow, and discourse function in context; these controls reduce over-reading and preserve authorial intent.
  • Historical Evidence: Historically, this verse is interpreted within the received canonical tradition, where manuscript continuity and early community usage support stable transmission and meaning.

Matthew 1:15

Greek
Ἐλιοὺδ δὲ ἐγέννησεν τὸν Ἐλεάζαρ, Ἐλεάζαρ δὲ ἐγέννησεν τὸν Ματθάν, Ματθὰν δὲ ἐγέννησεν τὸν Ἰακώβ,

Elioyd de egennesen ton Eleazar, Eleazar de egennesen ton Matthan, Matthan de egennesen ton Iakob,

KJV: And Eliud begat Eleazar; and Eleazar begat Matthan; and Matthan begat Jacob;

AKJV: And Eliud was the father of Eleazar; and Eleazar was the father of Matthan; and Matthan was the father of Jacob;

ASV: and Eliud begat Eleazar; and Eleazar begat Matthan; and Matthan begat Jacob;

YLT: and Eliud begat Eleazar, and Eleazar begat Matthan, and Matthan begat Jacob,

Commentary Witness (Generated)Matthew 1:15
Generated editorial synthesis

Commentary Witness (Generated)

Matthew 1:15

Generated editorial synthesis

Matthew 1:15 advances the immediate literary flow of the chapter and should be interpreted in its canonical context, not as an isolated proof text. In the present translation it reads: 'And Eliud begat Eleazar; and Eleazar begat Matthan; and Matthan begat Jacob;'. A close Koine Greek reading supports attention to key lexical choices, clause movement, and redemptive-historical placement so doctrinal conclusions remain textually grounded.

Provenance. Rendered as an editorial synthesis tied to the canonical verse context and current chapter source.

Canonical locus

Matthew 1:15

Source lane

Apologetics Bible source bundle

Biblical cross-references named in the witness

  • Matthew 1:15

Named authorities or texts detected in the witness

  • Eleazar
  • Matthan
  • Jacob

Exposition: Matthew 1:15 emphasizes a key movement in the chapter's argument. In KJV form, the text reads: 'And Eliud begat Eleazar; and Eleazar begat Matthan; and Matthan begat Jacob;'. Read in canonical context, the verse supports the coherence of biblical revelation by linking doctrine, narrative, and covenantal meaning.

Apologetics Notes
  • Scientific Correlation: This verse is suitable for cumulative-case reasoning in apologetics: historical context, textual stability, and worldview coherence are evaluated together rather than in isolation.
  • Koine Greek Grammar: A close Koine Greek reading should attend lexical range, clause flow, and discourse function in context; these controls reduce over-reading and preserve authorial intent.
  • Historical Evidence: Historically, this verse is interpreted within the received canonical tradition, where manuscript continuity and early community usage support stable transmission and meaning.

Matthew 1:16

Greek
Ἰακὼβ δὲ ἐγέννησεν τὸν Ἰωσὴφ τὸν ἄνδρα Μαρίας, ἐξ ἧς ἐγεννήθη Ἰησοῦς ὁ λεγόμενος χριστός.

Iakob de egennesen ton Ioseph ton andra Marias, ex es egennethe Iesoys o legomenos christos.

KJV: And Jacob begat Joseph the husband of Mary, of whom was born Jesus, who is called Christ.

AKJV: And Jacob was the father of Joseph the husband of Mary, of whom was born Jesus, who is called Christ.

ASV: and Jacob begat Joseph the husband of Mary, of whom was born Jesus, who is called Christ.

YLT: and Jacob begat Joseph, the husband of Mary, of whom was begotten Jesus, who is named Christ.

Commentary WitnessMatthew 1:16
Quoted commentary witness

Commentary Witness

Matthew 1:16

Quoted commentary witness

Verse 16 Jesus, who is called Christ - As the word Χριστος Christ, signifies the anointed or anointer, from χριω, to anoint, it answers exactly to the Hebrew משיח mashiach, which we pronounce Messiah or Messias; this word comes from the root משח mashac, signifying the same thing. As the same person is intended by both the Hebrew and Greek appellation, it should be regularly translated The Messiah, or The Christ; whichever is preferred, the demonstrative article should never be omitted. Priests, prophets, and kings, among the Jews, were anointed in order to the legitimate exercise of their respective offices. Hence the word Χριστος Christ, or משיח Mashiach, became a name of dignity, and often signified the same as king. See Isa 45:1; Psa 105:15; Lev 4:3; Lev 6:20; 1Sam 2:10. The words משיח Mashiach and מלך melec, Χριστος and βασιλευς, Christ and king, are frequently interchanged. 1Sam 2:10; Psa 2:2, Psa 2:6; Luk 23:2; and see the Scholia of Rosenmuller on this place. The reason of this may be seen in the following note, which I extract from the comment on Exo 29:7. "It appears from Isa 61:1, that anointing with oil, in consecrating a person to any important office, whether civil or religious, was considered as an emblem of the communication of the gifts and graces of the Holy Spirit. This ceremony was used on three occasions, viz. the installation of prophets, priests, and kings, into their respective offices. But why should such an anointing be deemed necessary? Because the common sense of men taught them that all good, whether spiritual or secular, must come from God, its origin and cause. Hence it was taken for granted, 1. That no man could foretell events, unless inspired by the Spirit of God. And therefore the prophet was anointed, to signify the communication of the Spirit of wisdom and knowledge. 2. That no person could offer an acceptable sacrifice to God for the sins of men, or profitably minister in holy things, unless enlightened, influenced, and directed, by the Spirit of grace and holiness. Hence the priest was anointed, to signify his being divinely qualified for the due performance of his sacred functions. 3. That no man could enact just and equitable laws, which should have the prosperity of the community and the welfare of the individual continually in view, or could use the power confided to him only for the suppression of vice and the encouragement of virtue, but that man who was ever under the inspiration of the Almighty. Hence kings were inaugurated by anointing with oil. Two of these offices only exist in all civilized nations, the sacerdotal and regal; and, in some countries, the priest and king are still consecrated by anointing. In the Hebrew language משח mashach signifies to anoint; and משיח mashiach, the anointed person. But as no man was ever dignified by holding the three offices, so no person ever had the title Mashiach, the anointed one, but Jesus, The Christ. He alone is King of kings, and Lord of lords: the king who governs the universe, and rules in the hearts of his followers; the prophet, to instruct men in the way wherein they should go; and the great high priest, to make atonement for their sins. Hence he is called the Messias, a corruption of the word המשיח ha-mashiach, The anointed One, in Hebrew; which gave birth to ὁ Χριστος ho Christos, which has precisely the same signification in Greek: of him, Melchisedeck, Abraham, Aaron, David, and others, were illustrious types. But none of these had the title of The Messiah, or The Anointed of God. This does, and ever will, belong exclusively to Jesus, The Christ."

Provenance. Rendered as a quoted commentary witness with explicit reference extraction from the source prose.

Canonical locus

Matthew 1:16

Source lane

Apologetics Bible source bundle

Biblical cross-references named in the witness

  • Isa 45:1
  • Lev 4:3
  • Lev 6:20
  • 1Sam 2:10
  • Isa 61:1

Named authorities or texts detected in the witness

  • Jesus
  • Christ
  • Messias
  • The Messiah
  • The Christ
  • Priests
  • Jews
  • Mashiach
  • Holy Spirit
  • Almighty
  • One
  • Christos
  • Greek
  • Melchisedeck
  • Abraham
  • Aaron
  • David

Exposition: Matthew 1:16 emphasizes a key movement in the chapter's argument. In KJV form, the text reads: 'And Jacob begat Joseph the husband of Mary, of whom was born Jesus, who is called Christ.'. Read in canonical context, the verse supports the coherence of biblical revelation by linking doctrine, narrative, and covenantal meaning.

Apologetics Notes
  • Scientific Correlation: This verse is suitable for cumulative-case reasoning in apologetics: historical context, textual stability, and worldview coherence are evaluated together rather than in isolation.
  • Koine Greek Grammar: A close Koine Greek reading should attend lexical range, clause flow, and discourse function in context; these controls reduce over-reading and preserve authorial intent.
  • Historical Evidence: Historically, this verse is interpreted within the received canonical tradition, where manuscript continuity and early community usage support stable transmission and meaning.

Matthew 1:17

Greek
Πᾶσαι οὖν αἱ γενεαὶ ἀπὸ Ἀβραὰμ ἕως Δαυὶδ γενεαὶ δεκατέσσαρες, καὶ ἀπὸ Δαυὶδ ἕως τῆς μετοικεσίας Βαβυλῶνος γενεαὶ δεκατέσσαρες, καὶ ἀπὸ τῆς μετοικεσίας Βαβυλῶνος ἕως τοῦ χριστοῦ γενεαὶ δεκατέσσαρες.

Pasai oyn ai geneai apo Abraam eos Dayid geneai dekatessares, kai apo Dayid eos tes metoikesias Babylonos geneai dekatessares, kai apo tes metoikesias Babylonos eos toy christoy geneai dekatessares.

KJV: So all the generations from Abraham to David are fourteen generations; and from David until the carrying away into Babylon are fourteen generations; and from the carrying away into Babylon unto Christ are fourteen generations.

AKJV: So all the generations from Abraham to David are fourteen generations; and from David until the carrying away into Babylon are fourteen generations; and from the carrying away into Babylon to Christ are fourteen generations. ¶

ASV: So all the generations from Abraham unto David are fourteen generations; and from David unto the carrying away to Babylon fourteen generations; and from the carrying away to Babylon unto the Christ fourteen generations.

YLT: All the generations, therefore, from Abraham unto David are fourteen generations, and from David unto the Babylonian removal fourteen generations, and from the Babylonian removal unto the Christ, fourteen generations.

Commentary WitnessMatthew 1:17
Quoted commentary witness

Commentary Witness

Matthew 1:17

Quoted commentary witness

Verse 17 Fourteen generations - See the note on Mat 1:11. The Jews had a sort of technical method of summing up generations in this way. In Synopsis Sohar, p. 132, n. 18, we have the following words; "From Abraham to Solomon were fifteen generations; and then the moon was at the full. From Solomon to Zedekiah were other fifteen generations; the moon was then in the wane, and Zedekiah's eyes were put out." That is, the regal state came to its zenith of light and glory in the time of Solomon; but decreased gradually, till it became nearly extinct in the days of Zedekiah. See Schoetgen.

Provenance. Rendered as a quoted commentary witness with explicit reference extraction from the source prose.

Canonical locus

Matthew 1:17

Source lane

Apologetics Bible source bundle

Biblical cross-references named in the witness

  • Mat 1:11

Named authorities or texts detected in the witness

  • In Synopsis Sohar
  • Solomon
  • Zedekiah
  • See Schoetgen

Exposition: Matthew 1:17 emphasizes a key movement in the chapter's argument. In KJV form, the text reads: 'So all the generations from Abraham to David are fourteen generations; and from David until the carrying away into Babylon are fourteen generations; and from the carrying away into Babylon unto Christ are fourteen gen...'. Read in canonical context, the verse supports the coherence of biblical revelation by linking doctrine, narrative, and covenantal meaning.

Apologetics Notes
  • Scientific Correlation: This verse is suitable for cumulative-case reasoning in apologetics: historical context, textual stability, and worldview coherence are evaluated together rather than in isolation.
  • Koine Greek Grammar: A close Koine Greek reading should attend lexical range, clause flow, and discourse function in context; these controls reduce over-reading and preserve authorial intent.
  • Historical Evidence: Historically, this verse is interpreted within the received canonical tradition, where manuscript continuity and early community usage support stable transmission and meaning.

Matthew 1:18

Greek
Τοῦ δὲ ⸀Ἰησοῦ χριστοῦ ἡ ⸀γένεσις οὕτως ἦν. ⸀μνηστευθείσης τῆς μητρὸς αὐτοῦ Μαρίας τῷ Ἰωσήφ, πρὶν ἢ συνελθεῖν αὐτοὺς εὑρέθη ἐν γαστρὶ ἔχουσα ἐκ πνεύματος ἁγίου.

Toy de Iesoy christoy e genesis oytos en. mnesteytheises tes metros aytoy Marias to Ioseph, prin e synelthein aytoys eyrethe en gastri echoysa ek pneymatos agioy.

KJV: Now the birth of Jesus Christ was on this wise: When as his mother Mary was espoused to Joseph, before they came together, she was found with child of the Holy Ghost.

AKJV: Now the birth of Jesus Christ was on this wise: When as his mother Mary was espoused to Joseph, before they came together, she was found with child of the Holy Ghost.

ASV: Now the birth of Jesus Christ was on this wise: When his mother Mary had been betrothed to Joseph, before they came together she was found with child of the Holy Spirit.

YLT: And of Jesus Christ, the birth was thus: For his mother Mary having been betrothed to Joseph, before their coming together she was found to have conceived from the Holy Spirit,

Commentary WitnessMatthew 1:18
Quoted commentary witness

Commentary Witness

Matthew 1:18

Quoted commentary witness

Verse 18 Espoused to Joseph - The word μνηστευθεισης, from μνηστευω, to contract, or betroth, refers to the previous marriage agreement, in which the parties mutually bound themselves to each other; without which, no woman was ever married among the Jews. Among the Hindoos, a woman is espoused often a whole year, and even longer before the marriage takes place. Before they came together - The woman was espoused at her own, or her father's house; and, generally, some time elapsed before she was taken home to the house of her husband: Deu 20:7; Jdg 14:7, Jdg 14:8. This custom has been immemorially observed among the inhabitants of Ireland, who have not only this, but many Asiatic customs, which, added to various authentic historic proofs, are collateral evidences that they received the Christian religion, not from the popes of Rome, but through the means of Asiatic missionaries. Among the Jews, the espousal, though the marriage had not been consummated, was considered as perfectly legal and binding on both sides; and hence a breach of this contract was considered as a case of adultery, and punished exactly in the same way. See Deu 22:25, Deu 22:28. Nor could a contract of this kind, though there was no cohabitation, be broken but by a regular divorce, as Mr. Selden, in his Uxor Hebraica, has proved at large from the Jewish rabbins. She was found with child - Her situation was the most distressing and humiliating that can be conceived. Nothing but the fullest consciousness of her own integrity, and the strongest confidence in God, could have supported her in such trying circumstances, where her reputation, her honor, and her life were at stake. What conversation passed between her and Joseph, on this discovery, we are not informed; but the issue proves that it was not satisfactory to him: nor could he resolve to consider her as his wife, till God had sent his angel to bear the most unequivocal testimony to the virgin's innocence. His whole conduct, on this occasion, was exceedingly benevolent and humane. He might at once have taken the advantage of the law, Deu 22:23, Deu 22:24, and had her stoned to death.

Provenance. Rendered as a quoted commentary witness with explicit reference extraction from the source prose.

Canonical locus

Matthew 1:18

Source lane

Apologetics Bible source bundle

Named authorities or texts detected in the witness

  • Jews
  • Hindoos
  • Ireland
  • Rome
  • Mr
  • Selden
  • Uxor Hebraica
  • Joseph

Exposition: Matthew 1:18 emphasizes a key movement in the chapter's argument. In KJV form, the text reads: 'Now the birth of Jesus Christ was on this wise: When as his mother Mary was espoused to Joseph, before they came together, she was found with child of the Holy Ghost.'. Read in canonical context, the verse supports the coherence of biblical revelation by linking doctrine, narrative, and covenantal meaning.

Apologetics Notes
  • Scientific Correlation: This verse is suitable for cumulative-case reasoning in apologetics: historical context, textual stability, and worldview coherence are evaluated together rather than in isolation.
  • Koine Greek Grammar: A close Koine Greek reading should attend lexical range, clause flow, and discourse function in context; these controls reduce over-reading and preserve authorial intent.
  • Historical Evidence: Historically, this verse is interpreted within the received canonical tradition, where manuscript continuity and early community usage support stable transmission and meaning.

Matthew 1:19

Greek
Ἰωσὴφ δὲ ὁ ἀνὴρ αὐτῆς, δίκαιος ὢν καὶ μὴ θέλων αὐτὴν ⸀δειγματίσαι, ἐβουλήθη λάθρᾳ ἀπολῦσαι αὐτήν.

Ioseph de o aner aytes, dikaios on kai me thelon ayten deigmatisai, eboylethe lathra apolysai ayten.

KJV: Then Joseph her husband, being a just man, and not willing to make her a publick example, was minded to put her away privily.

AKJV: Then Joseph her husband, being a just man, and not willing to make her a public example, was minded to put her away privately.

ASV: And Joseph her husband, being a righteous man, and not willing to make her a public example, was minded to put her away privily.

YLT: and Joseph her husband being righteous, and not willing to make her an example, did wish privately to send her away.

Commentary WitnessMatthew 1:19
Quoted commentary witness

Commentary Witness

Matthew 1:19

Quoted commentary witness

Verse 19 To make her a public example - Παραδειγματισαι, to expose her to public infamy; from παρα, near, and δεικνυμαι, I show, or expose; what is oddly, though emphatically, called in England, showing up - exposing a character to public view. Though Joseph was a righteous man, δικαιος, and knew that the law required that such persons as he supposed his wife to be should be put to death, yet, as righteousness is ever directed by mercy, he determined to put her away or divorce her privately, i.e. without assigning any cause, that her life might be saved; and, as the offense was against himself, he had a right to pass it by if he chose. Some have supposed that the term δικαιος should be translated merciful, and it certainly often has this signification; but here it is not necessary.

Provenance. Rendered as a quoted commentary witness with explicit reference extraction from the source prose.

Canonical locus

Matthew 1:19

Source lane

Apologetics Bible source bundle

Named authorities or texts detected in the witness

  • England

Exposition: Matthew 1:19 emphasizes a key movement in the chapter's argument. In KJV form, the text reads: 'Then Joseph her husband, being a just man, and not willing to make her a publick example, was minded to put her away privily.'. Read in canonical context, the verse supports the coherence of biblical revelation by linking doctrine, narrative, and covenantal meaning.

Apologetics Notes
  • Scientific Correlation: This verse is suitable for cumulative-case reasoning in apologetics: historical context, textual stability, and worldview coherence are evaluated together rather than in isolation.
  • Koine Greek Grammar: A close Koine Greek reading should attend lexical range, clause flow, and discourse function in context; these controls reduce over-reading and preserve authorial intent.
  • Historical Evidence: Historically, this verse is interpreted within the received canonical tradition, where manuscript continuity and early community usage support stable transmission and meaning.

Matthew 1:20

Greek
ταῦτα δὲ αὐτοῦ ἐνθυμηθέντος ἰδοὺ ἄγγελος κυρίου κατʼ ὄναρ ἐφάνη αὐτῷ λέγων· Ἰωσὴφ υἱὸς Δαυίδ, μὴ φοβηθῇς παραλαβεῖν ⸀Μαρίαν τὴν γυναῖκά σου, τὸ γὰρ ἐν αὐτῇ γεννηθὲν ἐκ πνεύματός ἐστιν ἁγίου·

tayta de aytoy enthymethentos idoy aggelos kyrioy kat onar ephane ayto legon· Ioseph yios Dayid, me phobethes paralabein Marian ten gynaika soy, to gar en ayte gennethen ek pneymatos estin agioy·

KJV: But while he thought on these things, behold, the angel of the Lord appeared unto him in a dream, saying, Joseph, thou son of David, fear not to take unto thee Mary thy wife: for that which is conceived in her is of the Holy Ghost.

AKJV: But while he thought on these things, behold, the angel of the LORD appeared to him in a dream, saying, Joseph, you son of David, fear not to take to you Mary your wife: for that which is conceived in her is of the Holy Ghost.

ASV: But when he thought on these things, behold, an angel of the Lord appeared unto him in a dream, saying, Joseph, thou son of David, fear not to take unto thee Mary thy wife: for that which is conceived in her is of the Holy Spirit.

YLT: And on his thinking of these things, lo, a messenger of the Lord in a dream appeared to him, saying, `Joseph, son of David, thou mayest not fear to receive Mary thy wife, for that which in her was begotten is of the Holy Spirit,

Commentary WitnessMatthew 1:20
Quoted commentary witness

Commentary Witness

Matthew 1:20

Quoted commentary witness

Verse 20 That which is conceived (or formed) in her - So I think γεννηθεν should be translated in this place: as it appears that the human nature of Jesus Christ was a real creation in the womb of the virgin, by the power of the Holy Spirit. The angel of the Lord mentioned here was probably the angel Gabriel, who, six months before, bad been sent to Zacharias and Elisabeth, to announce the birth of Christ's forerunner, John the Baptist. See Luk 1:36.

Provenance. Rendered as a quoted commentary witness with explicit reference extraction from the source prose.

Canonical locus

Matthew 1:20

Source lane

Apologetics Bible source bundle

Named authorities or texts detected in the witness

  • Jesus
  • Holy Spirit
  • Gabriel
  • Elisabeth
  • Baptist

Exposition: Matthew 1:20 emphasizes a key movement in the chapter's argument. In KJV form, the text reads: 'But while he thought on these things, behold, the angel of the Lord appeared unto him in a dream, saying, Joseph, thou son of David, fear not to take unto thee Mary thy wife: for that which is conceived in her is of t...'. Read in canonical context, the verse supports the coherence of biblical revelation by linking doctrine, narrative, and covenantal meaning.

Apologetics Notes
  • Scientific Correlation: This verse is suitable for cumulative-case reasoning in apologetics: historical context, textual stability, and worldview coherence are evaluated together rather than in isolation.
  • Koine Greek Grammar: A close Koine Greek reading should attend lexical range, clause flow, and discourse function in context; these controls reduce over-reading and preserve authorial intent.
  • Historical Evidence: Historically, this verse is interpreted within the received canonical tradition, where manuscript continuity and early community usage support stable transmission and meaning.

Matthew 1:21

Greek
τέξεται δὲ υἱὸν καὶ καλέσεις τὸ ὄνομα αὐτοῦ Ἰησοῦν, αὐτὸς γὰρ σώσει τὸν λαὸν αὐτοῦ ἀπὸ τῶν ἁμαρτιῶν αὐτῶν.

texetai de yion kai kaleseis to onoma aytoy Iesoyn, aytos gar sosei ton laon aytoy apo ton amartion ayton.

KJV: And she shall bring forth a son, and thou shalt call his name JESUS: for he shall save his people from their sins.

AKJV: And she shall bring forth a son, and you shall call his name JESUS: for he shall save his people from their sins.

ASV: And she shall bring forth a son; and thou shalt call his name JESUS; for it is he that shall save his people from their sins.

YLT: and she shall bring forth a son, and thou shalt call his name Jesus, for he shall save his people from their sins.'

Commentary Witness (Generated)Matthew 1:21
Generated editorial synthesis

Commentary Witness (Generated)

Matthew 1:21

Generated editorial synthesis

Matthew 1:21 advances the immediate literary flow of the chapter and should be interpreted in its canonical context, not as an isolated proof text. In the present translation it reads: 'And she shall bring forth a son, and thou shalt call his name JESUS: for he shall save his people from their sins.'. A close Koine Greek reading supports attention to key lexical choices, clause movement, and redemptive-historical placement so doctrinal conclusions remain textually grounded.

Provenance. Rendered as an editorial synthesis tied to the canonical verse context and current chapter source.

Canonical locus

Matthew 1:21

Source lane

Apologetics Bible source bundle

Biblical cross-references named in the witness

  • Matthew 1:21

Named authorities or texts detected in the witness

  • Jesus

Exposition: Matthew 1:21 emphasizes a key movement in the chapter's argument. In KJV form, the text reads: 'And she shall bring forth a son, and thou shalt call his name JESUS: for he shall save his people from their sins.'. Read in canonical context, the verse supports the coherence of biblical revelation by linking doctrine, narrative, and covenantal meaning.

Apologetics Notes
  • Scientific Correlation: This verse is suitable for cumulative-case reasoning in apologetics: historical context, textual stability, and worldview coherence are evaluated together rather than in isolation.
  • Koine Greek Grammar: A close Koine Greek reading should attend lexical range, clause flow, and discourse function in context; these controls reduce over-reading and preserve authorial intent.
  • Historical Evidence: Historically, this verse is interpreted within the received canonical tradition, where manuscript continuity and early community usage support stable transmission and meaning.

Matthew 1:22

Greek
τοῦτο δὲ ὅλον γέγονεν ἵνα πληρωθῇ τὸ ῥηθὲν ⸀ὑπὸ κυρίου διὰ τοῦ προφήτου λέγοντος·

toyto de olon gegonen ina plerothe to rethen ypo kyrioy dia toy prophetoy legontos·

KJV: Now all this was done, that it might be fulfilled which was spoken of the Lord by the prophet, saying,

AKJV: Now all this was done, that it might be fulfilled which was spoken of the Lord by the prophet, saying,

ASV: Now all this is come to pass, that it might be fulfilled which was spoken by the Lord through the prophet, saying,

YLT: And all this hath come to pass, that it may be fulfilled that was spoken by the Lord through the prophet, saying,

Commentary WitnessMatthew 1:22
Quoted commentary witness

Commentary Witness

Matthew 1:22

Quoted commentary witness

Verse 22 By the prophet - Isaiah is added here by several MSS., versions, and fathers. The prophecy is taken from Isa 7:14.

Provenance. Rendered as a quoted commentary witness with explicit reference extraction from the source prose.

Canonical locus

Matthew 1:22

Source lane

Apologetics Bible source bundle

Biblical cross-references named in the witness

  • Isa 7:14

Exposition: Matthew 1:22 emphasizes a key movement in the chapter's argument. In KJV form, the text reads: 'Now all this was done, that it might be fulfilled which was spoken of the Lord by the prophet, saying,'. Read in canonical context, the verse supports the coherence of biblical revelation by linking doctrine, narrative, and covenantal meaning.

Apologetics Notes
  • Scientific Correlation: This verse is suitable for cumulative-case reasoning in apologetics: historical context, textual stability, and worldview coherence are evaluated together rather than in isolation.
  • Koine Greek Grammar: A close Koine Greek reading should attend lexical range, clause flow, and discourse function in context; these controls reduce over-reading and preserve authorial intent.
  • Historical Evidence: Historically, this verse is interpreted within the received canonical tradition, where manuscript continuity and early community usage support stable transmission and meaning.

Matthew 1:23

Greek
Ἰδοὺ ἡ παρθένος ἐν γαστρὶ ἕξει καὶ τέξεται υἱόν, καὶ καλέσουσιν τὸ ὄνομα αὐτοῦ Ἐμμανουήλ· ὅ ἐστιν μεθερμηνευόμενον Μεθʼ ἡμῶν ὁ θεός.

Idoy e parthenos en gastri exei kai texetai yion, kai kalesoysin to onoma aytoy Emmanoyel· o estin methermeneyomenon Meth emon o theos.

KJV: Behold, a virgin shall be with child, and shall bring forth a son, and they shall call his name Emmanuel, which being interpreted is, God with us.

AKJV: Behold, a virgin shall be with child, and shall bring forth a son, and they shall call his name Emmanuel, which being interpreted is, God with us.

ASV: Behold, the virgin shall be with child, and shall bring forth a son,

YLT: Lo, the virgin shall conceive, and she shall bring forth a son, and they shall call his name Emmanuel,' which is, being interpreted With us he is God.'

Commentary WitnessMatthew 1:23
Quoted commentary witness

Commentary Witness

Matthew 1:23

Quoted commentary witness

Verse 23 Behold, a virgin shall be with child - We have already seen, from the preceding verse, that this prophecy is taken from Isa 7:14; but it may be necessary to consider the circumstances of the original promise more particularly. At the time referred to, the kingdom of Judah, under the government of Ahaz, was reduced very low. Pekah, king of Israel, had slain in Judea 120,000 persons in one day, and carried away captives 200,000, including women and children, together with much spoil. To add to their distress, Rezin, king of Syria, being confederate with Pekah, had taken Elath, a fortified city of Judah, and carried the inhabitants away captive to Damascus. In this critical conjuncture, need we wonder that Ahaz was afraid that the enemies who were now united against him must prevail, destroy Jerusalem, and the kingdom of Judah, and annihilate the family of David! To meet and remove this fear, apparently well grounded, Isaiah is sent from the Lord to Ahaz, swallowed up now both by sorrow and by unbelief, in order to assure him that the counsels of his enemies should not stand; and that they should be utterly discomfited. To encourage Ahaz, he commands him to ask a sign or miracle, which should be a pledge in hand, that God should, in due time, fulfill the predictions of his servant, as related in the context. On Ahaz humbly refusing to ask any sign, it is immediately added, Therefore the Lord himself shall give you a sign: Behold a virgin shall conceive and bear a son; and shall call his name Immanuel. Butter and honey shall he eat, etc. Both the Divine and human nature of our Lord, as well as the miraculous conception, appear to be pointed out in the prophecy quoted here by the evangelist: - He shall be called עמנו־אל IM-MENU-EL; literally, The Strong God with Us: similar to those words in the New Testament: - The Word which was God - was made flesh, and dwelt among us, full of grace and truth: Joh 1:1, Joh 1:14. And, God was manifested in the flesh: 1Tim 3:16. So that we are to understand, God with us, to imply God incarnated - God in human nature. This seems farther evident from the words of the prophet, Isa 7:15. Butter and honey shall he eat - he shall be truly man, grow up and be nourished in a human, natural way; which refers to his being With Us, i.e. incarnated. To which the prophet adds, That he may know to refuse the evil and choose the good: - or rather, According to his knowledge, לדעתו le-daato, reprobating the evil, and choosing the good. This refers to him as God; and is the same idea given by this prophet, Isa 53:11 : By (or in) his knowledge (the knowledge of Christ crucified, בדעתו be-daato) shall my righteous servant sanctify many; for he shall bear their offenses. Now this union of the Divine and human nature is termed a sign or miracle, אות oth, i.e. something which exceeds the power of nature to produce. And this miraculous union was to be brought about in a miraculous way: Behold a Virgin shall conceive: the word is very emphatic, העלמה ha-almah, The virgin; the only one that ever was, or ever shall be, a mother in this way. But the Jews, and some called Christians, who have espoused their desperate cause, assert, that "the word עלמה almah does not signify a Virgin only; for it is applied, Pro 30:19, to signify a young married woman." I answer, that this latter text is no proof of the contrary doctrine: the words דרך גבר בעלמה derec geber be-almah, the way of a man with a maid, cannot be proved to mean that for which it is produced: beside, one of De Rossi's MSS. reads בעלמיו be-almaiu, the way of a strong, or stout, man (גבר geber) In His Youth; and in this reading the Syriac, Septuagint, Vulgate, and Arabic agree, which are followed by the first version in the English language, as it stands in a MS. in my own possession - the weie of a man in his waring youthe; so that this place, the only one that can with any probability of success be produced, were the interpretation contended for correct, which I am by no means disposed to admit, proves nothing. Beside, the consent of so many versions in the opposite meaning deprives it of much of its influence in this question. The word עלמה almah, comes from עלם alam, to lie hid, be concealed; and we are told that "virgins were so called, because they were concealed or closely kept up in their fathers' houses, till the time of their marriage." This is not correct: see the case of Rebecca, Gen 24:43 (note), and my note there: that of Rachel, Gen 29:6, Gen 29:9, and the note there also: and see the case of Miriam, the sister of Moses, Exo 2:8, and also the Chaldee paraphrase on Lam 1:4, where the virgins are represented as going out in the dance. And see also the whole history of Ruth. This being concealed, or kept at home, on which so much stress is laid, is purely fanciful; for we find that young unmarried women drew water, kept sheep, gleaned publicly in the fields, etc., etc., and the same works they perform among the Turcomans to the present day. This reason, therefore, does not account for the radical meaning of the word; and we must seek it elsewhere. Another well known and often used root in the Hebrew tongue will cast light on this subject. This is גלה galah, which signifies to reveal, make manifest, or uncover, and is often applied to matrimonial connections, in different parts of the Mosaic law: עלם alam, therefore, may be considered as implying the concealment of the virgin, as such, till lawful marriage had taken place. A virgin was not called עלמה almah, because she was concealed by being kept at home in her father's house, which is not true, but literally and physically, because, as a woman, she had not been uncovered - she had not known man. This fully applies to the blessed virgin: see Luk 1:34. "How can this be, seeing I know no man?" and this text throws much light on the subject before us. This also is in perfect agreement with the ancient prophecy, "The seed of the woman shall bruise the head of the serpent," Gen 3:15; for the person who was to destroy the work of the devil was to be the progeny of the woman, without any concurrence of the man. And, hence, the text in Genesis speaks as fully of the virgin state of the person, from whom Christ, according to the flesh, should come, as that in the prophet, or this in the evangelist. According to the original promise, there was to be a seed, a human being, who should destroy sin; but this seed or human being must come from the woman Alone; and no woman Alone, could produce such a human being, without being a virgin. Hence, A virgin shall bear a son, is the very spirit and meaning of the original text, independently of the illustration given by the prophet; and the fact recorded by the evangelist is the proof of the whole. But how could that be a sign to Ahaz, which was to take place so many hundreds of years after? I answer, the meaning of the prophet is plain: not only Rezin and Pekah should be unsuccessful against Jerusalem at that time, which was the fact; but Jerusalem, Judea, and the house of David, should be both preserved, notwithstanding their depressed state, and the multitude of their adversaries, till the time should come when a Virgin should bear a son. This is a most remarkable circumstance - the house of David could never fail, till a virgin should conceive and bear a son - nor did it: but when that incredible and miraculous fact did take place, the kingdom and house of David became extinct! This is an irrefragable confutation of every argument a Jew can offer in vindication of his opposition to the Gospel of Christ. Either the prophecy in Isaiah has been fulfilled, or the kingdom and house of David are yet standing. But the kingdom of David, we know, is destroyed: and where is the man, Jew or Gentile, that can show us a single descendant of David on the face of the earth? The prophecy could not fail - the kingdom and house of David have failed; the virgin, therefore, must have brought forth her son - and this son is Jesus, the Christ. Thus Moses, Isaiah, and Matthew concur; and facts, the most unequivocal, have confirmed the whole! Behold the wisdom and providence of God! Notwithstanding what has been said above, it may be asked, In what sense could this name Immanuel be applied to Jesus Christ, if he be not truly and properly God? Could the Spirit of truth ever design that Christians should receive him as an angel or a mere man, and yet, in the very beginning of the Gospel history, apply a character to him which belongs only to the most high God? Surely no. In what sense, then, is Christ God With Us? Jesus is called Immanuel, or God with us, in his incarnation. - God united to our nature - God with man - God in man. - God with us, by his continual protection. - God with us, by the influences of his Holy Spirit - in the holy sacrament - in the preaching of his word - in private prayer. And God with us, through every action of our life, that we begin, continue, and end in his name. He is God with us, to comfort, enlighten, protect, and defend us in every time of temptation and trial, in the hour of death, in the day of judgment; and God with us, and in us, and we with and in him, to all eternity.

Provenance. Rendered as a quoted commentary witness with explicit reference extraction from the source prose.

Canonical locus

Matthew 1:23

Source lane

Apologetics Bible source bundle

Biblical cross-references named in the witness

  • Isa 7:14
  • Joh 1:1
  • Joh 1:14
  • 1Tim 3:16
  • Isa 7:15
  • Isa 53:11
  • Gen 24:43
  • Gen 29:6
  • Gen 29:9
  • Lam 1:4
  • Gen 3:15

Named authorities or texts detected in the witness

  • Ovid
  • Septuagint
  • Vulgate
  • Ray
  • Moses
  • Jesus
  • Behold
  • Judah
  • Ahaz
  • Pekah
  • Israel
  • Rezin
  • Syria
  • Elath
  • Damascus
  • Jerusalem
  • Immanuel
  • Lord
  • Us
  • New Testament
  • And
  • With Us
  • Jews
  • Christians
  • In His Youth
  • Syriac
  • Beside
  • Rebecca
  • Rachel
  • Miriam
  • Ruth
  • Christ
  • Alone
  • Hence
  • Judea
  • David
  • Gentile
  • Thus Moses
  • Isaiah
  • Jesus Christ

Exposition: Matthew 1:23 emphasizes a key movement in the chapter's argument. In KJV form, the text reads: 'Behold, a virgin shall be with child, and shall bring forth a son, and they shall call his name Emmanuel, which being interpreted is, God with us.'. Read in canonical context, the verse supports the coherence of biblical revelation by linking doctrine, narrative, and covenantal meaning.

Apologetics Notes
  • Scientific Correlation: This verse is suitable for cumulative-case reasoning in apologetics: historical context, textual stability, and worldview coherence are evaluated together rather than in isolation.
  • Koine Greek Grammar: A close Koine Greek reading should attend lexical range, clause flow, and discourse function in context; these controls reduce over-reading and preserve authorial intent.
  • Historical Evidence: Historically, this verse is interpreted within the received canonical tradition, where manuscript continuity and early community usage support stable transmission and meaning.

Matthew 1:24

Greek
⸀ἐγερθεὶς δὲ ὁ Ἰωσὴφ ἀπὸ τοῦ ὕπνου ἐποίησεν ὡς προσέταξεν αὐτῷ ὁ ἄγγελος κυρίου καὶ παρέλαβεν τὴν γυναῖκα αὐτοῦ·

egertheis de o Ioseph apo toy ypnoy epoiesen os prosetaxen ayto o aggelos kyrioy kai parelaben ten gynaika aytoy·

KJV: Then Joseph being raised from sleep did as the angel of the Lord had bidden him, and took unto him his wife:

AKJV: Then Joseph being raised from sleep did as the angel of the Lord had bidden him, and took to him his wife:

ASV: And Joseph arose from his sleep, and did as the angel of the Lord commanded him, and took unto him his wife;

YLT: And Joseph, having risen from the sleep, did as the messenger of the Lord directed him, and received his wife,

Commentary Witness (Generated)Matthew 1:24
Generated editorial synthesis

Commentary Witness (Generated)

Matthew 1:24

Generated editorial synthesis

Matthew 1:24 advances the immediate literary flow of the chapter and should be interpreted in its canonical context, not as an isolated proof text. In the present translation it reads: 'Then Joseph being raised from sleep did as the angel of the Lord had bidden him, and took unto him his wife:'. A close Koine Greek reading supports attention to key lexical choices, clause movement, and redemptive-historical placement so doctrinal conclusions remain textually grounded.

Provenance. Rendered as an editorial synthesis tied to the canonical verse context and current chapter source.

Canonical locus

Matthew 1:24

Source lane

Apologetics Bible source bundle

Biblical cross-references named in the witness

  • Matthew 1:24

Exposition: Matthew 1:24 emphasizes a key movement in the chapter's argument. In KJV form, the text reads: 'Then Joseph being raised from sleep did as the angel of the Lord had bidden him, and took unto him his wife:'. Read in canonical context, the verse supports the coherence of biblical revelation by linking doctrine, narrative, and covenantal meaning.

Apologetics Notes
  • Scientific Correlation: This verse is suitable for cumulative-case reasoning in apologetics: historical context, textual stability, and worldview coherence are evaluated together rather than in isolation.
  • Koine Greek Grammar: A close Koine Greek reading should attend lexical range, clause flow, and discourse function in context; these controls reduce over-reading and preserve authorial intent.
  • Historical Evidence: Historically, this verse is interpreted within the received canonical tradition, where manuscript continuity and early community usage support stable transmission and meaning.

Matthew 1:25

Greek
καὶ οὐκ ἐγίνωσκεν αὐτὴν ἕως οὗ ἔτεκεν ⸀υἱόν· καὶ ἐκάλεσεν τὸ ὄνομα αὐτοῦ Ἰησοῦν.

kai oyk eginosken ayten eos oy eteken yion· kai ekalesen to onoma aytoy Iesoyn.

KJV: And knew her not till she had brought forth her firstborn son: and he called his name JESUS.

AKJV: And knew her not till she had brought forth her firstborn son: and he called his name JESUS.

ASV: and knew her not till she had brought forth a son: and he called his name JESUS.

YLT: and did not know her till she brought forth her son--the first-born, and he called his name Jesus.

Commentary WitnessMatthew 1:25
Quoted commentary witness

Commentary Witness

Matthew 1:25

Quoted commentary witness

Verse 25 Her first - born son - Τον υιον αυτης τον πρω-οτοκον. Literally, That son of hers, the first-born one. That Mary might have had other children, any person may reasonably and piously believe; that she had others, many think exceedingly probable, and that this text is at least an indirect proof of it. However this may be, the perpetual virginity of Mary should not be made an article of faith. God has not made it one: indeed it can hardly bear the light of several texts in the Gospels. He knew her not - Had no matrimonial intercourse with her - Till she had brought forth that son of hers, of whom the evangelist had been just speaking, the first-born, the eldest of the family, to whom the birthright belonged, and who was miraculously born before she knew any man, being yet in a state of virginity. See on Mat 13:55 (note). The virginity of Mary, previously to the birth of Christ, is an article of the utmost consequence to the Christian system; and therefore it is an article of faith: her perpetual virginity is of no consequence; and the learned labor spent to prove it has produced a mere castle in the air. The thing is possible; but it never has been, and never can be proved. He called his name Jesus - This name was given by the command of God, see Mat 1:16, and was imposed on Christ when eight days old; for then, according to the Jewish law, he was circumcised: thus he had the name of Savior given when he first began to shed that blood without which there could be no remission of sins. The goodness of God is manifested, not only in his giving his Son to save a lost world, but also in the choice of the persons who were his progenitors: among whom we find, First, Saints, to excite our courage: Abraham, remarkable for his faith; Isaac, for his obedience; and Jacob, for his fervor and constancy. Secondly, Penitent Sinners, to excite our confidence: such as David, Manasses, etc. Thirdly, Sinners, of whose repentance and salvation we hear nothing; to put us on our guard. Who can read the account of idolatrous Solomon, who, from the whole evidence of the sacred history, died In his sins, without trembling? Four Women are mentioned in this genealogy: two of these were adulteresses, Tamar and Bathsheba; and two were Gentiles, Rahab and Ruth, and strangers to the covenant of promise; to teach us that Jesus Christ came to save sinners, and that, though strangers to his people, we are not on that account excluded from a salvation which God has designed for all men. He is not the God of the Jews only; he is also the God of the Gentiles. The state of the royal family of David, the circumstances of the holy virgin and her spouse Joseph, the very remarkable prophecy of Isaiah, the literal and circumstantial fulfillment of it, the names given to our blessed Lord, the genealogical scroll of the family, etc., etc., are all so many proofs of the wisdom, goodness, and providence of God. Every occurrence seems, at first view, to be abandoned to fortuitous influence, and yet the result of each shows that God managed the whole. These circumstances are of the greatest importance; nor can the Christian reader reflect on them without an increase of his faith and his piety.

Provenance. Rendered as a quoted commentary witness with explicit reference extraction from the source prose.

Canonical locus

Matthew 1:25

Source lane

Apologetics Bible source bundle

Biblical cross-references named in the witness

  • Mat 13:55
  • Mat 1:16

Named authorities or texts detected in the witness

  • Ovid
  • Jesus
  • Literally
  • Gospels
  • Mary
  • Christ
  • First
  • Saints
  • Abraham
  • Isaac
  • Jacob
  • Secondly
  • Penitent Sinners
  • David
  • Manasses
  • Thirdly
  • Sinners
  • Solomon
  • Bathsheba
  • Gentiles
  • Ruth
  • Joseph
  • Isaiah
  • Lord

Exposition: Matthew 1:25 emphasizes a key movement in the chapter's argument. In KJV form, the text reads: 'And knew her not till she had brought forth her firstborn son: and he called his name JESUS.'. Read in canonical context, the verse supports the coherence of biblical revelation by linking doctrine, narrative, and covenantal meaning.

Apologetics Notes
  • Scientific Correlation: This verse is suitable for cumulative-case reasoning in apologetics: historical context, textual stability, and worldview coherence are evaluated together rather than in isolation.
  • Koine Greek Grammar: A close Koine Greek reading should attend lexical range, clause flow, and discourse function in context; these controls reduce over-reading and preserve authorial intent.
  • Historical Evidence: Historically, this verse is interpreted within the received canonical tradition, where manuscript continuity and early community usage support stable transmission and meaning.

Citation trailOpen the commentary counts, references, and named sources.

Scholarly apparatus

Commentary citation index

This chapter now surfaces commentary as quoted witness material with an explicit citation trail. The index below gathers the canonical references and named authorities detected inside the commentary layer for faster academic review.

Direct commentary witnesses

13

Generated editorial witnesses

12

Source lane

Apologetics Bible source bundle

Canonical references surfaced in commentary

  • Matthew 1:1
  • Matthew 1:2
  • Mat 1:25
  • Matthew 1:3
  • Matthew 1:4
  • Matthew 1:5
  • Matthew 1:6
  • Matthew 1:7
  • 2Chr 26:16
  • 1Chr 6:7-9
  • Matthew 1:8
  • Matthew 1:9
  • Matthew 1:10
  • 1Chr 3:14-16
  • 1Chr 3:15
  • Mat 1:11
  • Matthew 1:11
  • Jer 52:31
  • Jer 52:32
  • Jer 22:30
  • Matthew 1:12
  • Matthew 1:13
  • Matthew 1:14
  • Matthew 1:15
  • Isa 45:1
  • Lev 4:3
  • Lev 6:20
  • 1Sam 2:10
  • Isa 61:1
  • Matthew 1:16
  • Matthew 1:17
  • Matthew 1:18
  • Matthew 1:19
  • Matthew 1:20
  • Matthew 1:21
  • Isa 7:14
  • Matthew 1:22
  • Joh 1:1
  • Joh 1:14
  • 1Tim 3:16
  • Isa 7:15
  • Isa 53:11
  • Gen 24:43
  • Gen 29:6
  • Gen 29:9
  • Lam 1:4
  • Gen 3:15
  • Matthew 1:23
  • Matthew 1:24
  • Mat 13:55
  • Mat 1:16
  • Matthew 1:25

Named authorities or texts surfaced in commentary

  • Jesus
  • Jesus Christ
  • David
  • Abraham
  • Christ
  • Ishmael
  • Esau
  • Isaac
  • Jacob
  • Aminadab
  • Naasson
  • Salmon
  • Rachab
  • Ruth
  • Jesse
  • Urias
  • Roboam
  • Abia
  • Asa
  • Uzziah
  • Judah
  • Lord
  • Joram
  • Ahaziah
  • Joash
  • Amaziah
  • Meraioth
  • Messiah
  • St
  • The Talmud
  • Kiddushim
  • Cohaney
  • Levey
  • Levites
  • Yishrael
  • Israelites
  • Chululey
  • Girey
  • Charurey
  • Mamzirey
  • Nethiney
  • Nethinim
  • Shetukey
  • Asuphey
  • Jerusalem
  • Jews
  • Lightfoot
  • Dr
  • See Horae Talmudicae
  • Joatham
  • Achaz
  • Ezekias
  • Manasses
  • Amon
  • Josias
  • Jechonias
  • Babylon
  • Jehoiakim
  • Joakim
  • Griesbach
  • Johanan
  • Zedekiah
  • Shallum
  • Josiah
  • Nebuchadnezzar
  • Jechoniah
  • Calmet
  • Salathiel
  • Thus
  • Evilmerodach
  • And
  • Jeremiah
  • Zorobabel
  • Matthew
  • Abiud
  • Luke
  • Rhesa
  • Eliakim
  • Azor
  • Sadoc
  • Achim
  • Eliud
  • Eleazar
  • Matthan
  • Messias
  • The Messiah
  • The Christ
  • Priests
  • Mashiach
  • Holy Spirit
  • Almighty
  • One
  • Christos
  • Greek
  • Melchisedeck
  • Aaron
  • In Synopsis Sohar
  • Solomon
  • See Schoetgen
  • Hindoos
  • Ireland
  • Rome
  • Mr
  • Selden
  • Uxor Hebraica
  • Joseph
  • England
  • Gabriel
  • Elisabeth
  • Baptist
  • Ovid
  • Septuagint
  • Vulgate
  • Ray
  • Moses
  • Behold
  • Ahaz
  • Pekah
  • Israel
  • Rezin
  • Syria
  • Elath
  • Damascus
  • Immanuel
  • Us
  • New Testament
  • With Us
  • Christians
  • In His Youth
  • Syriac
  • Beside
  • Rebecca
  • Rachel
  • Miriam
  • Alone
  • Hence
  • Judea
  • Gentile
  • Thus Moses
  • Isaiah
  • Literally
  • Gospels
  • Mary
  • First
  • Saints
  • Secondly
  • Penitent Sinners
  • Thirdly
  • Sinners
  • Bathsheba
  • Gentiles
Book directory Open the 66-book reader directory Use this when you need a specific book. The passage reader above stays first.
Book explorer

Choose a book and open the reader.

Each card opens chapter 1 for that canonical book. The directory is here for navigation, not as the first thing a visitor has to read.

Examples: Genesis, Psalms, Gospels, prophets, Romans, Revelation.

Old Testament Law

Genesis

Rendered chapters 1–50 are mapped to the public reader path for Genesis. Use this card to open chapter 1 and move directly into the study surface.

  • Coverage: 50 rendered chapters
  • Current public use: chapter reader path for Genesis

Open Genesis

Old Testament Law

Exodus

Rendered chapters 1–40 are mapped to the public reader path for Exodus. Use this card to open chapter 1 and move directly into the study surface.

  • Coverage: 40 rendered chapters
  • Current public use: chapter reader path for Exodus

Open Exodus

Old Testament Law

Leviticus

Rendered chapters 1–27 are mapped to the public reader path for Leviticus. Use this card to open chapter 1 and move directly into the study surface.

  • Coverage: 27 rendered chapters
  • Current public use: chapter reader path for Leviticus

Open Leviticus

Old Testament Law

Numbers

Rendered chapters 1–36 are mapped to the public reader path for Numbers. Use this card to open chapter 1 and move directly into the study surface.

  • Coverage: 36 rendered chapters
  • Current public use: chapter reader path for Numbers

Open Numbers

Old Testament Law

Deuteronomy

Rendered chapters 1–34 are mapped to the public reader path for Deuteronomy. Use this card to open chapter 1 and move directly into the study surface.

  • Coverage: 34 rendered chapters
  • Current public use: chapter reader path for Deuteronomy

Open Deuteronomy

Old Testament History

Joshua

Rendered chapters 1–24 are mapped to the public reader path for Joshua. Use this card to open chapter 1 and move directly into the study surface.

  • Coverage: 24 rendered chapters
  • Current public use: chapter reader path for Joshua

Open Joshua

Old Testament History

Judges

Rendered chapters 1–21 are mapped to the public reader path for Judges. Use this card to open chapter 1 and move directly into the study surface.

  • Coverage: 21 rendered chapters
  • Current public use: chapter reader path for Judges

Open Judges

Old Testament History

Ruth

Rendered chapters 1–4 are mapped to the public reader path for Ruth. Use this card to open chapter 1 and move directly into the study surface.

  • Coverage: 4 rendered chapters
  • Current public use: chapter reader path for Ruth

Open Ruth

Old Testament History

1 Samuel

Rendered chapters 1–31 are mapped to the public reader path for 1 Samuel. Use this card to open chapter 1 and move directly into the study surface.

  • Coverage: 31 rendered chapters
  • Current public use: chapter reader path for 1 Samuel

Open 1 Samuel

Old Testament History

2 Samuel

Rendered chapters 1–24 are mapped to the public reader path for 2 Samuel. Use this card to open chapter 1 and move directly into the study surface.

  • Coverage: 24 rendered chapters
  • Current public use: chapter reader path for 2 Samuel

Open 2 Samuel

Old Testament History

1 Kings

Rendered chapters 1–22 are mapped to the public reader path for 1 Kings. Use this card to open chapter 1 and move directly into the study surface.

  • Coverage: 22 rendered chapters
  • Current public use: chapter reader path for 1 Kings

Open 1 Kings

Old Testament History

2 Kings

Rendered chapters 1–25 are mapped to the public reader path for 2 Kings. Use this card to open chapter 1 and move directly into the study surface.

  • Coverage: 25 rendered chapters
  • Current public use: chapter reader path for 2 Kings

Open 2 Kings

Old Testament History

1 Chronicles

Rendered chapters 1–29 are mapped to the public reader path for 1 Chronicles. Use this card to open chapter 1 and move directly into the study surface.

  • Coverage: 29 rendered chapters
  • Current public use: chapter reader path for 1 Chronicles

Open 1 Chronicles

Old Testament History

2 Chronicles

Rendered chapters 1–36 are mapped to the public reader path for 2 Chronicles. Use this card to open chapter 1 and move directly into the study surface.

  • Coverage: 36 rendered chapters
  • Current public use: chapter reader path for 2 Chronicles

Open 2 Chronicles

Old Testament History

Ezra

Rendered chapters 1–10 are mapped to the public reader path for Ezra. Use this card to open chapter 1 and move directly into the study surface.

  • Coverage: 10 rendered chapters
  • Current public use: chapter reader path for Ezra

Open Ezra

Old Testament History

Nehemiah

Rendered chapters 1–13 are mapped to the public reader path for Nehemiah. Use this card to open chapter 1 and move directly into the study surface.

  • Coverage: 13 rendered chapters
  • Current public use: chapter reader path for Nehemiah

Open Nehemiah

Old Testament History

Esther

Rendered chapters 1–10 are mapped to the public reader path for Esther. Use this card to open chapter 1 and move directly into the study surface.

  • Coverage: 10 rendered chapters
  • Current public use: chapter reader path for Esther

Open Esther

Old Testament Wisdom

Job

Rendered chapters 1–42 are mapped to the public reader path for Job. Use this card to open chapter 1 and move directly into the study surface.

  • Coverage: 42 rendered chapters
  • Current public use: chapter reader path for Job

Open Job

Old Testament Wisdom

Psalms

Rendered chapters 1–150 are mapped to the public reader path for Psalms. Use this card to open chapter 1 and move directly into the study surface.

  • Coverage: 150 rendered chapters
  • Current public use: chapter reader path for Psalms

Open Psalms

Old Testament Wisdom

Proverbs

Rendered chapters 1–31 are mapped to the public reader path for Proverbs. Use this card to open chapter 1 and move directly into the study surface.

  • Coverage: 31 rendered chapters
  • Current public use: chapter reader path for Proverbs

Open Proverbs

Old Testament Wisdom

Ecclesiastes

Rendered chapters 1–12 are mapped to the public reader path for Ecclesiastes. Use this card to open chapter 1 and move directly into the study surface.

  • Coverage: 12 rendered chapters
  • Current public use: chapter reader path for Ecclesiastes

Open Ecclesiastes

Old Testament Wisdom

Song of Solomon

Rendered chapters 1–8 are mapped to the public reader path for Song of Solomon. Use this card to open chapter 1 and move directly into the study surface.

  • Coverage: 8 rendered chapters
  • Current public use: chapter reader path for Song of Solomon

Open Song of Solomon

Old Testament Prophets

Isaiah

Rendered chapters 1–66 are mapped to the public reader path for Isaiah. Use this card to open chapter 1 and move directly into the study surface.

  • Coverage: 66 rendered chapters
  • Current public use: chapter reader path for Isaiah

Open Isaiah

Old Testament Prophets

Jeremiah

Rendered chapters 1–52 are mapped to the public reader path for Jeremiah. Use this card to open chapter 1 and move directly into the study surface.

  • Coverage: 52 rendered chapters
  • Current public use: chapter reader path for Jeremiah

Open Jeremiah

Old Testament Prophets

Lamentations

Rendered chapters 1–5 are mapped to the public reader path for Lamentations. Use this card to open chapter 1 and move directly into the study surface.

  • Coverage: 5 rendered chapters
  • Current public use: chapter reader path for Lamentations

Open Lamentations

Old Testament Prophets

Ezekiel

Rendered chapters 1–48 are mapped to the public reader path for Ezekiel. Use this card to open chapter 1 and move directly into the study surface.

  • Coverage: 48 rendered chapters
  • Current public use: chapter reader path for Ezekiel

Open Ezekiel

Old Testament Prophets

Daniel

Rendered chapters 1–12 are mapped to the public reader path for Daniel. Use this card to open chapter 1 and move directly into the study surface.

  • Coverage: 12 rendered chapters
  • Current public use: chapter reader path for Daniel

Open Daniel

Old Testament Prophets

Hosea

Rendered chapters 1–14 are mapped to the public reader path for Hosea. Use this card to open chapter 1 and move directly into the study surface.

  • Coverage: 14 rendered chapters
  • Current public use: chapter reader path for Hosea

Open Hosea

Old Testament Prophets

Joel

Rendered chapters 1–3 are mapped to the public reader path for Joel. Use this card to open chapter 1 and move directly into the study surface.

  • Coverage: 3 rendered chapters
  • Current public use: chapter reader path for Joel

Open Joel

Old Testament Prophets

Amos

Rendered chapters 1–9 are mapped to the public reader path for Amos. Use this card to open chapter 1 and move directly into the study surface.

  • Coverage: 9 rendered chapters
  • Current public use: chapter reader path for Amos

Open Amos

Old Testament Prophets

Obadiah

Rendered chapter 1 are mapped to the public reader path for Obadiah. Use this card to open chapter 1 and move directly into the study surface.

  • Coverage: 1 rendered chapter
  • Current public use: chapter reader path for Obadiah

Open Obadiah

Old Testament Prophets

Jonah

Rendered chapters 1–4 are mapped to the public reader path for Jonah. Use this card to open chapter 1 and move directly into the study surface.

  • Coverage: 4 rendered chapters
  • Current public use: chapter reader path for Jonah

Open Jonah

Old Testament Prophets

Micah

Rendered chapters 1–7 are mapped to the public reader path for Micah. Use this card to open chapter 1 and move directly into the study surface.

  • Coverage: 7 rendered chapters
  • Current public use: chapter reader path for Micah

Open Micah

Old Testament Prophets

Nahum

Rendered chapters 1–3 are mapped to the public reader path for Nahum. Use this card to open chapter 1 and move directly into the study surface.

  • Coverage: 3 rendered chapters
  • Current public use: chapter reader path for Nahum

Open Nahum

Old Testament Prophets

Habakkuk

Rendered chapters 1–3 are mapped to the public reader path for Habakkuk. Use this card to open chapter 1 and move directly into the study surface.

  • Coverage: 3 rendered chapters
  • Current public use: chapter reader path for Habakkuk

Open Habakkuk

Old Testament Prophets

Zephaniah

Rendered chapters 1–3 are mapped to the public reader path for Zephaniah. Use this card to open chapter 1 and move directly into the study surface.

  • Coverage: 3 rendered chapters
  • Current public use: chapter reader path for Zephaniah

Open Zephaniah

Old Testament Prophets

Haggai

Rendered chapters 1–2 are mapped to the public reader path for Haggai. Use this card to open chapter 1 and move directly into the study surface.

  • Coverage: 2 rendered chapters
  • Current public use: chapter reader path for Haggai

Open Haggai

Old Testament Prophets

Zechariah

Rendered chapters 1–14 are mapped to the public reader path for Zechariah. Use this card to open chapter 1 and move directly into the study surface.

  • Coverage: 14 rendered chapters
  • Current public use: chapter reader path for Zechariah

Open Zechariah

Old Testament Prophets

Malachi

Rendered chapters 1–4 are mapped to the public reader path for Malachi. Use this card to open chapter 1 and move directly into the study surface.

  • Coverage: 4 rendered chapters
  • Current public use: chapter reader path for Malachi

Open Malachi

New Testament Gospels

Matthew

Rendered chapters 1–28 are mapped to the public reader path for Matthew. Use this card to open chapter 1 and move directly into the study surface.

  • Coverage: 28 rendered chapters
  • Current public use: chapter reader path for Matthew

Open Matthew

New Testament Gospels

Mark

Rendered chapters 1–16 are mapped to the public reader path for Mark. Use this card to open chapter 1 and move directly into the study surface.

  • Coverage: 16 rendered chapters
  • Current public use: chapter reader path for Mark

Open Mark

New Testament Gospels

Luke

Rendered chapters 1–24 are mapped to the public reader path for Luke. Use this card to open chapter 1 and move directly into the study surface.

  • Coverage: 24 rendered chapters
  • Current public use: chapter reader path for Luke

Open Luke

New Testament Gospels

John

Rendered chapters 1–21 are mapped to the public reader path for John. Use this card to open chapter 1 and move directly into the study surface.

  • Coverage: 21 rendered chapters
  • Current public use: chapter reader path for John

Open John

New Testament History

Acts

Rendered chapters 1–28 are mapped to the public reader path for Acts. Use this card to open chapter 1 and move directly into the study surface.

  • Coverage: 28 rendered chapters
  • Current public use: chapter reader path for Acts

Open Acts

New Testament Letters

Romans

Rendered chapters 1–16 are mapped to the public reader path for Romans. Use this card to open chapter 1 and move directly into the study surface.

  • Coverage: 16 rendered chapters
  • Current public use: chapter reader path for Romans

Open Romans

New Testament Letters

1 Corinthians

Rendered chapters 1–16 are mapped to the public reader path for 1 Corinthians. Use this card to open chapter 1 and move directly into the study surface.

  • Coverage: 16 rendered chapters
  • Current public use: chapter reader path for 1 Corinthians

Open 1 Corinthians

New Testament Letters

2 Corinthians

Rendered chapters 1–13 are mapped to the public reader path for 2 Corinthians. Use this card to open chapter 1 and move directly into the study surface.

  • Coverage: 13 rendered chapters
  • Current public use: chapter reader path for 2 Corinthians

Open 2 Corinthians

New Testament Letters

Galatians

Rendered chapters 1–6 are mapped to the public reader path for Galatians. Use this card to open chapter 1 and move directly into the study surface.

  • Coverage: 6 rendered chapters
  • Current public use: chapter reader path for Galatians

Open Galatians

New Testament Letters

Ephesians

Rendered chapters 1–6 are mapped to the public reader path for Ephesians. Use this card to open chapter 1 and move directly into the study surface.

  • Coverage: 6 rendered chapters
  • Current public use: chapter reader path for Ephesians

Open Ephesians

New Testament Letters

Philippians

Rendered chapters 1–4 are mapped to the public reader path for Philippians. Use this card to open chapter 1 and move directly into the study surface.

  • Coverage: 4 rendered chapters
  • Current public use: chapter reader path for Philippians

Open Philippians

New Testament Letters

Colossians

Rendered chapters 1–4 are mapped to the public reader path for Colossians. Use this card to open chapter 1 and move directly into the study surface.

  • Coverage: 4 rendered chapters
  • Current public use: chapter reader path for Colossians

Open Colossians

New Testament Letters

1 Thessalonians

Rendered chapters 1–5 are mapped to the public reader path for 1 Thessalonians. Use this card to open chapter 1 and move directly into the study surface.

  • Coverage: 5 rendered chapters
  • Current public use: chapter reader path for 1 Thessalonians

Open 1 Thessalonians

New Testament Letters

2 Thessalonians

Rendered chapters 1–3 are mapped to the public reader path for 2 Thessalonians. Use this card to open chapter 1 and move directly into the study surface.

  • Coverage: 3 rendered chapters
  • Current public use: chapter reader path for 2 Thessalonians

Open 2 Thessalonians

New Testament Letters

1 Timothy

Rendered chapters 1–6 are mapped to the public reader path for 1 Timothy. Use this card to open chapter 1 and move directly into the study surface.

  • Coverage: 6 rendered chapters
  • Current public use: chapter reader path for 1 Timothy

Open 1 Timothy

New Testament Letters

2 Timothy

Rendered chapters 1–4 are mapped to the public reader path for 2 Timothy. Use this card to open chapter 1 and move directly into the study surface.

  • Coverage: 4 rendered chapters
  • Current public use: chapter reader path for 2 Timothy

Open 2 Timothy

New Testament Letters

Titus

Rendered chapters 1–3 are mapped to the public reader path for Titus. Use this card to open chapter 1 and move directly into the study surface.

  • Coverage: 3 rendered chapters
  • Current public use: chapter reader path for Titus

Open Titus

New Testament Letters

Philemon

Rendered chapter 1 are mapped to the public reader path for Philemon. Use this card to open chapter 1 and move directly into the study surface.

  • Coverage: 1 rendered chapter
  • Current public use: chapter reader path for Philemon

Open Philemon

New Testament Letters

Hebrews

Rendered chapters 1–13 are mapped to the public reader path for Hebrews. Use this card to open chapter 1 and move directly into the study surface.

  • Coverage: 13 rendered chapters
  • Current public use: chapter reader path for Hebrews

Open Hebrews

New Testament Letters

James

Rendered chapters 1–5 are mapped to the public reader path for James. Use this card to open chapter 1 and move directly into the study surface.

  • Coverage: 5 rendered chapters
  • Current public use: chapter reader path for James

Open James

New Testament Letters

1 Peter

Rendered chapters 1–5 are mapped to the public reader path for 1 Peter. Use this card to open chapter 1 and move directly into the study surface.

  • Coverage: 5 rendered chapters
  • Current public use: chapter reader path for 1 Peter

Open 1 Peter

New Testament Letters

2 Peter

Rendered chapters 1–3 are mapped to the public reader path for 2 Peter. Use this card to open chapter 1 and move directly into the study surface.

  • Coverage: 3 rendered chapters
  • Current public use: chapter reader path for 2 Peter

Open 2 Peter

New Testament Letters

1 John

Rendered chapters 1–5 are mapped to the public reader path for 1 John. Use this card to open chapter 1 and move directly into the study surface.

  • Coverage: 5 rendered chapters
  • Current public use: chapter reader path for 1 John

Open 1 John

New Testament Letters

2 John

Rendered chapter 1 are mapped to the public reader path for 2 John. Use this card to open chapter 1 and move directly into the study surface.

  • Coverage: 1 rendered chapter
  • Current public use: chapter reader path for 2 John

Open 2 John

New Testament Letters

3 John

Rendered chapter 1 are mapped to the public reader path for 3 John. Use this card to open chapter 1 and move directly into the study surface.

  • Coverage: 1 rendered chapter
  • Current public use: chapter reader path for 3 John

Open 3 John

New Testament Letters

Jude

Rendered chapter 1 are mapped to the public reader path for Jude. Use this card to open chapter 1 and move directly into the study surface.

  • Coverage: 1 rendered chapter
  • Current public use: chapter reader path for Jude

Open Jude

New Testament Apocalypse

Revelation

Rendered chapters 1–22 are mapped to the public reader path for Revelation. Use this card to open chapter 1 and move directly into the study surface.

  • Coverage: 22 rendered chapters
  • Current public use: chapter reader path for Revelation

Open Revelation

What this explorer shows today

The public reader has book-by-book chapter entry points across the 66-book canon. Deeper corpus and provenance details stay on the supporting Bible Data shelves.

Return to Apologetics Bible Use Bible Insights Use Bible Data

Scroll to Top