Apologetics Bible

Matthew 28:1

Greek

Ὀψὲ δὲ σαββάτων, τῇ ἐπιφωσκούσῃ εἰς μίαν σαββάτων, ἦλθεν ⸀Μαριὰμ ἡ Μαγδαληνὴ καὶ ἡ ἄλλη Μαρία θεωρῆσαι τὸν τάφον.

Opse de sabbaton, te epiphoskoyse eis mian sabbaton, elthen Mariam e Magdalene kai e alle Maria theoresai ton taphon.

KJV: In the end of the sabbath, as it began to dawn toward the first day of the week, came Mary Magdalene and the other Mary to see the sepulchre.

AKJV: In the end of the sabbath, as it began to dawn toward the first day of the week, came Mary Magdalene and the other Mary to see the sepulcher.

ASV: Now late on the sabbath day, as it began to dawn toward the first day of the week, came Mary Magdalene and the other Mary to see the sepulchre.

YLT: And on the eve of the sabbaths, at the dawn, toward the first of the sabbaths, came Mary the Magdalene, and the other Mary, to see the sepulchre,

Exposition: After the Sabbath, at dawn on the first day of the week, Mary Magdalene and the other Mary went to look at the tomb.

Apologetics Notes

• Scientific Correlation: The specific day notation — first day of the week, after Sabbath — grounds the resurrection in a precisely datable moment within Jewish weekly structure.

• Koine Greek Grammar: 'Late on the Sabbath, as it began to dawn toward the first day' (opse de sabbatōn) — precise Jewish time notation.

• Historical Evidence: All four Gospels independently specify 'first day of the week' for the resurrection discovery — one of the most multiply-attested details in the passion narratives.

Matthew 28:2

Greek

καὶ ἰδοὺ σεισμὸς ἐγένετο μέγας· ἄγγελος γὰρ κυρίου καταβὰς ἐξ οὐρανοῦ ⸀καὶ προσελθὼν ἀπεκύλισε τὸν ⸀λίθον καὶ ἐκάθητο ἐπάνω αὐτοῦ.

kai idoy seismos egeneto megas· aggelos gar kyrioy katabas ex oyranoy kai proselthon apekylise ton lithon kai ekatheto epano aytoy.

KJV: And, behold, there was a great earthquake: for the angel of the Lord descended from heaven, and came and rolled back the stone from the door, and sat upon it.

AKJV: And, behold, there was a great earthquake: for the angel of the Lord descended from heaven, and came and rolled back the stone from the door, and sat on it.

ASV: And behold, there was a great earthquake; for an angel of the Lord descended from heaven, and came and rolled away the stone, and sat upon it.

YLT: and lo, there came a great earthquake, for a messenger of the Lord, having come down out of heaven, having come, did roll away the stone from the door, and was sitting upon it,

Exposition: There was a violent earthquake, for an angel of the Lord came down from heaven and rolled back the stone and sat on it.

Apologetics Notes

• Scientific Correlation: Angels in Matthew consistently accompany divine intervention; the earthquake marks a theophanic moment.

• Koine Greek Grammar: 'Great earthquake' (seismos megas) — the same language as 27:51; resurrection is framed as a cosmos-shaking event.

• Historical Evidence: The angel rolling the stone is not to let Jesus out (resurrection had already occurred) but to reveal the empty tomb to witnesses — an apologetics detail often missed.

Matthew 28:3

Greek

ἦν δὲ ἡ εἰδέα αὐτοῦ ⸀ὡς ἀστραπὴ καὶ τὸ ἔνδυμα αὐτοῦ λευκὸν ὡς χιών.

en de e eidea aytoy os astrape kai to endyma aytoy leykon os chion.

KJV: His countenance was like lightning, and his raiment white as snow:

AKJV: His countenance was like lightning, and his raiment white as snow:

ASV: His appearance was as lightning, and his raiment white as snow:

YLT: and his countenance was as lightning, and his clothing white as snow,

Exposition: His appearance was like lightning, and his clothes were white as snow — the angelic theophanic appearance.

Apologetics Notes

• Scientific Correlation: White apparel and lightning-appearance are consistent OT and NT theophany markers (Dan 7:9; Rev 1:14) — not poetic invention but a recognized register.

• Koine Greek Grammar: 'Lightning' (astraptē) — instantaneous, blinding radiance; 'white as snow' — purity and transcendence combined.

• Historical Evidence: The guards' response (v. 4) — shaking and becoming like dead men — confirms the genuine terror of the encounter.

Matthew 28:4

Greek

ἀπὸ δὲ τοῦ φόβου αὐτοῦ ἐσείσθησαν οἱ τηροῦντες καὶ ἐγενήθησαν ⸀ὡς νεκροί.

apo de toy phoboy aytoy eseisthesan oi teroyntes kai egenethesan os nekroi.

KJV: And for fear of him the keepers did shake, and became as dead men.

AKJV: And for fear of him the keepers did shake, and became as dead men.

ASV: and for fear of him the watchers did quake, and became as dead men.

YLT: and from the fear of him did the keepers shake, and they became as dead men.

Exposition: The guards shook with fear of him and became like dead men.

Apologetics Notes

• Scientific Correlation: Roman soldiers trained to resist fear are prostrated — they are involuntary witnesses.

• Koine Greek Grammar: 'Like dead men' (hōsei nekroi) — they collapsed, the same posture John adopts before the risen Christ (Rev 1:17).

• Historical Evidence: The guards were placed precisely to prevent resurrection claims, yet became the first non-disciple witnesses.

Matthew 28:5

Greek

ἀποκριθεὶς δὲ ὁ ἄγγελος εἶπεν ταῖς γυναιξίν· Μὴ φοβεῖσθε ὑμεῖς, οἶδα γὰρ ὅτι Ἰησοῦν τὸν ἐσταυρωμένον ζητεῖτε·

apokritheis de o aggelos eipen tais gynaixin· Me phobeisthe ymeis, oida gar oti Iesoyn ton estayromenon zeteite·

KJV: And the angel answered and said unto the women, Fear not ye: for I know that ye seek Jesus, which was crucified.

AKJV: And the angel answered and said to the women, Fear not you: for I know that you seek Jesus, which was crucified.

ASV: And the angel answered and said unto the women, Fear not ye; for I know that ye seek Jesus, who hath been crucified.

YLT: And the messenger answering said to the women, `Fear not ye, for I have known that Jesus, who hath been crucified, ye seek;

Exposition: The angel said to the women, 'Do not be afraid, for I know that you are looking for Jesus, who was crucified.'

Apologetics Notes

• Scientific Correlation: The angel's first words dismantle fear and confirm identity — the crucified one is the subject of the resurrection claim from the start.

• Koine Greek Grammar: 'Crucified' (estaurōmenon) — perfect passive participle: the crucifixion is a permanent identity-marker even in the resurrection announcement.

• Historical Evidence: The crucifixion as a fixed historical reference point is embedded in the earliest resurrection proclamation — it cannot be disentangled from the claim.

Matthew 28:6

Greek

οὐκ ἔστιν ὧδε, ἠγέρθη γὰρ καθὼς εἶπεν· δεῦτε ἴδετε τὸν τόπον ὅπου ⸀ἔκειτο·

oyk estin ode, egerthe gar kathos eipen· deyte idete ton topon opoy ekeito·

KJV: He is not here: for he is risen, as he said. Come, see the place where the Lord lay.

AKJV: He is not here: for he is risen, as he said. Come, see the place where the Lord lay.

ASV: He is not here; for he is risen, even as he said. Come, see the place where the Lord lay.

YLT: he is not here, for he rose, as he said; come, see the place where the Lord was lying;

Exposition: He is not here; he has risen, just as he said. Come and see the place where he lay.

Apologetics Notes

• Scientific Correlation: The empty tomb is the physical starting point of all resurrection evidence; 'Come and see' is an invitation to empirical investigation, not mere hearsay.

• Koine Greek Grammar: 'He has risen' (ēgerthē) — divine passive: God raised Him. 'Just as he said' links the resurrection to pre-announced prediction.

• Historical Evidence: That the tomb was empty is not contested by any first-century source — friend or foe. The Jewish authorities' bribe (vv. 12-13) acknowledges it while offering an alternative explanation.

Matthew 28:7

Greek

καὶ ταχὺ πορευθεῖσαι εἴπατε τοῖς μαθηταῖς αὐτοῦ ὅτι Ἠγέρθη ἀπὸ τῶν νεκρῶν, καὶ ἰδοὺ προάγει ὑμᾶς εἰς τὴν Γαλιλαίαν, ἐκεῖ αὐτὸν ὄψεσθε· ἰδοὺ εἶπον ὑμῖν.

kai tachy poreytheisai eipate tois mathetais aytoy oti Egerthe apo ton nekron, kai idoy proagei ymas eis ten Galilaian, ekei ayton opsesthe· idoy eipon ymin.

KJV: And go quickly, and tell his disciples that he is risen from the dead; and, behold, he goeth before you into Galilee; there shall ye see him: lo, I have told you.

AKJV: And go quickly, and tell his disciples that he is risen from the dead; and, behold, he goes before you into Galilee; there shall you see him: see, I have told you.

ASV: And go quickly, and tell his disciples, He is risen from the dead; and lo, he goeth before you into Galilee; there shall ye see him: lo, I have told you.

YLT: and having gone quickly, say ye to his disciples, that he rose from the dead; and lo, he doth go before you to Galilee, there ye shall see him; lo, I have told you.'

Exposition: Then go quickly and tell his disciples: 'He has risen from the dead and is going ahead of you into Galilee. There you will see him.'

Apologetics Notes

• Scientific Correlation: The command to go and tell makes the women the first resurrection evangelists — remarkable given that women's testimony was legally discounted in 1st-century Jewish culture.

• Koine Greek Grammar: 'Go quickly' (poreutheis taxu) — urgency that serves the commissioning purpose; the resurrection cannot be private.

• Historical Evidence: Using women as primary resurrection witnesses would be a liability in any deliberate legend-construction — its presence argues for historical memory.

Matthew 28:8

Greek

καὶ ⸀ἀπελθοῦσαι ταχὺ ἀπὸ τοῦ μνημείου μετὰ φόβου καὶ χαρᾶς μεγάλης ἔδραμον ἀπαγγεῖλαι τοῖς μαθηταῖς αὐτοῦ.

kai apelthoysai tachy apo toy mnemeioy meta phoboy kai charas megales edramon apaggeilai tois mathetais aytoy.

KJV: And they departed quickly from the sepulchre with fear and great joy; and did run to bring his disciples word.

AKJV: And they departed quickly from the sepulcher with fear and great joy; and did run to bring his disciples word. ¶

ASV: And they departed quickly from the tomb with fear and great joy, and ran to bring his disciples word.

YLT: And having gone forth quickly from the tomb, with fear and great joy, they ran to tell to his disciples;

Exposition: So the women hurried away from the tomb, afraid yet filled with great joy, and ran to tell his disciples.

Apologetics Notes

• Scientific Correlation: Fear and joy co-existing is psychologically precise for an unprecedented, world-altering experience — neither pure joy nor pure terror alone would be credible.

• Koine Greek Grammar: The Greek meta phobou kai charas megalēs — 'with fear and great joy' — combines what would normally be mutually exclusive.

• Historical Evidence: The emotional mix — terror and elation — is one of the markers of authentic memory rather than composed legend.

Matthew 28:9

Greek

⸀καὶ ⸀ἰδοὺ Ἰησοῦς ⸀ὑπήντησεν αὐταῖς λέγων· Χαίρετε· αἱ δὲ προσελθοῦσαι ἐκράτησαν αὐτοῦ τοὺς πόδας καὶ προσεκύνησαν αὐτῷ.

kai idoy Iesoys ypentesen aytais legon· Chairete· ai de proselthoysai ekratesan aytoy toys podas kai prosekynesan ayto.

KJV: And as they went to tell his disciples, behold, Jesus met them, saying, All hail. And they came and held him by the feet, and worshipped him.

AKJV: And as they went to tell his disciples, behold, Jesus met them, saying, All hail. And they came and held him by the feet, and worshipped him.

ASV: And behold, Jesus met them, saying, All hail. And they came and took hold of his feet, and worshipped him.

YLT: and as they were going to tell to his disciples, then lo, Jesus met them, saying, `Hail!' and they having come near, laid hold of his feet, and did bow to him.

Exposition: Suddenly Jesus met them. 'Greetings,' he said. They came to him, clasped his feet and worshipped him.

Apologetics Notes

• Scientific Correlation: The bodily resurrection is stressed: feet can be grasped — the resurrection body is tangible (cf. John 20:27; Luke 24:39-40).

• Koine Greek Grammar: 'Clasped his feet' (ekratēsan autou tous podas) — emphatic physical contact, directly countering any ghostly or spiritual-only interpretation.

• Historical Evidence: The risen Jesus' physical touchability eliminates the hallucination hypothesis — shared physical contact cannot be individual psychological projection.

Matthew 28:10

Greek

τότε λέγει αὐταῖς ὁ Ἰησοῦς· Μὴ φοβεῖσθε· ὑπάγετε ἀπαγγείλατε τοῖς ἀδελφοῖς μου ἵνα ἀπέλθωσιν εἰς τὴν Γαλιλαίαν, κἀκεῖ με ὄψονται.

tote legei aytais o Iesoys· Me phobeisthe· ypagete apaggeilate tois adelphois moy ina apelthosin eis ten Galilaian, kakei me opsontai.

KJV: Then said Jesus unto them, Be not afraid: go tell my brethren that they go into Galilee, and there shall they see me.

AKJV: Then said Jesus to them, Be not afraid: go tell my brothers that they go into Galilee, and there shall they see me. ¶

ASV: Then saith Jesus unto them, Fear not: go tell my brethren that they depart into Galilee, and there shall they see me.

YLT: Then saith Jesus to them, `Fear ye not, go away, tell to my brethren that they may go away to Galilee, and there they shall see me.'

Exposition: Then Jesus said to them, 'Do not be afraid. Go and tell my brothers to go to Galilee; there they will see me.'

Apologetics Notes

• Scientific Correlation: The 'brothers' terminology for disciples represents a post-resurrection relational upgrade — death and rising have changed the relationship.

• Koine Greek Grammar: 'My brothers' (adelphoi mou) — used only here by Matthew's Jesus for the disciples; the resurrection creates new kinship categories.

• Historical Evidence: The Galilee appearances cover all the major disciple communities: Jerusalem appearances first (Luke 24), then Galilee (Matt 28; John 21).

Matthew 28:11

Greek

Πορευομένων δὲ αὐτῶν ἰδού τινες τῆς κουστωδίας ἐλθόντες εἰς τὴν πόλιν ἀπήγγειλαν τοῖς ἀρχιερεῦσιν ἅπαντα τὰ γενόμενα.

Poreyomenon de ayton idoy tines tes koystodias elthontes eis ten polin apeggeilan tois archiereysin apanta ta genomena.

KJV: Now when they were going, behold, some of the watch came into the city, and shewed unto the chief priests all the things that were done.

AKJV: Now when they were going, behold, some of the watch came into the city, and showed to the chief priests all the things that were done.

ASV: Now while they were going, behold, some of the guard came into the city, and told unto the chief priests all the things that were come to pass.

YLT: And while they are going on, lo, certain of the watch having come to the city, told to the chief priests all the things that happened,

Exposition: While the women were on their way, some of the guards went into the city and reported to the chief priests everything that had happened.

Apologetics Notes

• Scientific Correlation: The guards' report is Matthew's unique contribution to the resurrection evidence: the soldiers witness it rather than prevent it.

• Koine Greek Grammar: 'Everything that happened' (hapanta ta genomena) — a comprehensive firsthand military report.

• Historical Evidence: Roman guards reporting to Jewish priests (rather than to Pilate) indicates a prior arrangement — the chief priests had been given custody of the guard (27:65).

Matthew 28:12

Greek

καὶ συναχθέντες μετὰ τῶν πρεσβυτέρων συμβούλιόν τε λαβόντες ἀργύρια ἱκανὰ ἔδωκαν τοῖς στρατιώταις

kai synachthentes meta ton presbyteron symboylion te labontes argyria ikana edokan tois stratiotais

KJV: And when they were assembled with the elders, and had taken counsel, they gave large money unto the soldiers,

AKJV: And when they were assembled with the elders, and had taken counsel, they gave large money to the soldiers,

ASV: And when they were assembled with the elders, and had taken counsel, they gave much money unto the soldiers,

YLT: and having been gathered together with the elders, counsel also having taken, they gave much money to the soldiers,

Exposition: When the chief priests had met with the elders and devised a plan, they gave the soldiers a large sum of money.

Apologetics Notes

• Scientific Correlation: The bribe confirms: (1) the tomb was empty, (2) the authorities knew it, (3) they could not produce a body.

• Koine Greek Grammar: 'Devised a plan' (symboulion labontes) — the same council that plotted Jesus' death now plots to suppress His resurrection.

• Historical Evidence: No known 1st-century Jewish or Roman source claims the body was still in the tomb; all alternative explanations assume the empty tomb as their starting point.

Matthew 28:13

Greek

λέγοντες· Εἴπατε ὅτι Οἱ μαθηταὶ αὐτοῦ νυκτὸς ἐλθόντες ἔκλεψαν αὐτὸν ἡμῶν κοιμωμένων·

legontes· Eipate oti Oi mathetai aytoy nyktos elthontes eklepsan ayton emon koimomenon·

KJV: Saying, Say ye, His disciples came by night, and stole him away while we slept.

AKJV: Saying, Say you, His disciples came by night, and stole him away while we slept.

ASV: saying, Say ye, His disciples came by night, and stole him away while we slept.

YLT: saying, `Say ye, that his disciples having come by night, stole him--we being asleep;

Exposition: 'You are to say, "His disciples came during the night and stole him away while we were asleep."'

Apologetics Notes

• Scientific Correlation: The stolen-body hypothesis is the oldest anti-resurrection argument and the weakest: sleeping guards cannot testify to what happened while asleep; disturbing a Roman guard was a capital offence.

• Koine Greek Grammar: 'While we were asleep' (koimōmenōn hēmōn) — a genitive absolute that undermines its own claim: sleeping witnesses are non-witnesses.

• Historical Evidence: Justin Martyr (c. AD 160) and Tertullian (c. AD 200) both report that the 'disciples stole the body' claim was still being circulated — confirming Matthew's account of its origin.

Matthew 28:14

Greek

καὶ ἐὰν ἀκουσθῇ τοῦτο ⸀ἐπὶ τοῦ ἡγεμόνος, ἡμεῖς πείσομεν ⸀αὐτὸν καὶ ὑμᾶς ἀμερίμνους ποιήσομεν.

kai ean akoysthe toyto epi toy egemonos, emeis peisomen ayton kai ymas amerimnoys poiesomen.

KJV: And if this come to the governor’s ears, we will persuade him, and secure you.

AKJV: And if this come to the governor’s ears, we will persuade him, and secure you.

ASV: And if this come to the governor’s ears, we will persuade him, and rid you of care.

YLT: and if this be heard by the governor, we will persuade him, and you keep free from anxiety.'

Exposition: 'If this report gets to the governor, we will satisfy him and keep you out of trouble.'

Apologetics Notes

• Scientific Correlation: The chief priests offer legal protection against the capital charge of sleeping on watch — acknowledging the soldiers had a real legal problem.

• Koine Greek Grammar: 'If this comes before the governor' — a conditional assuming possible exposure; the priests' protection is their only cover.

• Historical Evidence: Sleeping on guard duty was punishable by death in Roman military law (Acts 12:19 shows a parallel).

Matthew 28:15

Greek

οἱ δὲ λαβόντες ⸀τὰ ἀργύρια ἐποίησαν ὡς ἐδιδάχθησαν. Καὶ διεφημίσθη ὁ λόγος οὗτος παρὰ Ἰουδαίοις μέχρι τῆς σήμερον ⸀ἡμέρας.

oi de labontes ta argyria epoiesan os edidachthesan. Kai diephemisthe o logos oytos para Ioydaiois mechri tes semeron emeras.

KJV: So they took the money, and did as they were taught: and this saying is commonly reported among the Jews until this day.

AKJV: So they took the money, and did as they were taught: and this saying is commonly reported among the Jews until this day. ¶

ASV: So they took the money, and did as they were taught: and this saying was spread abroad among the Jews, and continueth until this day.

YLT: And they, having received the money, did as they were taught, and this account was spread abroad among Jews till this day.

Exposition: So the soldiers took the money and did as they were instructed. And this story has been widely circulated among the Jews to this very day.

Apologetics Notes

• Scientific Correlation: Matthew's present-tense note ('to this day') places the narrative in dialogue with live claims circulating in his own community.

• Koine Greek Grammar: 'This day' (mechri tēs sēmeron) — Matthew writes within living memory of the events; the cover story is still in play.

• Historical Evidence: The continuing circulation of the stolen-body narrative in Matthew's time (c. AD 50-60) confirms both that the tomb was known to be empty and that a satisfying natural explanation was unavailable.

Matthew 28:16

Greek

Οἱ δὲ ἕνδεκα μαθηταὶ ἐπορεύθησαν εἰς τὴν Γαλιλαίαν εἰς τὸ ὄρος οὗ ἐτάξατο αὐτοῖς ὁ Ἰησοῦς,

Oi de endeka mathetai eporeythesan eis ten Galilaian eis to oros oy etaxato aytois o Iesoys,

KJV: Then the eleven disciples went away into Galilee, into a mountain where Jesus had appointed them.

AKJV: Then the eleven disciples went away into Galilee, into a mountain where Jesus had appointed them.

ASV: But the eleven disciples went into Galilee, unto the mountain where Jesus had appointed them.

YLT: And the eleven disciples went to Galilee, to the mount where Jesus appointed them,

Exposition: Then the eleven disciples went to Galilee, to the mountain where Jesus had told them to go.

Apologetics Notes

• Scientific Correlation: The Galilee meeting was pre-arranged — not spontaneous — consistent with the 500-witness account in 1 Cor 15:6.

• Koine Greek Grammar: 'The eleven' — the reduced number post-Judas is stated without explanation or apology; authentic detail.

• Historical Evidence: The Galilean appearance likely corresponds to 1 Corinthians 15:6's 'more than 500 brethren at once' — a publicly checkable claim Paul makes while most were still living.

Matthew 28:17

Greek

καὶ ἰδόντες αὐτὸν ⸀προσεκύνησαν, οἱ δὲ ἐδίστασαν.

kai idontes ayton prosekynesan, oi de edistasan.

KJV: And when they saw him, they worshipped him: but some doubted.

AKJV: And when they saw him, they worshipped him: but some doubted.

ASV: And when they saw him, they worshipped him; but some doubted.

YLT: and having seen him, they bowed to him, but some did waver.

Exposition: When they saw him, they worshipped him; but some doubted.

Apologetics Notes

• Scientific Correlation: The honest inclusion of doubt among the eleven is an apologetics asset: this is not triumphalist legend-making but candid reporting.

• Koine Greek Grammar: 'Some doubted' (hoi de edistasan) — the verb distazō (to stand in two places) expresses genuine cognitive hesitation.

• Historical Evidence: Legends typically eliminate doubt from their hero-narratives; Matthew's retention of doubt marks authentic memory.

Matthew 28:18

Greek

καὶ προσελθὼν ὁ Ἰησοῦς ἐλάλησεν αὐτοῖς λέγων· Ἐδόθη μοι πᾶσα ἐξουσία ἐν οὐρανῷ καὶ ἐπὶ ⸀τῆς γῆς·

kai proselthon o Iesoys elalesen aytois legon· Edothe moi pasa exoysia en oyrano kai epi tes ges·

KJV: And Jesus came and spake unto them, saying, All power is given unto me in heaven and in earth.

AKJV: And Jesus came and spoke to them, saying, All power is given to me in heaven and in earth. ¶

ASV: And Jesus came to them and spake unto them, saying, All authority hath been given unto me in heaven and on earth.

YLT: And having come near, Jesus spake to them, saying, `Given to me was all authority in heaven and on earth;

Exposition: Then Jesus came to them and said, 'All authority in heaven and on earth has been given to me.'

Apologetics Notes

• Scientific Correlation: The resurrection is the ground of cosmic authority; 'in heaven and on earth' is a biblical merism for total sovereignty.

• Koine Greek Grammar: 'Has been given' (edothē) — divine passive; God the Father grants universal authority to the risen Son.

• Historical Evidence: Daniel 7:13-14 is the background: the Son of Man receives authority from the Ancient of Days — Jesus maps His resurrection onto that heavenly investiture scene.

Matthew 28:19

Greek

πορευθέντες ⸀οὖν μαθητεύσατε πάντα τὰ ἔθνη, ⸀βαπτίζοντες αὐτοὺς εἰς τὸ ὄνομα τοῦ πατρὸς καὶ τοῦ υἱοῦ καὶ τοῦ ἁγίου πνεύματος,

poreythentes oyn matheteysate panta ta ethne, baptizontes aytoys eis to onoma toy patros kai toy yioy kai toy agioy pneymatos,

KJV: Go ye therefore, and teach all nations, baptizing them in the name of the Father, and of the Son, and of the Holy Ghost:

AKJV: Go you therefore, and teach all nations, baptizing them in the name of the Father, and of the Son, and of the Holy Ghost:

ASV: Go ye therefore, and make disciples of all the nations, baptizing them into the name of the Father and of the Son and of the Holy Spirit:

YLT: having gone, then, disciple all the nations, (baptizing them--to the name of the Father, and of the Son, and of the Holy Spirit,

Exposition: Therefore go and make disciples of all nations, baptizing them in the name of the Father and of the Son and of the Holy Spirit.

Apologetics Notes

• Scientific Correlation: The singular 'name' (onoma) for three persons is the NT's most explicit liturgical Trinitarianism — one name shared by Father, Son, and Spirit.

• Koine Greek Grammar: 'In the name' (eis to onoma) — the singular 'name' encompassing three persons challenges both modalism and tri-theism; earliest baptismal theology is implicitly Trinitarian.

• Historical Evidence: The Trinitarian baptismal formula is attested in the Didache (c. AD 80-100) and Ignatius (c. AD 110), confirming its immediate post-apostolic use.

Matthew 28:20

Greek

διδάσκοντες αὐτοὺς τηρεῖν πάντα ὅσα ἐνετειλάμην ὑμῖν· καὶ ἰδοὺ ἐγὼ μεθʼ ὑμῶν εἰμι πάσας τὰς ἡμέρας ἕως τῆς συντελείας τοῦ ⸀αἰῶνος.

didaskontes aytoys terein panta osa eneteilamen ymin· kai idoy ego meth ymon eimi pasas tas emeras eos tes synteleias toy aionos.

KJV: Teaching them to observe all things whatsoever I have commanded you: and, lo, I am with you alway, even unto the end of the world. Amen.

AKJV: Teaching them to observe all things whatever I have commanded you: and, see, I am with you always, even to the end of the world. Amen.

ASV: teaching them to observe all things whatsoever I commanded you: and lo, I am with you always, even unto the end of the world.

YLT: teaching them to observe all, whatever I did command you,) and lo, I am with you all the days--till the full end of the age.'

Exposition: 'And teaching them to obey everything I have commanded you. And surely I am with you always, to the very end of the age.'

Apologetics Notes

• Scientific Correlation: The Great Commission's scope — all nations, all commands, all time — is unbounded by any ordinary human figure's authority.

• Koine Greek Grammar: 'All the days until the consummation' (pasas tas hēmeras heōs tēs synteleias) — continuous present presence through every single day.

• Historical Evidence: The promise of permanent presence echoes Immanuel ('God with us', 1:23) — Matthew brackets his Gospel with the 'with us' theme, closing the theological arc opened in the Prologue.