Apologetics Bible
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Numbers (Bamidbar — "In the wilderness") records Israel's 40-year journey through the Sinai desert, framing disobedience and consequence alongside God's patient, covenant-sustaining provision.
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Connected primary witness
- Connected ID:
Numbers_30
- Primary Witness Text: And Moses spake unto the heads of the tribes concerning the children of Israel, saying, This is the thing which the LORD hath commanded. If a man vow a vow unto the LORD, or swear an oath to bind his soul with a bond; he shall not break his word, he shall do according to all that proceedeth out of his mouth. If a woman also vow a vow unto the LORD, and bind herself by a bond, being in her father’s house in her youth; And her father hear her vow, and her bond wherewith she hath bound her soul, and her father shall hold his peace at her: then all her vows shall stand, and every bond wherewith she hath bound her soul shall stand. But if her father disallow her in the day that he heareth; not any of her vows, or of her bonds wherewith she hath bound her soul, shall stand: and the LORD shall forgive her, because her father disallowed her. And if she had at all an husband, when she vowed, or uttered ought out of her lips, wherewith she bound her soul; And her husband heard it, and held his peace at her in the day that he heard it: then her vows shall stand, and her bonds wherewith she bound her soul shall stand. But if her husband disallowed her on the day that he heard it; then he shall make her vow which she vowed, and that which she uttered with her lips, wherewith she bound her soul, of none effect: and the LORD shall forgive her. But every vow of a widow, and of her that is divorced, wherewith they have bound their souls, shall stand against her. And if she vowed in her husban...
Connected dataset overlay
- Connected ID:
Numbers_30
- Chapter Blob Preview: And Moses spake unto the heads of the tribes concerning the children of Israel, saying, This is the thing which the LORD hath commanded. If a man vow a vow unto the LORD, or swear an oath to bind his soul with a bond; he shall not break his word, he shall do according to all that proceedeth out of his mouth. If a woman also vow a vow unto the LORD, and bind herself by a bond, b...
Chapter frameStart here before opening notes.
Chapter frame
Numbers (Bamidbar — "In the wilderness") records Israel's 40-year journey through the Sinai desert, framing disobedience and consequence alongside God's patient, covenant-sustaining provision.
The book's apologetics yield is significant: the bronze serpent episode (21:8-9) is cited by Jesus as a direct type of His own crucifixion (John 3:14-15); the Balaam oracles (chs. 22-24) contain one of the OT's earliest messianic star prophecies (24:17); and the Levitical census figures inform scholarly discussion of ancient Near Eastern population records and the historicity of the Exodus.
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Numbers 30:1
Hebrew
וַיֹּאמֶר מֹשֶׁה אֶל־בְּנֵי יִשְׂרָאֵל כְּכֹל אֲשֶׁר־צִוָּה יְהוָה אֶת־מֹשֶֽׁה׃vayo'mer-mosheh-'el-veney-yishera'el-khekhol-'asher-tzivah-yehvah-'et-mosheh
KJV: And Moses spake unto the heads of the tribes concerning the children of Israel, saying, This is the thing which the LORD hath commanded.
AKJV: And Moses spoke to the heads of the tribes concerning the children of Israel, saying, This is the thing which the LORD has commanded.
ASV: And Moses spake unto the heads of the tribes of the children of Israel, saying, This is the thing which Jehovah hath commanded.
YLT: And Moses speaketh unto the heads of the tribes of the sons of Israel, saying, `This is the thing which Jehovah hath commanded:
Exposition: Numbers 30:1 emphasizes a key movement in the chapter's argument. In KJV form, the text reads: 'And Moses spake unto the heads of the tribes concerning the children of Israel, saying, This is the thing which the LORD hath commanded.'. Read in canonical context, the verse supports the coherence of biblical revelation by linking doctrine, narrative, and covenantal meaning.
Apologetics Notes
- Scientific Correlation: This verse is suitable for cumulative-case reasoning in apologetics: historical context, textual stability, and worldview coherence are evaluated together rather than in isolation.
- Hebrew Grammar: A close Hebrew reading should attend lexical range, clause flow, and discourse function in context; these controls reduce over-reading and preserve authorial intent.
- Historical Evidence: Historically, this verse is interpreted within the received canonical tradition, where manuscript continuity and early community usage support stable transmission and meaning.
Numbers 30:2
Hebrew
וַיְדַבֵּר מֹשֶׁה אֶל־רָאשֵׁי הַמַּטּוֹת לִבְנֵי יִשְׂרָאֵל לֵאמֹר זֶה הַדָּבָר אֲשֶׁר צִוָּה יְהוָֽה׃vayedaver-mosheh-'el-ra'shey-hamatvot-liveney-yishera'el-le'mor-zeh-hadavar-'asher-tzivah-yehvah
KJV: If a man vow a vow unto the LORD, or swear an oath to bind his soul with a bond; he shall not break his word, he shall do according to all that proceedeth out of his mouth.
AKJV: If a man vow a vow to the LORD, or swear an oath to bind his soul with a bond; he shall not break his word, he shall do according to all that proceeds out of his mouth.
ASV: When a man voweth a vow unto Jehovah, or sweareth an oath to bind his soul with a bond, he shall not break his word; he shall do according to all that proceedeth out of his mouth.
YLT: `When a man voweth a vow to Jehovah, or hath sworn an oath to bind a bond on his soul, he doth not pollute his word; according to all that is going out from his mouth he doth.
Commentary Witness (Generated)Numbers 30:2Generated editorial synthesis
Commentary Witness (Generated)
Numbers 30:2
Numbers 30:2 advances the immediate literary flow of the chapter and should be interpreted in its canonical context, not as an isolated proof text. In the present translation it reads: 'If a man vow a vow unto the LORD, or swear an oath to bind his soul with a bond; he shall not break his word, he shall do according to all that proceedeth out of his mouth.'. A close Hebrew reading supports attention to key lexical choices, clause movement, and redemptive-historical placement so doctrinal conclusions remain textually grounded.
Provenance. Rendered as an editorial synthesis tied to the canonical verse context and current chapter source.
Canonical locus
Numbers 30:2
Source lane
Apologetics Bible source bundle
Biblical cross-references named in the witness
- Numbers 30:2
Exposition: Numbers 30:2 emphasizes a key movement in the chapter's argument. In KJV form, the text reads: 'If a man vow a vow unto the LORD, or swear an oath to bind his soul with a bond; he shall not break his word, he shall do according to all that proceedeth out of his mouth.'. Read in canonical context, the verse supports the coherence of biblical revelation by linking doctrine, narrative, and covenantal meaning.
Apologetics Notes
- Scientific Correlation: This verse is suitable for cumulative-case reasoning in apologetics: historical context, textual stability, and worldview coherence are evaluated together rather than in isolation.
- Hebrew Grammar: A close Hebrew reading should attend lexical range, clause flow, and discourse function in context; these controls reduce over-reading and preserve authorial intent.
- Historical Evidence: Historically, this verse is interpreted within the received canonical tradition, where manuscript continuity and early community usage support stable transmission and meaning.
Numbers 30:3
Hebrew
אִישׁ כִּֽי־יִדֹּר נֶדֶר לַֽיהוָה אֽוֹ־הִשָּׁבַע שְׁבֻעָה לֶאְסֹר אִסָּר עַל־נַפְשׁוֹ לֹא יַחֵל דְּבָרוֹ כְּכָל־הַיֹּצֵא מִפִּיו יַעֲשֶֽׂה׃'iysh-khiy-yidor-neder-layhvah-'vo-hishava'-shevu'ah-le'esor-'isar-'al-nafeshvo-lo'-yachel-devarvo-khekhal-hayotze'-mifiyv-ya'asheh
KJV: If a woman also vow a vow unto the LORD, and bind herself by a bond, being in her father’s house in her youth;
AKJV: If a woman also vow a vow to the LORD, and bind herself by a bond, being in her father’s house in her youth;
ASV: Also when a woman voweth a vow unto Jehovah, and bindeth herself by a bond, being in her father’s house, in her youth,
YLT: `And when a woman voweth a vow to Jehovah, and hath bound a bond in the house of her father in her youth,
Commentary WitnessNumbers 30:3Quoted commentary witness
Commentary Witness
Numbers 30:3
<Si quis.>Animae quae in perfectum virum occurrit, nemo dominatur in votis, sed libertatem suam habet in illis. ORIG., hom. 24 in Num. Votorum lex ponitur, etc., usque ad ut facias tantum quod pertinet ad divinum cultum. ID. Animarum, quae in Ecclesia Dei sunt, etc., usque ad nec necesse sit nobis sub tutoribus et procuratoribus derelinqui a Patre. <Juramento constrinxerit,>etc. AUG., quaest. 56 in Num. Non hoc ad omnem, etc., usque ad sed per votum ipse sibi efficit non licere.
Provenance. Rendered as a quoted commentary witness with explicit reference extraction from the source prose.
Canonical locus
Numbers 30:3
Source lane
Apologetics Bible source bundle
Named authorities or texts detected in the witness
- Num
- Animarum
- Patre
Exposition: Numbers 30:3 emphasizes a key movement in the chapter's argument. In KJV form, the text reads: 'If a woman also vow a vow unto the LORD, and bind herself by a bond, being in her father’s house in her youth;'. Read in canonical context, the verse supports the coherence of biblical revelation by linking doctrine, narrative, and covenantal meaning.
Apologetics Notes
- Scientific Correlation: This verse is suitable for cumulative-case reasoning in apologetics: historical context, textual stability, and worldview coherence are evaluated together rather than in isolation.
- Hebrew Grammar: A close Hebrew reading should attend lexical range, clause flow, and discourse function in context; these controls reduce over-reading and preserve authorial intent.
- Historical Evidence: Historically, this verse is interpreted within the received canonical tradition, where manuscript continuity and early community usage support stable transmission and meaning.
Numbers 30:4
Hebrew
וְאִשָּׁה כִּֽי־תִדֹּר נֶדֶר לַיהוָה וְאָסְרָה אִסָּר בְּבֵית אָבִיהָ בִּנְעֻרֶֽיהָ׃ve'ishah-khiy-tidor-neder-layhvah-ve'aserah-'isar-veveyt-'aviyha-vine'ureyha
KJV: And her father hear her vow, and her bond wherewith she hath bound her soul, and her father shall hold his peace at her: then all her vows shall stand, and every bond wherewith she hath bound her soul shall stand.
AKJV: And her father hear her vow, and her bond with which she has bound her soul, and her father shall hold his peace at her; then all her vows shall stand, and every bond with which she has bound her soul shall stand.
ASV: and her father heareth her vow, and her bond wherewith she hath bound her soul, and her father holdeth his peace at her; then all her vows shall stand, and every bond wherewith she hath bound her soul shall stand.
YLT: and her father hath heard her vow, and her bond which she hath bound on her soul, and her father hath kept silent at her, then have all her vows been established, and every bond which she hath bound on her soul is established.
Commentary WitnessNumbers 30:4Quoted commentary witness
Commentary Witness
Numbers 30:4
<Mulier si,>etc. Id est, si femina, et adhuc tenera fuerit anima, cui vir, vel pater dominatur in votis: non semper in ipsa est culpa, sed interdum redit ad viros vel parentes. <Et juramentum;>LXX: <Et definitiones quas definivit adversus animam suam.>Non quod talibus votis noceant animae suae: sed adversus animam, dicitur adversus animalem delectationem, sicut ibi: <Affligetis animas vestras.>AUG., quaest. 57 Merito quaeritur in hoc loco etiam de voto virginitatis: mulieres enim, etiam virgines, in Scriptura solent appellari; et videtur Apostolus de patre loqui, cum dicit: <Servet virginem suam, et det virginem suam,>etc. I Cor. 7.. Hoc modo, <nuptum>ubi nonnulli intellexerunt virginem suam, id est virginitatem suam: nulla tamen hoc simili Scripturarum locutione demonstrant, cum sit inusitatissima.
Provenance. Rendered as a quoted commentary witness with explicit reference extraction from the source prose.
Canonical locus
Numbers 30:4
Source lane
Apologetics Bible source bundle
Named authorities or texts detected in the witness
- Cor
Exposition: Numbers 30:4 emphasizes a key movement in the chapter's argument. In KJV form, the text reads: 'And her father hear her vow, and her bond wherewith she hath bound her soul, and her father shall hold his peace at her: then all her vows shall stand, and every bond wherewith she hath bound her soul shall stand.'. Read in canonical context, the verse supports the coherence of biblical revelation by linking doctrine, narrative, and covenantal meaning.
Apologetics Notes
- Scientific Correlation: This verse is suitable for cumulative-case reasoning in apologetics: historical context, textual stability, and worldview coherence are evaluated together rather than in isolation.
- Hebrew Grammar: A close Hebrew reading should attend lexical range, clause flow, and discourse function in context; these controls reduce over-reading and preserve authorial intent.
- Historical Evidence: Historically, this verse is interpreted within the received canonical tradition, where manuscript continuity and early community usage support stable transmission and meaning.
Numbers 30:5
Hebrew
וְשָׁמַע אָבִיהָ אֶת־נִדְרָהּ וֽ͏ֶאֱסָרָהּ אֲשֶׁר אֽ͏ָסְרָה עַל־נַפְשָׁהּ וְהֶחֱרִישׁ לָהּ אָבִיהָ וְקָמוּ כָּל־נְדָרֶיהָ וְכָל־אִסָּר אֲשֶׁר־אָסְרָה עַל־נַפְשָׁהּ יָקֽוּם׃veshama'-'aviyha-'et-niderah-ve'esarah-'asher-'aserah-'al-nafeshah-vehecheriysh-lah-'aviyha-veqamv-khal-nedareyha-vekhal-'isar-'asher-'aserah-'al-nafeshah-yaqvm
KJV: But if her father disallow her in the day that he heareth; not any of her vows, or of her bonds wherewith she hath bound her soul, shall stand: and the LORD shall forgive her, because her father disallowed her.
AKJV: But if her father disallow her in the day that he hears; not any of her vows, or of her bonds with which she has bound her soul, shall stand: and the LORD shall forgive her, because her father disallowed her.
ASV: But if her father disallow her in the day that he heareth, none of her vows, or of her bonds wherewith she hath bound her soul, shall stand: and Jehovah will forgive her, because her father disallowed her.
YLT: `And if her father hath disallowed her in the day of his hearing, none of her vows and her bonds which she hath bound on her soul is established, and Jehovah is propitious to her, for her father hath disallowed her.
Commentary Witness (Generated)Numbers 30:5Generated editorial synthesis
Commentary Witness (Generated)
Numbers 30:5
Numbers 30:5 advances the immediate literary flow of the chapter and should be interpreted in its canonical context, not as an isolated proof text. In the present translation it reads: 'But if her father disallow her in the day that he heareth; not any of her vows, or of her bonds wherewith she hath bound her soul, shall stand: and the LORD shall forgive her, because her father disallowed her.'. A close Hebrew reading supports attention to key lexical choices, clause movement, and redemptive-historical placement so doctrinal conclusions remain textually grounded.
Provenance. Rendered as an editorial synthesis tied to the canonical verse context and current chapter source.
Canonical locus
Numbers 30:5
Source lane
Apologetics Bible source bundle
Biblical cross-references named in the witness
- Numbers 30:5
Exposition: Numbers 30:5 emphasizes a key movement in the chapter's argument. In KJV form, the text reads: 'But if her father disallow her in the day that he heareth; not any of her vows, or of her bonds wherewith she hath bound her soul, shall stand: and the LORD shall forgive her, because her father disallowed her.'. Read in canonical context, the verse supports the coherence of biblical revelation by linking doctrine, narrative, and covenantal meaning.
Apologetics Notes
- Scientific Correlation: This verse is suitable for cumulative-case reasoning in apologetics: historical context, textual stability, and worldview coherence are evaluated together rather than in isolation.
- Hebrew Grammar: A close Hebrew reading should attend lexical range, clause flow, and discourse function in context; these controls reduce over-reading and preserve authorial intent.
- Historical Evidence: Historically, this verse is interpreted within the received canonical tradition, where manuscript continuity and early community usage support stable transmission and meaning.
Numbers 30:6
Hebrew
וְאִם־הֵנִיא אָבִיהָ אֹתָהּ בְּיוֹם שָׁמְעוֹ כָּל־נְדָרֶיהָ וֽ͏ֶאֱסָרֶיהָ אֲשֶׁר־אָסְרָה עַל־נַפְשָׁהּ לֹא יָקוּם וַֽיהוָה יִֽסְלַח־לָהּ כִּי־הֵנִיא אָבִיהָ אֹתָֽהּ׃ve'im-heniy'-'aviyha-'otah-veyvom-shame'vo-khal-nedareyha-ve'esareyha-'asher-'aserah-'al-nafeshah-lo'-yaqvm-vayhvah-yiselach-lah-khiy-heniy'-'aviyha-'otah
KJV: And if she had at all an husband, when she vowed, or uttered ought out of her lips, wherewith she bound her soul;
AKJV: And if she had at all an husband, when she vowed, or uttered something out of her lips, with which she bound her soul;
ASV: And if she bemarriedto a husband, while her vows are upon her, or the rash utterance of her lips, wherewith she hath bound her soul,
YLT: `And if she be at all to a husband, and her vows are on her, or a wrongful utterance on her lips, which she hath bound on her soul,
Commentary WitnessNumbers 30:6Quoted commentary witness
Commentary Witness
Numbers 30:6
<Nec obnoxia tenebitur.>LXX: <Dominus mundabit eam, quia abnuit pater ejus.>Id est mundam habebit, et judicabit, sicut dicitur: <Mundabit eum sacerdos, et mundatione non mundabis reum>Levit. 13.. Id est non dices mundum eum qui immundus est.
Provenance. Rendered as a quoted commentary witness with explicit reference extraction from the source prose.
Canonical locus
Numbers 30:6
Source lane
Apologetics Bible source bundle
Named authorities or texts detected in the witness
- Levit
Exposition: Numbers 30:6 emphasizes a key movement in the chapter's argument. In KJV form, the text reads: 'And if she had at all an husband, when she vowed, or uttered ought out of her lips, wherewith she bound her soul;'. Read in canonical context, the verse supports the coherence of biblical revelation by linking doctrine, narrative, and covenantal meaning.
Apologetics Notes
- Scientific Correlation: This verse is suitable for cumulative-case reasoning in apologetics: historical context, textual stability, and worldview coherence are evaluated together rather than in isolation.
- Hebrew Grammar: A close Hebrew reading should attend lexical range, clause flow, and discourse function in context; these controls reduce over-reading and preserve authorial intent.
- Historical Evidence: Historically, this verse is interpreted within the received canonical tradition, where manuscript continuity and early community usage support stable transmission and meaning.
Numbers 30:7
Hebrew
וְאִם־הָיוֹ תִֽהְיֶה לְאִישׁ וּנְדָרֶיהָ עָלֶיהָ אוֹ מִבְטָא שְׂפָתֶיהָ אֲשֶׁר אָסְרָה עַל־נַפְשָֽׁהּ׃ve'im-hayvo-tiheyeh-le'iysh-vnedareyha-'aleyha-'vo-miveta'-shefateyha-'asher-'aserah-'al-nafeshah
KJV: And her husband heard it, and held his peace at her in the day that he heard it: then her vows shall stand, and her bonds wherewith she bound her soul shall stand.
AKJV: And her husband heard it, and held his peace at her in the day that he heard it: then her vows shall stand, and her bonds with which she bound her soul shall stand.
ASV: and her husband hear it, and hold his peace at her in the day that he heareth it; then her vows shall stand, and her bonds wherewith she hath bound her soul shall stand.
YLT: and her husband hath heard, and in the day of his hearing, he hath kept silent at her, then have her vows been established, and her bonds which she hath bound on her soul are established.
Commentary WitnessNumbers 30:7Quoted commentary witness
Commentary Witness
Numbers 30:7
<Si maritum.>Id est, si adulta et viripotens fuerit ad concipiendum semen verbi Dei, et doctrinae spiritalis capienda secreta; unde: <Volo autem omnes vos uni viro virginem castam exhibere Christo>II Cor. 11.. AUG. quaest. 59 Quia Dominus mandavit, etc., usque ad cum ipse Deus hoc praeceperit, et hoc voluerit.
Provenance. Rendered as a quoted commentary witness with explicit reference extraction from the source prose.
Canonical locus
Numbers 30:7
Source lane
Apologetics Bible source bundle
Named authorities or texts detected in the witness
- Dei
- Cor
Exposition: Numbers 30:7 emphasizes a key movement in the chapter's argument. In KJV form, the text reads: 'And her husband heard it, and held his peace at her in the day that he heard it: then her vows shall stand, and her bonds wherewith she bound her soul shall stand.'. Read in canonical context, the verse supports the coherence of biblical revelation by linking doctrine, narrative, and covenantal meaning.
Apologetics Notes
- Scientific Correlation: This verse is suitable for cumulative-case reasoning in apologetics: historical context, textual stability, and worldview coherence are evaluated together rather than in isolation.
- Hebrew Grammar: A close Hebrew reading should attend lexical range, clause flow, and discourse function in context; these controls reduce over-reading and preserve authorial intent.
- Historical Evidence: Historically, this verse is interpreted within the received canonical tradition, where manuscript continuity and early community usage support stable transmission and meaning.
Numbers 30:8
Hebrew
וְשָׁמַע אִישָׁהּ בְּיוֹם שָׁמְעוֹ וְהֶחֱרִישׁ לָהּ וְקָמוּ נְדָרֶיהָ וֶֽאֱסָרֶהָ אֲשֶׁר־אָסְרָה עַל־נַפְשָׁהּ יָקֻֽמוּ׃veshama'-'iyshah-veyvom-shame'vo-vehecheriysh-lah-veqamv-nedareyha-ve'esareha-'asher-'aserah-'al-nafeshah-yaqumv
KJV: But if her husband disallowed her on the day that he heard it; then he shall make her vow which she vowed, and that which she uttered with her lips, wherewith she bound her soul, of none effect: and the LORD shall forgive her.
AKJV: But if her husband disallowed her on the day that he heard it; then he shall make her vow which she vowed, and that which she uttered with her lips, with which she bound her soul, of none effect: and the LORD shall forgive her.
ASV: But if her husband disallow her in the day that he heareth it, then he shall make void her vow which is upon her, and the rash utterance of her lips, wherewith she hath bound her soul: and Jehovah will forgive her.
YLT: `And if in the day of her husband's hearing he disalloweth her, then he hath broken her vow which is on her, and the wrongful utterance of her lips which she hath bound on her soul, and Jehovah is propitious to her.
Commentary Witness (Generated)Numbers 30:8Generated editorial synthesis
Commentary Witness (Generated)
Numbers 30:8
Numbers 30:8 advances the immediate literary flow of the chapter and should be interpreted in its canonical context, not as an isolated proof text. In the present translation it reads: 'But if her husband disallowed her on the day that he heard it; then he shall make her vow which she vowed, and that which she uttered with her lips, wherewith she bound her soul, of none effect: and the LORD shall forgive her.'. A close Hebrew reading supports attention to key lexical choices, clause movement, and redemptive-historical placement so doctrinal conclusions remain textually grounded.
Provenance. Rendered as an editorial synthesis tied to the canonical verse context and current chapter source.
Canonical locus
Numbers 30:8
Source lane
Apologetics Bible source bundle
Biblical cross-references named in the witness
- Numbers 30:8
Exposition: Numbers 30:8 emphasizes a key movement in the chapter's argument. In KJV form, the text reads: 'But if her husband disallowed her on the day that he heard it; then he shall make her vow which she vowed, and that which she uttered with her lips, wherewith she bound her soul, of none effect: and the LORD shall for...'. Read in canonical context, the verse supports the coherence of biblical revelation by linking doctrine, narrative, and covenantal meaning.
Apologetics Notes
- Scientific Correlation: This verse is suitable for cumulative-case reasoning in apologetics: historical context, textual stability, and worldview coherence are evaluated together rather than in isolation.
- Hebrew Grammar: A close Hebrew reading should attend lexical range, clause flow, and discourse function in context; these controls reduce over-reading and preserve authorial intent.
- Historical Evidence: Historically, this verse is interpreted within the received canonical tradition, where manuscript continuity and early community usage support stable transmission and meaning.
Numbers 30:9
Hebrew
וְאִם בְּיוֹם שְׁמֹעַ אִישָׁהּ יָנִיא אוֹתָהּ וְהֵפֵר אֶת־נִדְרָהּ אֲשֶׁר עָלֶיהָ וְאֵת מִבְטָא שְׂפָתֶיהָ אֲשֶׁר אָסְרָה עַל־נַפְשָׁהּ וַיהוָה יִֽסְלַֽח־לָֽהּ׃ve'im-veyvom-shemo'a-'iyshah-yaniy'-'votah-vehefer-'et-niderah-'asher-'aleyha-ve'et-miveta'-shefateyha-'asher-'aserah-'al-nafeshah-vayhvah-yiselach-lah
KJV: But every vow of a widow, and of her that is divorced, wherewith they have bound their souls, shall stand against her.
AKJV: But every vow of a widow, and of her that is divorced, with which they have bound their souls, shall stand against her.
ASV: But the vow of a widow, or of her that is divorced, even everything wherewith she hath bound her soul, shall stand against her.
YLT: `As to the vow of a widow or cast-out woman, all that she hath bound on her soul is established on her.
Commentary Witness (Generated)Numbers 30:9Generated editorial synthesis
Commentary Witness (Generated)
Numbers 30:9
Numbers 30:9 advances the immediate literary flow of the chapter and should be interpreted in its canonical context, not as an isolated proof text. In the present translation it reads: 'But every vow of a widow, and of her that is divorced, wherewith they have bound their souls, shall stand against her.'. A close Hebrew reading supports attention to key lexical choices, clause movement, and redemptive-historical placement so doctrinal conclusions remain textually grounded.
Provenance. Rendered as an editorial synthesis tied to the canonical verse context and current chapter source.
Canonical locus
Numbers 30:9
Source lane
Apologetics Bible source bundle
Biblical cross-references named in the witness
- Numbers 30:9
Exposition: Numbers 30:9 emphasizes a key movement in the chapter's argument. In KJV form, the text reads: 'But every vow of a widow, and of her that is divorced, wherewith they have bound their souls, shall stand against her.'. Read in canonical context, the verse supports the coherence of biblical revelation by linking doctrine, narrative, and covenantal meaning.
Apologetics Notes
- Scientific Correlation: This verse is suitable for cumulative-case reasoning in apologetics: historical context, textual stability, and worldview coherence are evaluated together rather than in isolation.
- Hebrew Grammar: A close Hebrew reading should attend lexical range, clause flow, and discourse function in context; these controls reduce over-reading and preserve authorial intent.
- Historical Evidence: Historically, this verse is interpreted within the received canonical tradition, where manuscript continuity and early community usage support stable transmission and meaning.
Numbers 30:10
Hebrew
וְנֵדֶר אַלְמָנָה וּגְרוּשָׁה כֹּל אֲשֶׁר־אָסְרָה עַל־נַפְשָׁהּ יָקוּם עָלֶֽיהָ׃veneder-'alemanah-vgervshah-khol-'asher-'aserah-'al-nafeshah-yaqvm-'aleyha
KJV: And if she vowed in her husband’s house, or bound her soul by a bond with an oath;
AKJV: And if she vowed in her husband’s house, or bound her soul by a bond with an oath;
ASV: And if she vowed in her husband’s house, or bound her soul by a bond with an oath,
YLT: `And if in the house of her husband she hath vowed, or hath bound a bond on her soul with an oath,
Commentary Witness (Generated)Numbers 30:10Generated editorial synthesis
Commentary Witness (Generated)
Numbers 30:10
Numbers 30:10 advances the immediate literary flow of the chapter and should be interpreted in its canonical context, not as an isolated proof text. In the present translation it reads: 'And if she vowed in her husband’s house, or bound her soul by a bond with an oath;'. A close Hebrew reading supports attention to key lexical choices, clause movement, and redemptive-historical placement so doctrinal conclusions remain textually grounded.
Provenance. Rendered as an editorial synthesis tied to the canonical verse context and current chapter source.
Canonical locus
Numbers 30:10
Source lane
Apologetics Bible source bundle
Biblical cross-references named in the witness
- Numbers 30:10
Exposition: Numbers 30:10 emphasizes a key movement in the chapter's argument. In KJV form, the text reads: 'And if she vowed in her husband’s house, or bound her soul by a bond with an oath;'. Read in canonical context, the verse supports the coherence of biblical revelation by linking doctrine, narrative, and covenantal meaning.
Apologetics Notes
- Scientific Correlation: This verse is suitable for cumulative-case reasoning in apologetics: historical context, textual stability, and worldview coherence are evaluated together rather than in isolation.
- Hebrew Grammar: A close Hebrew reading should attend lexical range, clause flow, and discourse function in context; these controls reduce over-reading and preserve authorial intent.
- Historical Evidence: Historically, this verse is interpreted within the received canonical tradition, where manuscript continuity and early community usage support stable transmission and meaning.
Numbers 30:11
Hebrew
וְאִם־בֵּית אִישָׁהּ נָדָרָה אֽוֹ־אָסְרָה אִסָּר עַל־נַפְשָׁהּ בִּשְׁבֻעָֽה׃ve'im-veyt-'iyshah-nadarah-'vo-'aserah-'isar-'al-nafeshah-vishevu'ah
KJV: And her husband heard it, and held his peace at her, and disallowed her not: then all her vows shall stand, and every bond wherewith she bound her soul shall stand.
AKJV: And her husband heard it, and held his peace at her, and disallowed her not: then all her vows shall stand, and every bond with which she bound her soul shall stand.
ASV: and her husband heard it, and held his peace at her, and disallowed her not; then all her vows shall stand, and every bond wherewith she bound her soul shall stand.
YLT: and her husband hath heard, and hath kept silent at her--he hath not disallowed her--then have all her vows been established, and every bond which she hath bound on her soul is established.
Commentary WitnessNumbers 30:11Quoted commentary witness
Commentary Witness
Numbers 30:11
<Uxor in domo.>AUG. De illa prius dixit, quae in domo patris sui vovit, etc., usque ad sic tamen, ut non nisi rationi motio illa consentiat.
Provenance. Rendered as a quoted commentary witness with explicit reference extraction from the source prose.
Canonical locus
Numbers 30:11
Source lane
Apologetics Bible source bundle
Exposition: Numbers 30:11 emphasizes a key movement in the chapter's argument. In KJV form, the text reads: 'And her husband heard it, and held his peace at her, and disallowed her not: then all her vows shall stand, and every bond wherewith she bound her soul shall stand.'. Read in canonical context, the verse supports the coherence of biblical revelation by linking doctrine, narrative, and covenantal meaning.
Apologetics Notes
- Scientific Correlation: This verse is suitable for cumulative-case reasoning in apologetics: historical context, textual stability, and worldview coherence are evaluated together rather than in isolation.
- Hebrew Grammar: A close Hebrew reading should attend lexical range, clause flow, and discourse function in context; these controls reduce over-reading and preserve authorial intent.
- Historical Evidence: Historically, this verse is interpreted within the received canonical tradition, where manuscript continuity and early community usage support stable transmission and meaning.
Numbers 30:12
Hebrew
וְשָׁמַע אִישָׁהּ וְהֶחֱרִשׁ לָהּ לֹא הֵנִיא אֹתָהּ וְקָמוּ כָּל־נְדָרֶיהָ וְכָל־אִסָּר אֲשֶׁר־אָסְרָה עַל־נַפְשָׁהּ יָקֽוּם׃veshama'-'iyshah-vehecherish-lah-lo'-heniy'-'otah-veqamv-khal-nedareyha-vekhal-'isar-'asher-'aserah-'al-nafeshah-yaqvm
KJV: But if her husband hath utterly made them void on the day he heard them; then whatsoever proceeded out of her lips concerning her vows, or concerning the bond of her soul, shall not stand: her husband hath made them void; and the LORD shall forgive her.
AKJV: But if her husband has utterly made them void on the day he heard them; then whatever proceeded out of her lips concerning her vows, or concerning the bond of her soul, shall not stand: her husband has made them void; and the LORD shall forgive her.
ASV: But if her husband made them null and void in the day that he heard them, then whatsoever proceeded out of her lips concerning her vows, or concerning the bond of her soul, shall not stand: her husband hath made them void; and Jehovah will forgive her.
YLT: `And if her husband doth certainly break them in the day of his hearing, none of the outgoing of her lips concerning her vows, or concerning the bond of her soul, is established--her husband hath broken them--and Jehovah is propitious to her.
Commentary Witness (Generated)Numbers 30:12Generated editorial synthesis
Commentary Witness (Generated)
Numbers 30:12
Numbers 30:12 advances the immediate literary flow of the chapter and should be interpreted in its canonical context, not as an isolated proof text. In the present translation it reads: 'But if her husband hath utterly made them void on the day he heard them; then whatsoever proceeded out of her lips concerning her vows, or concerning the bond of her soul, shall not stand: her husband hath made them void; and the LORD shall forgive her.'. A close Hebrew reading supports attention to key lexical choices, clause movement, and redemptive-historical placement so doctrinal conclusions remain textually grounded.
Provenance. Rendered as an editorial synthesis tied to the canonical verse context and current chapter source.
Canonical locus
Numbers 30:12
Source lane
Apologetics Bible source bundle
Biblical cross-references named in the witness
- Numbers 30:12
Exposition: Numbers 30:12 emphasizes a key movement in the chapter's argument. In KJV form, the text reads: 'But if her husband hath utterly made them void on the day he heard them; then whatsoever proceeded out of her lips concerning her vows, or concerning the bond of her soul, shall not stand: her husband hath made them v...'. Read in canonical context, the verse supports the coherence of biblical revelation by linking doctrine, narrative, and covenantal meaning.
Apologetics Notes
- Scientific Correlation: This verse is suitable for cumulative-case reasoning in apologetics: historical context, textual stability, and worldview coherence are evaluated together rather than in isolation.
- Hebrew Grammar: A close Hebrew reading should attend lexical range, clause flow, and discourse function in context; these controls reduce over-reading and preserve authorial intent.
- Historical Evidence: Historically, this verse is interpreted within the received canonical tradition, where manuscript continuity and early community usage support stable transmission and meaning.
Numbers 30:13
Hebrew
וְאִם־הָפֵר יָפֵר אֹתָם ׀ אִישָׁהּ בְּיוֹם שָׁמְעוֹ כָּל־מוֹצָא שְׂפָתֶיהָ לִנְדָרֶיהָ וּלְאִסַּר נַפְשָׁהּ לֹא יָקוּם אִישָׁהּ הֲפֵרָם וַיהוָה יִֽסְלַֽח־לָֽהּ׃ve'im-hafer-yafer-'otam- -'iyshah-veyvom-shame'vo-khal-mvotza'-shefateyha-linedareyha-vle'isar-nafeshah-lo'-yaqvm-'iyshah-haferam-vayhvah-yiselach-lah
KJV: Every vow, and every binding oath to afflict the soul, her husband may establish it, or her husband may make it void.
AKJV: Every vow, and every binding oath to afflict the soul, her husband may establish it, or her husband may make it void.
ASV: Every vow, and every binding oath to afflict the soul, her husband may establish it, or her husband may make it void.
YLT: `Every vow and every oath--a bond to humble a soul--her husband doth establish it, or her husband doth break it;
Commentary Witness (Generated)Numbers 30:13Generated editorial synthesis
Commentary Witness (Generated)
Numbers 30:13
Numbers 30:13 advances the immediate literary flow of the chapter and should be interpreted in its canonical context, not as an isolated proof text. In the present translation it reads: 'Every vow, and every binding oath to afflict the soul, her husband may establish it, or her husband may make it void.'. A close Hebrew reading supports attention to key lexical choices, clause movement, and redemptive-historical placement so doctrinal conclusions remain textually grounded.
Provenance. Rendered as an editorial synthesis tied to the canonical verse context and current chapter source.
Canonical locus
Numbers 30:13
Source lane
Apologetics Bible source bundle
Biblical cross-references named in the witness
- Numbers 30:13
Exposition: Numbers 30:13 emphasizes a key movement in the chapter's argument. In KJV form, the text reads: 'Every vow, and every binding oath to afflict the soul, her husband may establish it, or her husband may make it void.'. Read in canonical context, the verse supports the coherence of biblical revelation by linking doctrine, narrative, and covenantal meaning.
Apologetics Notes
- Scientific Correlation: This verse is suitable for cumulative-case reasoning in apologetics: historical context, textual stability, and worldview coherence are evaluated together rather than in isolation.
- Hebrew Grammar: A close Hebrew reading should attend lexical range, clause flow, and discourse function in context; these controls reduce over-reading and preserve authorial intent.
- Historical Evidence: Historically, this verse is interpreted within the received canonical tradition, where manuscript continuity and early community usage support stable transmission and meaning.
Numbers 30:14
Hebrew
כָּל־נֵדֶר וְכָל־שְׁבֻעַת אִסָּר לְעַנֹּת נָפֶשׁ אִישָׁהּ יְקִימֶנּוּ וְאִישָׁהּ יְפֵרֶֽנּוּ׃khal-neder-vekhal-shevu'at-'isar-le'anot-nafesh-'iyshah-yeqiymenv-ve'iyshah-yeferenv
KJV: But if her husband altogether hold his peace at her from day to day; then he establisheth all her vows, or all her bonds, which are upon her: he confirmeth them, because he held his peace at her in the day that he heard them.
AKJV: But if her husband altogether hold his peace at her from day to day; then he establishes all her vows, or all her bonds, which are on her: he confirms them, because he held his peace at her in the day that he heard them.
ASV: But if her husband altogether hold his peace at her from day to day, then he establisheth all her vows, or all her bonds, which are upon her: he hath established them, because he held his peace at her in the day that he heard them.
YLT: and if her husband certainly keep silent at her, from day unto day, then he hath established all her vows, or all her bonds which are upon her; he hath established them, for he hath kept silent at her in the day of his hearing;
Commentary Witness (Generated)Numbers 30:14Generated editorial synthesis
Commentary Witness (Generated)
Numbers 30:14
Numbers 30:14 advances the immediate literary flow of the chapter and should be interpreted in its canonical context, not as an isolated proof text. In the present translation it reads: 'But if her husband altogether hold his peace at her from day to day; then he establisheth all her vows, or all her bonds, which are upon her: he confirmeth them, because he held his peace at her in the day that he heard them.'. A close Hebrew reading supports attention to key lexical choices, clause movement, and redemptive-historical placement so doctrinal conclusions remain textually grounded.
Provenance. Rendered as an editorial synthesis tied to the canonical verse context and current chapter source.
Canonical locus
Numbers 30:14
Source lane
Apologetics Bible source bundle
Biblical cross-references named in the witness
- Numbers 30:14
Exposition: Numbers 30:14 emphasizes a key movement in the chapter's argument. In KJV form, the text reads: 'But if her husband altogether hold his peace at her from day to day; then he establisheth all her vows, or all her bonds, which are upon her: he confirmeth them, because he held his peace at her in the day that he hea...'. Read in canonical context, the verse supports the coherence of biblical revelation by linking doctrine, narrative, and covenantal meaning.
Apologetics Notes
- Scientific Correlation: This verse is suitable for cumulative-case reasoning in apologetics: historical context, textual stability, and worldview coherence are evaluated together rather than in isolation.
- Hebrew Grammar: A close Hebrew reading should attend lexical range, clause flow, and discourse function in context; these controls reduce over-reading and preserve authorial intent.
- Historical Evidence: Historically, this verse is interpreted within the received canonical tradition, where manuscript continuity and early community usage support stable transmission and meaning.
Numbers 30:15
Hebrew
וְאִם־הַחֲרֵשׁ יַחֲרִישׁ לָהּ אִישָׁהּ מִיּוֹם אֶל־יוֹם וְהֵקִים אֶת־כָּל־נְדָרֶיהָ אוֹ אֶת־כָּל־אֱסָרֶיהָ אֲשֶׁר עָלֶיהָ הֵקִים אֹתָם כִּי־הֶחֱרִשׁ לָהּ בְּיוֹם שָׁמְעֽוֹ׃ve'im-hacharesh-yachariysh-lah-'iyshah-miyvom-'el-yvom-veheqiym-'et-khal-nedareyha-'vo-'et-khal-'esareyha-'asher-'aleyha-heqiym-'otam-khiy-hecherish-lah-veyvom-shame'vo
KJV: But if he shall any ways make them void after that he hath heard them; then he shall bear her iniquity.
AKJV: But if he shall any ways make them void after that he has heard them; then he shall bear her iniquity.
ASV: But if he shall make them null and void after that he hath heard them, then he shall bear her iniquity.
YLT: and if he doth at all break them after his hearing, then he hath borne her iniquity.'
Commentary Witness (Generated)Numbers 30:15Generated editorial synthesis
Commentary Witness (Generated)
Numbers 30:15
Numbers 30:15 advances the immediate literary flow of the chapter and should be interpreted in its canonical context, not as an isolated proof text. In the present translation it reads: 'But if he shall any ways make them void after that he hath heard them; then he shall bear her iniquity.'. A close Hebrew reading supports attention to key lexical choices, clause movement, and redemptive-historical placement so doctrinal conclusions remain textually grounded.
Provenance. Rendered as an editorial synthesis tied to the canonical verse context and current chapter source.
Canonical locus
Numbers 30:15
Source lane
Apologetics Bible source bundle
Biblical cross-references named in the witness
- Numbers 30:15
Exposition: Numbers 30:15 emphasizes a key movement in the chapter's argument. In KJV form, the text reads: 'But if he shall any ways make them void after that he hath heard them; then he shall bear her iniquity.'. Read in canonical context, the verse supports the coherence of biblical revelation by linking doctrine, narrative, and covenantal meaning.
Apologetics Notes
- Scientific Correlation: This verse is suitable for cumulative-case reasoning in apologetics: historical context, textual stability, and worldview coherence are evaluated together rather than in isolation.
- Hebrew Grammar: A close Hebrew reading should attend lexical range, clause flow, and discourse function in context; these controls reduce over-reading and preserve authorial intent.
- Historical Evidence: Historically, this verse is interpreted within the received canonical tradition, where manuscript continuity and early community usage support stable transmission and meaning.
Numbers 30:16
Hebrew
וְאִם־הָפֵר יָפֵר אֹתָם אַחֲרֵי שָׁמְעוֹ וְנָשָׂא אֶת־עֲוֺנָֽהּ׃ve'im-hafer-yafer-'otam-'acharey-shame'vo-venasha'-'et-'avnah
KJV: These are the statutes, which the LORD commanded Moses, between a man and his wife, between the father and his daughter, being yet in her youth in her father’s house.
AKJV: These are the statutes, which the LORD commanded Moses, between a man and his wife, between the father and his daughter, being yet in her youth in her father’s house.
ASV: These are the statutes, which Jehovah commanded Moses, between a man and his wife, between a father and his daughter, being in her youth, in her father’s house.
YLT: These are the statutes which Jehovah hath commanded Moses between a man and his wife, between a father and his daughter, in her youth, in the house of her father.
Commentary Witness (Generated)Numbers 30:16Generated editorial synthesis
Commentary Witness (Generated)
Numbers 30:16
Numbers 30:16 advances the immediate literary flow of the chapter and should be interpreted in its canonical context, not as an isolated proof text. In the present translation it reads: 'These are the statutes, which the LORD commanded Moses, between a man and his wife, between the father and his daughter, being yet in her youth in her father’s house.'. A close Hebrew reading supports attention to key lexical choices, clause movement, and redemptive-historical placement so doctrinal conclusions remain textually grounded.
Provenance. Rendered as an editorial synthesis tied to the canonical verse context and current chapter source.
Canonical locus
Numbers 30:16
Source lane
Apologetics Bible source bundle
Biblical cross-references named in the witness
- Numbers 30:16
Named authorities or texts detected in the witness
- Moses
Exposition: Numbers 30:16 emphasizes a key movement in the chapter's argument. In KJV form, the text reads: 'These are the statutes, which the LORD commanded Moses, between a man and his wife, between the father and his daughter, being yet in her youth in her father’s house.'. Read in canonical context, the verse supports the coherence of biblical revelation by linking doctrine, narrative, and covenantal meaning.
Apologetics Notes
- Scientific Correlation: This verse is suitable for cumulative-case reasoning in apologetics: historical context, textual stability, and worldview coherence are evaluated together rather than in isolation.
- Hebrew Grammar: A close Hebrew reading should attend lexical range, clause flow, and discourse function in context; these controls reduce over-reading and preserve authorial intent.
- Historical Evidence: Historically, this verse is interpreted within the received canonical tradition, where manuscript continuity and early community usage support stable transmission and meaning.
Citation trailOpen the commentary counts, references, and named sources.
Scholarly apparatus
Commentary citation index
This chapter now surfaces commentary as quoted witness material with an explicit citation trail. The index below gathers the canonical references and named authorities detected inside the commentary layer for faster academic review.
Direct commentary witnesses
5
Generated editorial witnesses
11
Source lane
Apologetics Bible source bundle
Canonical references surfaced in commentary
- Numbers 30:1
- Numbers 30:2
- Numbers 30:3
- Numbers 30:4
- Numbers 30:5
- Numbers 30:6
- Numbers 30:7
- Numbers 30:8
- Numbers 30:9
- Numbers 30:10
- Numbers 30:11
- Numbers 30:12
- Numbers 30:13
- Numbers 30:14
- Numbers 30:15
- Numbers 30:16
Named authorities or texts surfaced in commentary
- Moses
- Israel
- Num
- Animarum
- Patre
- Cor
- Levit
- Dei
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Matthew
Rendered chapters 1–28 are mapped to the public reader path for Matthew. Use this card to open chapter 1 and move directly into the study surface.
Mark
Rendered chapters 1–16 are mapped to the public reader path for Mark. Use this card to open chapter 1 and move directly into the study surface.
Luke
Rendered chapters 1–24 are mapped to the public reader path for Luke. Use this card to open chapter 1 and move directly into the study surface.
John
Rendered chapters 1–21 are mapped to the public reader path for John. Use this card to open chapter 1 and move directly into the study surface.
Acts
Rendered chapters 1–28 are mapped to the public reader path for Acts. Use this card to open chapter 1 and move directly into the study surface.
Romans
Rendered chapters 1–16 are mapped to the public reader path for Romans. Use this card to open chapter 1 and move directly into the study surface.
1 Corinthians
Rendered chapters 1–16 are mapped to the public reader path for 1 Corinthians. Use this card to open chapter 1 and move directly into the study surface.
2 Corinthians
Rendered chapters 1–13 are mapped to the public reader path for 2 Corinthians. Use this card to open chapter 1 and move directly into the study surface.
Galatians
Rendered chapters 1–6 are mapped to the public reader path for Galatians. Use this card to open chapter 1 and move directly into the study surface.
Ephesians
Rendered chapters 1–6 are mapped to the public reader path for Ephesians. Use this card to open chapter 1 and move directly into the study surface.
Philippians
Rendered chapters 1–4 are mapped to the public reader path for Philippians. Use this card to open chapter 1 and move directly into the study surface.
Colossians
Rendered chapters 1–4 are mapped to the public reader path for Colossians. Use this card to open chapter 1 and move directly into the study surface.
1 Thessalonians
Rendered chapters 1–5 are mapped to the public reader path for 1 Thessalonians. Use this card to open chapter 1 and move directly into the study surface.
2 Thessalonians
Rendered chapters 1–3 are mapped to the public reader path for 2 Thessalonians. Use this card to open chapter 1 and move directly into the study surface.
1 Timothy
Rendered chapters 1–6 are mapped to the public reader path for 1 Timothy. Use this card to open chapter 1 and move directly into the study surface.
2 Timothy
Rendered chapters 1–4 are mapped to the public reader path for 2 Timothy. Use this card to open chapter 1 and move directly into the study surface.
Titus
Rendered chapters 1–3 are mapped to the public reader path for Titus. Use this card to open chapter 1 and move directly into the study surface.
Philemon
Rendered chapter 1 are mapped to the public reader path for Philemon. Use this card to open chapter 1 and move directly into the study surface.
Hebrews
Rendered chapters 1–13 are mapped to the public reader path for Hebrews. Use this card to open chapter 1 and move directly into the study surface.
James
Rendered chapters 1–5 are mapped to the public reader path for James. Use this card to open chapter 1 and move directly into the study surface.
1 Peter
Rendered chapters 1–5 are mapped to the public reader path for 1 Peter. Use this card to open chapter 1 and move directly into the study surface.
2 Peter
Rendered chapters 1–3 are mapped to the public reader path for 2 Peter. Use this card to open chapter 1 and move directly into the study surface.
1 John
Rendered chapters 1–5 are mapped to the public reader path for 1 John. Use this card to open chapter 1 and move directly into the study surface.
2 John
Rendered chapter 1 are mapped to the public reader path for 2 John. Use this card to open chapter 1 and move directly into the study surface.
3 John
Rendered chapter 1 are mapped to the public reader path for 3 John. Use this card to open chapter 1 and move directly into the study surface.
Jude
Rendered chapter 1 are mapped to the public reader path for Jude. Use this card to open chapter 1 and move directly into the study surface.
Revelation
Rendered chapters 1–22 are mapped to the public reader path for Revelation. Use this card to open chapter 1 and move directly into the study surface.
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What this explorer shows today
The public reader has book-by-book chapter entry points across the 66-book canon. Deeper corpus and provenance details stay on the supporting Bible Data shelves.
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Commentary Witness (Generated)
Numbers 30:1
Provenance. Rendered as an editorial synthesis tied to the canonical verse context and current chapter source.
Canonical locus
Numbers 30:1
Source lane
Apologetics Bible source bundle
Biblical cross-references named in the witness
Named authorities or texts detected in the witness