Apologetics Bible
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Proverbs (Mishlei) is the manual of applied wisdom for covenant living. Wisdom in Proverbs is not abstract philosophy but ordered perception of reality — the recognition that creation has a moral grain, that fear of YHWH is the beginning of all true knowledge, and that human flourishing follows the design built into the fabric of things.
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Connected primary witness
- Connected ID:
Proverbs_31
- Primary Witness Text: The words of king Lemuel, the prophecy that his mother taught him. What, my son? and what, the son of my womb? and what, the son of my vows? Give not thy strength unto women, nor thy ways to that which destroyeth kings. It is not for kings, O Lemuel, it is not for kings to drink wine; nor for princes strong drink: Lest they drink, and forget the law, and pervert the judgment of any of the afflicted. Give strong drink unto him that is ready to perish, and wine unto those that be of heavy hearts. Let him drink, and forget his poverty, and remember his misery no more. Open thy mouth for the dumb in the cause of all such as are appointed to destruction. Open thy mouth, judge righteously, and plead the cause of the poor and needy. Who can find a virtuous woman? for her price is far above rubies. The heart of her husband doth safely trust in her, so that he shall have no need of spoil. She will do him good and not evil all the days of her life. She seeketh wool, and flax, and worketh willingly with her hands. She is like the merchants’ ships; she bringeth her food from afar. She riseth also while it is yet night, and giveth meat to her household, and a portion to her maidens. She considereth a field, and buyeth it: with the fruit of her hands she planteth a vineyard. She girdeth her loins with strength, and strengtheneth her arms. She perceiveth that her merchandise is good: her candle goeth not out by night. She layeth her hands to the spindle, and her hands hold the distaff. She ...
Connected dataset overlay
- Connected ID:
Proverbs_31
- Chapter Blob Preview: The words of king Lemuel, the prophecy that his mother taught him. What, my son? and what, the son of my womb? and what, the son of my vows? Give not thy strength unto women, nor thy ways to that which destroyeth kings. It is not for kings, O Lemuel, it is not for kings to drink wine; nor for princes strong drink: Lest they drink, and forget the law, and pervert the judgment of...
Chapter frameStart here before opening notes.
Chapter frame
Proverbs (Mishlei) is the manual of applied wisdom for covenant living. Wisdom in Proverbs is not abstract philosophy but ordered perception of reality — the recognition that creation has a moral grain, that fear of YHWH is the beginning of all true knowledge, and that human flourishing follows the design built into the fabric of things.
Proverbs 8's personified Wisdom — present at creation, delighting before God — is cited by early Church Fathers as a window into the eternal Son. The book's practical ethics (sexual integrity, speech, work, generosity) embody a worldview in which creation's design is the source of moral instruction.
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Proverbs 31:1
Hebrew
דִּבְרֵי לְמוּאֵל מֶלֶךְ מַשָּׂא אֲֽשֶׁר־יִסְּרַתּוּ אִמּֽוֹ׃diverey-lemv'el-melekhe-masha'-'asher-yiseratv-'imvo
KJV: The words of king Lemuel, the prophecy that his mother taught him.
AKJV: The words of king Lemuel, the prophecy that his mother taught him.
ASV: The words of king Lemuel; the oracle which his mother taught him.
YLT: Words of Lemuel a king, a declaration that his mother taught him:
Exposition: Proverbs 31:1 emphasizes a key movement in the chapter's argument. In KJV form, the text reads: 'The words of king Lemuel, the prophecy that his mother taught him.'. Read in canonical context, the verse supports the coherence of biblical revelation by linking doctrine, narrative, and covenantal meaning.
Apologetics Notes
- Scientific Correlation: This verse is suitable for cumulative-case reasoning in apologetics: historical context, textual stability, and worldview coherence are evaluated together rather than in isolation.
- Hebrew Grammar: A close Hebrew reading should attend lexical range, clause flow, and discourse function in context; these controls reduce over-reading and preserve authorial intent.
- Historical Evidence: Historically, this verse is interpreted within the received canonical tradition, where manuscript continuity and early community usage support stable transmission and meaning.
Proverbs 31:2
Hebrew
מַה־בְּרִי וּמַֽה־בַּר־בִּטְנִי וּמֶה בַּר־נְדָרָֽי׃mah-veriy-vmah-var-viteniy-vmeh-var-nedaray
KJV: What, my son? and what, the son of my womb? and what, the son of my vows?
AKJV: What, my son? and what, the son of my womb? and what, the son of my vows?
ASV: What, my son? and what, O son of my womb?
YLT: `What, my son? and what, son of my womb? And what, son of my vows?
Commentary WitnessProverbs 31:2Quoted commentary witness
Commentary Witness
Proverbs 31:2
Verse 2 What, my son? - The Chaldee בר bar is used twice in this verse, instead of the Hebrew בן ben, son. This verse is very elliptical; and commentators, according to their different tastes, have inserted words, indeed some of them a whole sentence, to make up the sense. Perhaps Coverdale has hit the sense as nearly as any other: "These are the wordes of Kynge Lemuel; and the lesson that his mother taughte him. My sonne, thou son of my body, O my deare beloved sonne!" The son of my vows? - A child born after vows made for offsprings is called the child of a person's vows.
Provenance. Rendered as a quoted commentary witness with explicit reference extraction from the source prose.
Canonical locus
Proverbs 31:2
Source lane
Apologetics Bible source bundle
Named authorities or texts detected in the witness
- What
- Kynge Lemuel
Exposition: Proverbs 31:2 emphasizes a key movement in the chapter's argument. In KJV form, the text reads: 'What, my son? and what, the son of my womb? and what, the son of my vows?'. Read in canonical context, the verse supports the coherence of biblical revelation by linking doctrine, narrative, and covenantal meaning.
Apologetics Notes
- Scientific Correlation: This verse is suitable for cumulative-case reasoning in apologetics: historical context, textual stability, and worldview coherence are evaluated together rather than in isolation.
- Hebrew Grammar: A close Hebrew reading should attend lexical range, clause flow, and discourse function in context; these controls reduce over-reading and preserve authorial intent.
- Historical Evidence: Historically, this verse is interpreted within the received canonical tradition, where manuscript continuity and early community usage support stable transmission and meaning.
Proverbs 31:3
Hebrew
אַל־תִּתֵּן לַנָּשִׁים חֵילֶךָ וּדְרָכֶיךָ לַֽמְחוֹת מְלָכִֽין׃'al-titen-lanashiym-cheylekha-vderakheykha-lamechvot-melakhiyn
KJV: Give not thy strength unto women, nor thy ways to that which destroyeth kings.
AKJV: Give not your strength to women, nor your ways to that which destroys kings.
ASV: Give not thy strength unto women,
YLT: Give not to women thy strength, And thy ways to wiping away of kings.
Commentary WitnessProverbs 31:3Quoted commentary witness
Commentary Witness
Proverbs 31:3
Verse 3 Give not thy strength - Do not waste thy substance on women. In such intercourse the strength of body, soul and substance is destroyed. Such connections are those which destroy kings, מלכין melachin, the Chaldee termination instead of the Hebrew.
Provenance. Rendered as a quoted commentary witness with explicit reference extraction from the source prose.
Canonical locus
Proverbs 31:3
Source lane
Apologetics Bible source bundle
Exposition: Proverbs 31:3 emphasizes a key movement in the chapter's argument. In KJV form, the text reads: 'Give not thy strength unto women, nor thy ways to that which destroyeth kings.'. Read in canonical context, the verse supports the coherence of biblical revelation by linking doctrine, narrative, and covenantal meaning.
Apologetics Notes
- Scientific Correlation: This verse is suitable for cumulative-case reasoning in apologetics: historical context, textual stability, and worldview coherence are evaluated together rather than in isolation.
- Hebrew Grammar: A close Hebrew reading should attend lexical range, clause flow, and discourse function in context; these controls reduce over-reading and preserve authorial intent.
- Historical Evidence: Historically, this verse is interpreted within the received canonical tradition, where manuscript continuity and early community usage support stable transmission and meaning.
Proverbs 31:4
Hebrew
אַל לַֽמְלָכִים ׀ לְֽמוֹאֵל אַל לַֽמְלָכִים שְׁתוֹ־יָיִן וּלְרוֹזְנִים או אֵי שֵׁכָֽר׃'al-lamelakhiym- -lemvo'el-'al-lamelakhiym-shetvo-yayin-vlervozeniym-'v-'ey-shekhar
KJV: It is not for kings, O Lemuel, it is not for kings to drink wine; nor for princes strong drink:
AKJV: It is not for kings, O Lemuel, it is not for kings to drink wine; nor for princes strong drink:
ASV: It is not for kings, O Lemuel, it is not for kings to drink wine;
YLT: Not for kings, O Lemuel, Not for kings, to drink wine, And for princes a desire of strong drink.
Commentary WitnessProverbs 31:4Quoted commentary witness
Commentary Witness
Proverbs 31:4
Verse 4 It is not for kings - to drink wine - An intemperate man is ill fit to hold the reins of government.
Provenance. Rendered as a quoted commentary witness with explicit reference extraction from the source prose.
Canonical locus
Proverbs 31:4
Source lane
Apologetics Bible source bundle
Exposition: Proverbs 31:4 emphasizes a key movement in the chapter's argument. In KJV form, the text reads: 'It is not for kings, O Lemuel, it is not for kings to drink wine; nor for princes strong drink:'. Read in canonical context, the verse supports the coherence of biblical revelation by linking doctrine, narrative, and covenantal meaning.
Apologetics Notes
- Scientific Correlation: This verse is suitable for cumulative-case reasoning in apologetics: historical context, textual stability, and worldview coherence are evaluated together rather than in isolation.
- Hebrew Grammar: A close Hebrew reading should attend lexical range, clause flow, and discourse function in context; these controls reduce over-reading and preserve authorial intent.
- Historical Evidence: Historically, this verse is interpreted within the received canonical tradition, where manuscript continuity and early community usage support stable transmission and meaning.
Proverbs 31:5
Hebrew
פֶּן־יִשְׁתֶּה וְיִשְׁכַּח מְחֻקָּק וִֽישַׁנֶּה דִּין כָּל־בְּנֵי־עֹֽנִי׃fen-yisheteh-veyishekhach-mechuqaq-viyshaneh-diyn-khal-veney-'oniy
KJV: Lest they drink, and forget the law, and pervert the judgment of any of the afflicted.
AKJV: Lest they drink, and forget the law, and pervert the judgment of any of the afflicted.
ASV: Lest they drink, and forget the law,
YLT: Lest he drink, and forget the decree, And change the judgment of any of the sons of affliction.
Commentary WitnessProverbs 31:5Quoted commentary witness
Commentary Witness
Proverbs 31:5
Verse 5 Lest they drink, and forget the law - When they should be administering justice, they are found incapable of it; or, if they go into the judgment-seat, may pervert justice.
Provenance. Rendered as a quoted commentary witness with explicit reference extraction from the source prose.
Canonical locus
Proverbs 31:5
Source lane
Apologetics Bible source bundle
Exposition: Proverbs 31:5 emphasizes a key movement in the chapter's argument. In KJV form, the text reads: 'Lest they drink, and forget the law, and pervert the judgment of any of the afflicted.'. Read in canonical context, the verse supports the coherence of biblical revelation by linking doctrine, narrative, and covenantal meaning.
Apologetics Notes
- Scientific Correlation: This verse is suitable for cumulative-case reasoning in apologetics: historical context, textual stability, and worldview coherence are evaluated together rather than in isolation.
- Hebrew Grammar: A close Hebrew reading should attend lexical range, clause flow, and discourse function in context; these controls reduce over-reading and preserve authorial intent.
- Historical Evidence: Historically, this verse is interpreted within the received canonical tradition, where manuscript continuity and early community usage support stable transmission and meaning.
Proverbs 31:6
Hebrew
תְּנוּ־שֵׁכָר לְאוֹבֵד וְיַיִן לְמָרֵי נָֽפֶשׁ׃tenv-shekhar-le'voved-veyayin-lemarey-nafesh
KJV: Give strong drink unto him that is ready to perish, and wine unto those that be of heavy hearts.
AKJV: Give strong drink to him that is ready to perish, and wine to those that be of heavy hearts.
ASV: Give strong drink unto him that is ready to perish,
YLT: Give strong drink to the perishing, And wine to the bitter in soul,
Commentary WitnessProverbs 31:6Quoted commentary witness
Commentary Witness
Proverbs 31:6
Verse 6 Give strong drink unto him that is ready to perish - We have already seen, that inebriating drinks were mercifully given to condemned criminals, to render them less sensible of the torture they endured in dying. This is what was offered to our Lord; but he refused it. See note on Psa 104:15.
Provenance. Rendered as a quoted commentary witness with explicit reference extraction from the source prose.
Canonical locus
Proverbs 31:6
Source lane
Apologetics Bible source bundle
Named authorities or texts detected in the witness
- Lord
Exposition: Proverbs 31:6 emphasizes a key movement in the chapter's argument. In KJV form, the text reads: 'Give strong drink unto him that is ready to perish, and wine unto those that be of heavy hearts.'. Read in canonical context, the verse supports the coherence of biblical revelation by linking doctrine, narrative, and covenantal meaning.
Apologetics Notes
- Scientific Correlation: This verse is suitable for cumulative-case reasoning in apologetics: historical context, textual stability, and worldview coherence are evaluated together rather than in isolation.
- Hebrew Grammar: A close Hebrew reading should attend lexical range, clause flow, and discourse function in context; these controls reduce over-reading and preserve authorial intent.
- Historical Evidence: Historically, this verse is interpreted within the received canonical tradition, where manuscript continuity and early community usage support stable transmission and meaning.
Proverbs 31:7
Hebrew
יִשְׁתֶּה וְיִשְׁכַּח רִישׁוֹ וַעֲמָלוֹ לֹא יִזְכָּר־עֽוֹד׃yisheteh-veyishekhach-riyshvo-va'amalvo-lo'-yizekhar-'vod
KJV: Let him drink, and forget his poverty, and remember his misery no more.
AKJV: Let him drink, and forget his poverty, and remember his misery no more.
ASV: Let him drink, and forget his poverty,
YLT: He drinketh, and forgetteth his poverty, And his misery he remembereth not again.
Commentary Witness (Generated)Proverbs 31:7Generated editorial synthesis
Commentary Witness (Generated)
Proverbs 31:7
Proverbs 31:7 advances the immediate literary flow of the chapter and should be interpreted in its canonical context, not as an isolated proof text. In the present translation it reads: 'Let him drink, and forget his poverty, and remember his misery no more.'. A close Hebrew reading supports attention to key lexical choices, clause movement, and redemptive-historical placement so doctrinal conclusions remain textually grounded.
Provenance. Rendered as an editorial synthesis tied to the canonical verse context and current chapter source.
Canonical locus
Proverbs 31:7
Source lane
Apologetics Bible source bundle
Biblical cross-references named in the witness
- Proverbs 31:7
Exposition: Proverbs 31:7 emphasizes a key movement in the chapter's argument. In KJV form, the text reads: 'Let him drink, and forget his poverty, and remember his misery no more.'. Read in canonical context, the verse supports the coherence of biblical revelation by linking doctrine, narrative, and covenantal meaning.
Apologetics Notes
- Scientific Correlation: This verse is suitable for cumulative-case reasoning in apologetics: historical context, textual stability, and worldview coherence are evaluated together rather than in isolation.
- Hebrew Grammar: A close Hebrew reading should attend lexical range, clause flow, and discourse function in context; these controls reduce over-reading and preserve authorial intent.
- Historical Evidence: Historically, this verse is interpreted within the received canonical tradition, where manuscript continuity and early community usage support stable transmission and meaning.
Proverbs 31:8
Hebrew
פְּתַח־פִּיךָ לְאִלֵּם אֶל־דִּין כָּל־בְּנֵי חֲלֽוֹף׃fetach-fiykha-le'ilem-'el-diyn-khal-veney-chalvof
KJV: Open thy mouth for the dumb in the cause of all such as are appointed to destruction.
AKJV: Open your mouth for the dumb in the cause of all such as are appointed to destruction.
ASV: Open thy mouth for the dumb,
YLT: Open thy mouth for the dumb, For the right of all sons of change.
Commentary WitnessProverbs 31:8Quoted commentary witness
Commentary Witness
Proverbs 31:8
Verse 8 Open thy mouth for the dumb - For such accused persons as have no counsellors, and cannot plead for themselves. Are appointed to destruction - בני חלוף beney chaloph, variously translated, children of passage - indigent travelers; children of desolation - those who have no possessions, or orphans. I believe it either signifies those who are strangers, and are travelling from place to place, or those who are ready to perish in consequence of want or oppression.
Provenance. Rendered as a quoted commentary witness with explicit reference extraction from the source prose.
Canonical locus
Proverbs 31:8
Source lane
Apologetics Bible source bundle
Exposition: Proverbs 31:8 emphasizes a key movement in the chapter's argument. In KJV form, the text reads: 'Open thy mouth for the dumb in the cause of all such as are appointed to destruction.'. Read in canonical context, the verse supports the coherence of biblical revelation by linking doctrine, narrative, and covenantal meaning.
Apologetics Notes
- Scientific Correlation: This verse is suitable for cumulative-case reasoning in apologetics: historical context, textual stability, and worldview coherence are evaluated together rather than in isolation.
- Hebrew Grammar: A close Hebrew reading should attend lexical range, clause flow, and discourse function in context; these controls reduce over-reading and preserve authorial intent.
- Historical Evidence: Historically, this verse is interpreted within the received canonical tradition, where manuscript continuity and early community usage support stable transmission and meaning.
Proverbs 31:9
Hebrew
פְּתַח־פִּיךָ שְׁפָט־צֶדֶק וְדִין עָנִי וְאֶבְיֽוֹן׃fetach-fiykha-shefat-tzedeq-vediyn-'aniy-ve'eveyvon
KJV: Open thy mouth, judge righteously, and plead the cause of the poor and needy.
AKJV: Open your mouth, judge righteously, and plead the cause of the poor and needy. ¶
ASV: Open thy mouth, judge righteously,
YLT: Open thy mouth, judge righteously, Both the cause of the poor and needy!'
Commentary Witness (Generated)Proverbs 31:9Generated editorial synthesis
Commentary Witness (Generated)
Proverbs 31:9
Proverbs 31:9 advances the immediate literary flow of the chapter and should be interpreted in its canonical context, not as an isolated proof text. In the present translation it reads: 'Open thy mouth, judge righteously, and plead the cause of the poor and needy.'. A close Hebrew reading supports attention to key lexical choices, clause movement, and redemptive-historical placement so doctrinal conclusions remain textually grounded.
Provenance. Rendered as an editorial synthesis tied to the canonical verse context and current chapter source.
Canonical locus
Proverbs 31:9
Source lane
Apologetics Bible source bundle
Biblical cross-references named in the witness
- Proverbs 31:9
Exposition: Proverbs 31:9 emphasizes a key movement in the chapter's argument. In KJV form, the text reads: 'Open thy mouth, judge righteously, and plead the cause of the poor and needy.'. Read in canonical context, the verse supports the coherence of biblical revelation by linking doctrine, narrative, and covenantal meaning.
Apologetics Notes
- Scientific Correlation: This verse is suitable for cumulative-case reasoning in apologetics: historical context, textual stability, and worldview coherence are evaluated together rather than in isolation.
- Hebrew Grammar: A close Hebrew reading should attend lexical range, clause flow, and discourse function in context; these controls reduce over-reading and preserve authorial intent.
- Historical Evidence: Historically, this verse is interpreted within the received canonical tradition, where manuscript continuity and early community usage support stable transmission and meaning.
Proverbs 31:10
Hebrew
אֵֽשֶׁת־חַיִל מִי יִמְצָא וְרָחֹק מִפְּנִינִים מִכְרָֽהּ׃'eshet-chayil-miy-yimetza'-verachoq-mifeniyniym-mikherah
KJV: Who can find a virtuous woman? for her price is far above rubies.
AKJV: Who can find a virtuous woman? for her price is far above rubies.
ASV: A worthy woman who can find?
YLT: A woman of worth who doth find? Yea, far above rubies is her price.
Commentary WitnessProverbs 31:10Quoted commentary witness
Commentary Witness
Proverbs 31:10
Verse 10 Who can find a virtuous woman? - This and the following verses are acrostic, each beginning with a consecutive letter of the Hebrew alphabet: Pro 31:10, א aleph; Pro 31:11, ב beth; Pro 31:12, ג gimel; and so on to the end of the chapter, the last verse of which has the letter ת tau. From this to the end of the chapter we have the character of a woman of genuine worth laid down; first, in general, Pro 31:10-12; secondly, in its particular or component parts, verses 13-29; and, thirdly, the summing up of the character, Pro 31:30, Pro 31:31. I. Her general character. 1. She is a virtuous wo man - a woman of power and strength. אשת חיל esheth chayil, a strong or virtuous wife, full of mental energy. 2. She is invaluable; her price is far above rubies - no quantity of precious stones can be equal to her worth.
Provenance. Rendered as a quoted commentary witness with explicit reference extraction from the source prose.
Canonical locus
Proverbs 31:10
Source lane
Apologetics Bible source bundle
Exposition: Proverbs 31:10 emphasizes a key movement in the chapter's argument. In KJV form, the text reads: 'Who can find a virtuous woman? for her price is far above rubies.'. Read in canonical context, the verse supports the coherence of biblical revelation by linking doctrine, narrative, and covenantal meaning.
Apologetics Notes
- Scientific Correlation: This verse is suitable for cumulative-case reasoning in apologetics: historical context, textual stability, and worldview coherence are evaluated together rather than in isolation.
- Hebrew Grammar: A close Hebrew reading should attend lexical range, clause flow, and discourse function in context; these controls reduce over-reading and preserve authorial intent.
- Historical Evidence: Historically, this verse is interpreted within the received canonical tradition, where manuscript continuity and early community usage support stable transmission and meaning.
Proverbs 31:11
Hebrew
בָּטַח בָּהּ לֵב בַּעְלָהּ וְשָׁלָל לֹא יֶחְסָֽר׃vatach-vah-lev-va'elah-veshalal-lo'-yechesar
KJV: The heart of her husband doth safely trust in her, so that he shall have no need of spoil.
AKJV: The heart of her husband does safely trust in her, so that he shall have no need of spoil.
ASV: The heart of her husband trusteth in her,
YLT: The heart of her husband hath trusted in her, And spoil he lacketh not.
Commentary WitnessProverbs 31:11Quoted commentary witness
Commentary Witness
Proverbs 31:11
Verse 11 The heart of her husband - 3. She is an unspotted wife. The heart of her husband doth safely trust in her - he knows she will take care that a proper provision is made for his household, and will not waste any thing. He has no need for spoil - he is not obliged to go out on predatory excursions, to provide for his family, at the expense of the neighboring tribes.
Provenance. Rendered as a quoted commentary witness with explicit reference extraction from the source prose.
Canonical locus
Proverbs 31:11
Source lane
Apologetics Bible source bundle
Named authorities or texts detected in the witness
- Ovid
Exposition: Proverbs 31:11 emphasizes a key movement in the chapter's argument. In KJV form, the text reads: 'The heart of her husband doth safely trust in her, so that he shall have no need of spoil.'. Read in canonical context, the verse supports the coherence of biblical revelation by linking doctrine, narrative, and covenantal meaning.
Apologetics Notes
- Scientific Correlation: This verse is suitable for cumulative-case reasoning in apologetics: historical context, textual stability, and worldview coherence are evaluated together rather than in isolation.
- Hebrew Grammar: A close Hebrew reading should attend lexical range, clause flow, and discourse function in context; these controls reduce over-reading and preserve authorial intent.
- Historical Evidence: Historically, this verse is interpreted within the received canonical tradition, where manuscript continuity and early community usage support stable transmission and meaning.
Proverbs 31:12
Hebrew
גְּמָלַתְהוּ טוֹב וְלֹא־רָע כֹּל יְמֵי חַיֶּֽיה׃gemalatehv-tvov-velo'-ra'-khol-yemey-chayeyh
KJV: She will do him good and not evil all the days of her life.
AKJV: She will do him good and not evil all the days of her life.
ASV: She doeth him good and not evil
YLT: She hath done him good, and not evil, All days of her life.
Commentary WitnessProverbs 31:12Quoted commentary witness
Commentary Witness
Proverbs 31:12
Verse 12 She will do him good - 4. She has her husband's happiness in view constantly. She recompenses all his kindness to her in beneficent acts. For kind words she returns kind deeds. 1. Her good is unmixed; she will do him good. and not evil. 2 Her good is not capricious; it is constant and permanent, while she and her husband live. His heart safely trusts in her, for she will do him good all the days of her life. This is her general character.
Provenance. Rendered as a quoted commentary witness with explicit reference extraction from the source prose.
Canonical locus
Proverbs 31:12
Source lane
Apologetics Bible source bundle
Exposition: Proverbs 31:12 emphasizes a key movement in the chapter's argument. In KJV form, the text reads: 'She will do him good and not evil all the days of her life.'. Read in canonical context, the verse supports the coherence of biblical revelation by linking doctrine, narrative, and covenantal meaning.
Apologetics Notes
- Scientific Correlation: This verse is suitable for cumulative-case reasoning in apologetics: historical context, textual stability, and worldview coherence are evaluated together rather than in isolation.
- Hebrew Grammar: A close Hebrew reading should attend lexical range, clause flow, and discourse function in context; these controls reduce over-reading and preserve authorial intent.
- Historical Evidence: Historically, this verse is interpreted within the received canonical tradition, where manuscript continuity and early community usage support stable transmission and meaning.
Proverbs 31:13
Hebrew
דָּרְשָׁה צֶמֶר וּפִשְׁתִּים וַתַּעַשׂ בְּחֵפֶץ כַּפֶּֽיהָ׃dareshah-tzemer-vfishetiym-vata'ash-vechefetz-khafeyha
KJV: She seeketh wool, and flax, and worketh willingly with her hands.
AKJV: She seeks wool, and flax, and works willingly with her hands.
ASV: She seeketh wool and flax,
YLT: She hath sought wool and flax, And with delight she worketh with her hands.
Commentary WitnessProverbs 31:13Quoted commentary witness
Commentary Witness
Proverbs 31:13
Verse 13 She seeketh wood and flax, and worketh willingly, etc. - II. This is the second part of her character, giving the particulars of which it is composed. 1. She did not buy ready woven cloth: she procured the raw material, if wool, most probably from her own flocks; if flax, most probably from her own fields. 2. Here she manufactured; for she worketh willingly with her hands. And all her labor is a cheerful service; her will, her heart, is in it. It needs no arguments to prove that women, even of the highest ranks, among the Greeks, Romans, and Israelites, worked with their hands at every kind of occupation necessary for the support of the family. This kind of employment was not peculiar to the virtuous woman in the text.
Provenance. Rendered as a quoted commentary witness with explicit reference extraction from the source prose.
Canonical locus
Proverbs 31:13
Source lane
Apologetics Bible source bundle
Named authorities or texts detected in the witness
- Greeks
- Romans
- Israelites
Exposition: Proverbs 31:13 emphasizes a key movement in the chapter's argument. In KJV form, the text reads: 'She seeketh wool, and flax, and worketh willingly with her hands.'. Read in canonical context, the verse supports the coherence of biblical revelation by linking doctrine, narrative, and covenantal meaning.
Apologetics Notes
- Scientific Correlation: This verse is suitable for cumulative-case reasoning in apologetics: historical context, textual stability, and worldview coherence are evaluated together rather than in isolation.
- Hebrew Grammar: A close Hebrew reading should attend lexical range, clause flow, and discourse function in context; these controls reduce over-reading and preserve authorial intent.
- Historical Evidence: Historically, this verse is interpreted within the received canonical tradition, where manuscript continuity and early community usage support stable transmission and meaning.
Proverbs 31:14
Hebrew
הָיְתָה כָּאֳנִיּוֹת סוֹחֵר מִמֶּרְחָק תָּבִיא לַחְמָֽהּ׃hayetah-kha'oniyvot-svocher-mimerechaq-taviy'-lachemah
KJV: She is like the merchants’ ships; she bringeth her food from afar.
AKJV: She is like the merchants’ ships; she brings her food from afar.
ASV: She is like the merchant-ships;
YLT: She hath been as ships of the merchant, From afar she bringeth in her bread.
Commentary WitnessProverbs 31:14Quoted commentary witness
Commentary Witness
Proverbs 31:14
Verse 14 She is like the merchants' ships - 3. She acts like merchants. If she buy any thing for her household, she sells sufficient of her own manufactures to pay for it; if she imports, she exports: and she sends articles of her own manufacturing or produce to distant countries; she traffics with the neighboring tribes.
Provenance. Rendered as a quoted commentary witness with explicit reference extraction from the source prose.
Canonical locus
Proverbs 31:14
Source lane
Apologetics Bible source bundle
Exposition: Proverbs 31:14 emphasizes a key movement in the chapter's argument. In KJV form, the text reads: 'She is like the merchants’ ships; she bringeth her food from afar.'. Read in canonical context, the verse supports the coherence of biblical revelation by linking doctrine, narrative, and covenantal meaning.
Apologetics Notes
- Scientific Correlation: This verse is suitable for cumulative-case reasoning in apologetics: historical context, textual stability, and worldview coherence are evaluated together rather than in isolation.
- Hebrew Grammar: A close Hebrew reading should attend lexical range, clause flow, and discourse function in context; these controls reduce over-reading and preserve authorial intent.
- Historical Evidence: Historically, this verse is interpreted within the received canonical tradition, where manuscript continuity and early community usage support stable transmission and meaning.
Proverbs 31:15
Hebrew
וַתָּקָם ׀ בְּעוֹד לַיְלָה וַתִּתֵּן טֶרֶף לְבֵיתָהּ וְחֹק לְנַעֲרֹתֶֽיהָ׃vataqam- -ve'vod-layelah-vatiten-teref-leveytah-vechoq-lena'aroteyha
KJV: She riseth also while it is yet night, and giveth meat to her household, and a portion to her maidens.
AKJV: She rises also while it is yet night, and gives meat to her household, and a portion to her maidens.
ASV: She riseth also while it is yet night,
YLT: Yea, she riseth while yet night, And giveth food to her household, And a portion to her damsels.
Commentary WitnessProverbs 31:15Quoted commentary witness
Commentary Witness
Proverbs 31:15
Verse 15 She riseth also while it is yet night - 4. She is an economist of time; and when the nights are long, and the days short, her family not only spend a part of the evening after sunset in domestic labor, but they all arise before daylight, and prepare the day's food, that they may not have their labor interrupted. To those who are going to the fields, and to the flocks, she gives the food necessary for the day: טרף teref, prey, a term taken from hunting, the object of which was, the supplying their natural wants: hence applied to daily food. See notes on Pro 30:8. And to the women who are to be employed within she gives חק chok, the task - the kind of work they are to do, the materials out of which they are to form it, and the quantity she expects from each. Thus all the servants are settled: their food, work, and tasks appointed. Every thing is done orderly.
Provenance. Rendered as a quoted commentary witness with explicit reference extraction from the source prose.
Canonical locus
Proverbs 31:15
Source lane
Apologetics Bible source bundle
Exposition: Proverbs 31:15 emphasizes a key movement in the chapter's argument. In KJV form, the text reads: 'She riseth also while it is yet night, and giveth meat to her household, and a portion to her maidens.'. Read in canonical context, the verse supports the coherence of biblical revelation by linking doctrine, narrative, and covenantal meaning.
Apologetics Notes
- Scientific Correlation: This verse is suitable for cumulative-case reasoning in apologetics: historical context, textual stability, and worldview coherence are evaluated together rather than in isolation.
- Hebrew Grammar: A close Hebrew reading should attend lexical range, clause flow, and discourse function in context; these controls reduce over-reading and preserve authorial intent.
- Historical Evidence: Historically, this verse is interpreted within the received canonical tradition, where manuscript continuity and early community usage support stable transmission and meaning.
Proverbs 31:16
Hebrew
זָמְמָה שָׂדֶה וַתִּקָּחֵהוּ מִפְּרִי כַפֶּיהָ נטע נָטְעָה כָּֽרֶם׃zamemah-shadeh-vatiqachehv-miferiy-khafeyha-nt'-nate'ah-kharem
KJV: She considereth a field, and buyeth it: with the fruit of her hands she planteth a vineyard.
AKJV: She considers a field, and buys it: with the fruit of her hands she plants a vineyard.
ASV: She considereth a field, and buyeth it;
YLT: She hath considered a field, and taketh it, From the fruit of her hands she hath planted a vineyard.
Commentary WitnessProverbs 31:16Quoted commentary witness
Commentary Witness
Proverbs 31:16
Verse 16 She considereth a field and buyeth it - 5. She provides for the growing wants of her family. More land will shortly be needed, for the family is growing up; and having seen a field contiguous to her own, which was on sale, she estimates its worth, and purchases it a good bargain; and she pays for it by the fruit of her own industry. 6. She does not restrict herself to the bare necessaries of life; she is able to procure some of its comforts. She plants a vineyard, that she may have wine for a beverage, for medicine, and for sacrifice. This also is procured of her own labor. Whatever goes out brings its worth in; and barter, not buying, is her chief mode of traffic.
Provenance. Rendered as a quoted commentary witness with explicit reference extraction from the source prose.
Canonical locus
Proverbs 31:16
Source lane
Apologetics Bible source bundle
Named authorities or texts detected in the witness
- Ovid
Exposition: Proverbs 31:16 emphasizes a key movement in the chapter's argument. In KJV form, the text reads: 'She considereth a field, and buyeth it: with the fruit of her hands she planteth a vineyard.'. Read in canonical context, the verse supports the coherence of biblical revelation by linking doctrine, narrative, and covenantal meaning.
Apologetics Notes
- Scientific Correlation: This verse is suitable for cumulative-case reasoning in apologetics: historical context, textual stability, and worldview coherence are evaluated together rather than in isolation.
- Hebrew Grammar: A close Hebrew reading should attend lexical range, clause flow, and discourse function in context; these controls reduce over-reading and preserve authorial intent.
- Historical Evidence: Historically, this verse is interpreted within the received canonical tradition, where manuscript continuity and early community usage support stable transmission and meaning.
Proverbs 31:17
Hebrew
חָֽגְרָה בְעוֹז מָתְנֶיהָ וַתְּאַמֵּץ זְרֹעוֹתֶֽיהָ׃chagerah-ve'voz-mateneyha-vate'ametz-zero'voteyha
KJV: She girdeth her loins with strength, and strengtheneth her arms.
AKJV: She girds her loins with strength, and strengthens her arms.
ASV: She girdeth her loins with strength,
YLT: She hath girded with might her loins, And doth strengthen her arms.
Commentary WitnessProverbs 31:17Quoted commentary witness
Commentary Witness
Proverbs 31:17
Verse 17 She girdeth her loins with strength - 7. She takes care of her own health and strength, not only by means of useful labor, but by healthy exercise. She avoids what might enervate her body, or soften her mind - she is ever active, and girt ready for every necessary exercise. Her loins are firm, and her arms strong.
Provenance. Rendered as a quoted commentary witness with explicit reference extraction from the source prose.
Canonical locus
Proverbs 31:17
Source lane
Apologetics Bible source bundle
Exposition: Proverbs 31:17 emphasizes a key movement in the chapter's argument. In KJV form, the text reads: 'She girdeth her loins with strength, and strengtheneth her arms.'. Read in canonical context, the verse supports the coherence of biblical revelation by linking doctrine, narrative, and covenantal meaning.
Apologetics Notes
- Scientific Correlation: This verse is suitable for cumulative-case reasoning in apologetics: historical context, textual stability, and worldview coherence are evaluated together rather than in isolation.
- Hebrew Grammar: A close Hebrew reading should attend lexical range, clause flow, and discourse function in context; these controls reduce over-reading and preserve authorial intent.
- Historical Evidence: Historically, this verse is interpreted within the received canonical tradition, where manuscript continuity and early community usage support stable transmission and meaning.
Proverbs 31:18
Hebrew
טָעֲמָה כִּי־טוֹב סַחְרָהּ לֹֽא־יִכְבֶּה בליל בַלַּיְלָה נֵרָֽהּ׃ta'amah-khiy-tvov-sacherah-lo'-yikheveh-vlyl-valayelah-nerah
KJV: She perceiveth that her merchandise is good: her candle goeth not out by night.
AKJV: She perceives that her merchandise is good: her candle goes not out by night.
ASV: She perceiveth that her merchandise is profitable;
YLT: She hath perceived when her merchandise is good, Her lamp is not extinguished in the night.
Commentary WitnessProverbs 31:18Quoted commentary witness
Commentary Witness
Proverbs 31:18
Verse 18 She perceiveth that her merchandise is good - 8. She takes care to manufacture the best articles of the kind, and to lay on a reasonable price that she may secure a ready sale. Her goods are in high repute, and she knows she can sell as much as she can make. And she finds that while she pleases her customers, she increases her own profits. 9. She is watchful and careful. Her candle - her lamp, burns all night, which is of great advantage in case of sudden alarms; and in the times and places where there were so many banditti, this was a very necessary family regulation. Perhaps some works were carried on during the night, those employed sleeping in the daytime. Thus labor never stood still; whilst some slept, others worked. This was no unusual thing in ancient times; and it prevails now; but alas! little children are often thus employed to help to support their indigent parents, and to fill the coffers of their unfeeling taskmasters.
Provenance. Rendered as a quoted commentary witness with explicit reference extraction from the source prose.
Canonical locus
Proverbs 31:18
Source lane
Apologetics Bible source bundle
Exposition: Proverbs 31:18 emphasizes a key movement in the chapter's argument. In KJV form, the text reads: 'She perceiveth that her merchandise is good: her candle goeth not out by night.'. Read in canonical context, the verse supports the coherence of biblical revelation by linking doctrine, narrative, and covenantal meaning.
Apologetics Notes
- Scientific Correlation: This verse is suitable for cumulative-case reasoning in apologetics: historical context, textual stability, and worldview coherence are evaluated together rather than in isolation.
- Hebrew Grammar: A close Hebrew reading should attend lexical range, clause flow, and discourse function in context; these controls reduce over-reading and preserve authorial intent.
- Historical Evidence: Historically, this verse is interpreted within the received canonical tradition, where manuscript continuity and early community usage support stable transmission and meaning.
Proverbs 31:19
Hebrew
יָדֶיהָ שִׁלְּחָה בַכִּישׁוֹר וְכַפֶּיהָ תָּמְכוּ פָֽלֶךְ׃yadeyha-shilechah-vakhiyshvor-vekhafeyha-tamekhv-falekhe
KJV: She layeth her hands to the spindle, and her hands hold the distaff.
AKJV: She lays her hands to the spindle, and her hands hold the distaff.
ASV: She layeth her hands to the distaff,
YLT: Her hands she hath sent forth on a spindle, And her hands have held a distaff.
Commentary WitnessProverbs 31:19Quoted commentary witness
Commentary Witness
Proverbs 31:19
Verse 19 She layeth her hands to the spindle - 10. She gives an example of skill and industry to her household. She takes the distaff, that on which the wool or flax was rolled; and the spindle, that by twisting of which she twisted the thread with the right hand, while she held the distaff in the guard of the left arm, and drew down the thread with the fingers of the left hand. Allowing that spindle and distaff are proper translations of כישור kishor, and פלך pelech, this was their use, and the way in which they were used. The spindle and distaff are the most ancient of all the instruments used for spinning, or making thread. The spinning-wheel superseded them in these countries; but still they were in considerable use till spinning machinery superseded both them and the spinning-wheels in general.
Provenance. Rendered as a quoted commentary witness with explicit reference extraction from the source prose.
Canonical locus
Proverbs 31:19
Source lane
Apologetics Bible source bundle
Exposition: Proverbs 31:19 emphasizes a key movement in the chapter's argument. In KJV form, the text reads: 'She layeth her hands to the spindle, and her hands hold the distaff.'. Read in canonical context, the verse supports the coherence of biblical revelation by linking doctrine, narrative, and covenantal meaning.
Apologetics Notes
- Scientific Correlation: This verse is suitable for cumulative-case reasoning in apologetics: historical context, textual stability, and worldview coherence are evaluated together rather than in isolation.
- Hebrew Grammar: A close Hebrew reading should attend lexical range, clause flow, and discourse function in context; these controls reduce over-reading and preserve authorial intent.
- Historical Evidence: Historically, this verse is interpreted within the received canonical tradition, where manuscript continuity and early community usage support stable transmission and meaning.
Proverbs 31:20
Hebrew
כַּפָּהּ פָּרְשָׂה לֶעָנִי וְיָדֶיהָ שִׁלְּחָה לָֽאֶבְיֽוֹן׃khafah-fareshah-le'aniy-veyadeyha-shilechah-la'eveyvon
KJV: She stretcheth out her hand to the poor; yea, she reacheth forth her hands to the needy.
AKJV: She stretches out her hand to the poor; yes, she reaches forth her hands to the needy.
ASV: She stretcheth out her hand to the poor;
YLT: Her hand she hath spread forth to the poor, Yea, her hands she sent forth to the needy.
Commentary WitnessProverbs 31:20Quoted commentary witness
Commentary Witness
Proverbs 31:20
Verse 20 She stretcheth out her hand to the poor - 11. She is truly charitable. She knows that in every portion of a man's gain God requires a lot for the poor; and if this is not given, God's blessing is not in the rest. And she is not contented to give common alms. While with one hand (יד yad) she relieves the general poor, with both hands (ידיה yadeyha) she gives to the needy, לעני leaney, to the afflicted poor.
Provenance. Rendered as a quoted commentary witness with explicit reference extraction from the source prose.
Canonical locus
Proverbs 31:20
Source lane
Apologetics Bible source bundle
Exposition: Proverbs 31:20 emphasizes a key movement in the chapter's argument. In KJV form, the text reads: 'She stretcheth out her hand to the poor; yea, she reacheth forth her hands to the needy.'. Read in canonical context, the verse supports the coherence of biblical revelation by linking doctrine, narrative, and covenantal meaning.
Apologetics Notes
- Scientific Correlation: This verse is suitable for cumulative-case reasoning in apologetics: historical context, textual stability, and worldview coherence are evaluated together rather than in isolation.
- Hebrew Grammar: A close Hebrew reading should attend lexical range, clause flow, and discourse function in context; these controls reduce over-reading and preserve authorial intent.
- Historical Evidence: Historically, this verse is interpreted within the received canonical tradition, where manuscript continuity and early community usage support stable transmission and meaning.
Proverbs 31:21
Hebrew
לֹא־תִירָא לְבֵיתָהּ מִשָּׁלֶג כִּי כָל־בֵּיתָהּ לָבֻשׁ שָׁנִֽים׃lo'-tiyra'-leveytah-mishaleg-khiy-khal-veytah-lavush-shaniym
KJV: She is not afraid of the snow for her household: for all her household are clothed with scarlet.
AKJV: She is not afraid of the snow for her household: for all her household are clothed with scarlet.
ASV: She is not afraid of the snow for her household;
YLT: She is not afraid of her household from snow, For all her household are clothed with scarlet.
Commentary Witness (Generated)Proverbs 31:21Generated editorial synthesis
Commentary Witness (Generated)
Proverbs 31:21
Proverbs 31:21 advances the immediate literary flow of the chapter and should be interpreted in its canonical context, not as an isolated proof text. In the present translation it reads: 'She is not afraid of the snow for her household: for all her household are clothed with scarlet.'. A close Hebrew reading supports attention to key lexical choices, clause movement, and redemptive-historical placement so doctrinal conclusions remain textually grounded.
Provenance. Rendered as an editorial synthesis tied to the canonical verse context and current chapter source.
Canonical locus
Proverbs 31:21
Source lane
Apologetics Bible source bundle
Biblical cross-references named in the witness
- Proverbs 31:21
Exposition: Proverbs 31:21 emphasizes a key movement in the chapter's argument. In KJV form, the text reads: 'She is not afraid of the snow for her household: for all her household are clothed with scarlet.'. Read in canonical context, the verse supports the coherence of biblical revelation by linking doctrine, narrative, and covenantal meaning.
Apologetics Notes
- Scientific Correlation: This verse is suitable for cumulative-case reasoning in apologetics: historical context, textual stability, and worldview coherence are evaluated together rather than in isolation.
- Hebrew Grammar: A close Hebrew reading should attend lexical range, clause flow, and discourse function in context; these controls reduce over-reading and preserve authorial intent.
- Historical Evidence: Historically, this verse is interpreted within the received canonical tradition, where manuscript continuity and early community usage support stable transmission and meaning.
Proverbs 31:22
Hebrew
מַרְבַדִּים עָֽשְׂתָה־לָּהּ שֵׁשׁ וְאַרְגָּמָן לְבוּשָֽׁהּ׃marevadiym-'ashetah-lah-shesh-ve'aregaman-levvshah
KJV: She maketh herself coverings of tapestry; her clothing is silk and purple.
AKJV: She makes herself coverings of tapestry; her clothing is silk and purple.
ASV: She maketh for herself carpets of tapestry;
YLT: Ornamental coverings she hath made for herself, Silk and purple are her clothing.
Commentary WitnessProverbs 31:22Quoted commentary witness
Commentary Witness
Proverbs 31:22
Verse 22 She maketh herself coverings of tapestry - 13. She is not regardless either of her own person, or of the decent, proper appearance of her presses and wardrobe. She has coverings or carpeting for her guests to sit upon; she has also tapestry, מרבדים marbaddim, either tapestry, carpeting, or quilted work for her beds; and her own clothing is שש shesh, fine flax, or linen cloth, and purple; probably for a cloak or mantle. The fine linen or cotton cloth of Egypt is probably intended. I have often seen it wrapping the bodies of mummies; it is something like our coarse calico. The purple was supposed to have been dyed by a precious liquor obtained from the pinna magna, a large shellfish, of the muscle kind, found on the coast of the Mediterranean Sea. I have seen some of them nearly two feet in length. But it is a doubt whether any such liquor was ever obtained from this or any other fish; and the story itself is invented merely to hide the secret, the proper method of dying purple; which was kept so well that it certainly died with the ancients.
Provenance. Rendered as a quoted commentary witness with explicit reference extraction from the source prose.
Canonical locus
Proverbs 31:22
Source lane
Apologetics Bible source bundle
Named authorities or texts detected in the witness
- Mediterranean Sea
Exposition: Proverbs 31:22 emphasizes a key movement in the chapter's argument. In KJV form, the text reads: 'She maketh herself coverings of tapestry; her clothing is silk and purple.'. Read in canonical context, the verse supports the coherence of biblical revelation by linking doctrine, narrative, and covenantal meaning.
Apologetics Notes
- Scientific Correlation: This verse is suitable for cumulative-case reasoning in apologetics: historical context, textual stability, and worldview coherence are evaluated together rather than in isolation.
- Hebrew Grammar: A close Hebrew reading should attend lexical range, clause flow, and discourse function in context; these controls reduce over-reading and preserve authorial intent.
- Historical Evidence: Historically, this verse is interpreted within the received canonical tradition, where manuscript continuity and early community usage support stable transmission and meaning.
Proverbs 31:23
Hebrew
נוֹדָע בַּשְּׁעָרִים בַּעְלָהּ בְּשִׁבְתּוֹ עִם־זִקְנֵי־אָֽרֶץ׃nvoda'-vashe'ariym-va'elah-veshivetvo-'im-ziqeney-'aretz
KJV: Her husband is known in the gates, when he sitteth among the elders of the land.
AKJV: Her husband is known in the gates, when he sits among the elders of the land.
ASV: Her husband is known in the gates,
YLT: Known in the gates is her husband, In his sitting with elders of the land.
Commentary WitnessProverbs 31:23Quoted commentary witness
Commentary Witness
Proverbs 31:23
Verse 23 Her husband is known in the gates - 14. She is a loving wife, and feels for the respectability and honor of her husband. He is an elder among his people, and he sits as a magistrate in the gate. He is respected not only on account of the neatness and cleanliness of his person and dress, but because he is the husband of a woman who is justly held in universal esteem. And her complete management of household affairs gives him full leisure to devote himself to the civil interests of the community.
Provenance. Rendered as a quoted commentary witness with explicit reference extraction from the source prose.
Canonical locus
Proverbs 31:23
Source lane
Apologetics Bible source bundle
Exposition: Proverbs 31:23 emphasizes a key movement in the chapter's argument. In KJV form, the text reads: 'Her husband is known in the gates, when he sitteth among the elders of the land.'. Read in canonical context, the verse supports the coherence of biblical revelation by linking doctrine, narrative, and covenantal meaning.
Apologetics Notes
- Scientific Correlation: This verse is suitable for cumulative-case reasoning in apologetics: historical context, textual stability, and worldview coherence are evaluated together rather than in isolation.
- Hebrew Grammar: A close Hebrew reading should attend lexical range, clause flow, and discourse function in context; these controls reduce over-reading and preserve authorial intent.
- Historical Evidence: Historically, this verse is interpreted within the received canonical tradition, where manuscript continuity and early community usage support stable transmission and meaning.
Proverbs 31:24
Hebrew
סָדִין עָשְׂתָה וַתִּמְכֹּר וַחֲגוֹר נָתְנָה לַֽכְּנַעֲנִֽי׃sadiyn-'ashetah-vatimekhor-vachagvor-natenah-lakhena'aniy
KJV: She maketh fine linen, and selleth it; and delivereth girdles unto the merchant.
AKJV: She makes fine linen, and sells it; and delivers girdles to the merchant.
ASV: She maketh linen garments and selleth them,
YLT: Linen garments she hath made, and selleth, And a girdle she hath given to the merchant.
Commentary WitnessProverbs 31:24Quoted commentary witness
Commentary Witness
Proverbs 31:24
Verse 24 She maketh fine linen, and selleth it - 15. She is here remarkable for carrying on a traffic of splendid and ornamental dresses, or habits, as she is, Pro 31:13, for "a coarser manufacture," The סדון sidon is supposed to come from the Arabic; and to signify a kind of loose inner garment, shirt, chemise, or fine muslin covering. Some of these are so exceedingly fine, like the abrooam, that when spread on the grass, they are scarcely discernible. Some such garments as these are still worn by ladies in India and in China, and are so thin and transparent, that every part of the body may be seen through them. I have many representations of persons clothed in this way before me both of the Chinese, the Hindoo, and the Malabar ladies. Probably this eminent Jewish matron had such articles manufactured in her own house. She dealt also in girdles. These are still a very general and very expensive article of dress. I have seen them made of silk, and highly ornamented with gold and silver thread, worked into flowers and various curious devices. The loose Eastern robe is confined by these; and the word may also take in the shawl of the turban, which is often superb and costly. It is properly the girdle for the head. As these were generally woven, the consumption was great; and an able artist must have had a good trade. The Arabic gives a remarkable translation of this verse: "She maketh towels, (or tablecloths), and sells them to the inhabitants of Basra, (a city in Mesopotamia), and fine linens, and sells them to the Canaanites." My old MS. Bible has, Sandel sche made and sold, and a litil girdil sche toke to Chanane. Perhaps לכנעני lakkenaani, for the merchant, may stand here for לכנענים lakkenaanim, the Canaanites.
Provenance. Rendered as a quoted commentary witness with explicit reference extraction from the source prose.
Canonical locus
Proverbs 31:24
Source lane
Apologetics Bible source bundle
Named authorities or texts detected in the witness
- Arabic
- China
- Chinese
- Hindoo
- Basra
- Canaanites
- Chanane
Exposition: Proverbs 31:24 emphasizes a key movement in the chapter's argument. In KJV form, the text reads: 'She maketh fine linen, and selleth it; and delivereth girdles unto the merchant.'. Read in canonical context, the verse supports the coherence of biblical revelation by linking doctrine, narrative, and covenantal meaning.
Apologetics Notes
- Scientific Correlation: This verse is suitable for cumulative-case reasoning in apologetics: historical context, textual stability, and worldview coherence are evaluated together rather than in isolation.
- Hebrew Grammar: A close Hebrew reading should attend lexical range, clause flow, and discourse function in context; these controls reduce over-reading and preserve authorial intent.
- Historical Evidence: Historically, this verse is interpreted within the received canonical tradition, where manuscript continuity and early community usage support stable transmission and meaning.
Proverbs 31:25
Hebrew
עֹז־וְהָדָר לְבוּשָׁהּ וַתִּשְׂחַק לְיוֹם אַחֲרֽוֹן׃'oz-vehadar-levvshah-vatishechaq-leyvom-'acharvon
KJV: Strength and honour are her clothing; and she shall rejoice in time to come.
AKJV: Strength and honor are her clothing; and she shall rejoice in time to come.
ASV: Strength and dignity are her clothing;
YLT: Strength and honour are her clothing, And she rejoiceth at a latter day.
Commentary Witness (Generated)Proverbs 31:25Generated editorial synthesis
Commentary Witness (Generated)
Proverbs 31:25
Proverbs 31:25 advances the immediate literary flow of the chapter and should be interpreted in its canonical context, not as an isolated proof text. In the present translation it reads: 'Strength and honour are her clothing; and she shall rejoice in time to come.'. A close Hebrew reading supports attention to key lexical choices, clause movement, and redemptive-historical placement so doctrinal conclusions remain textually grounded.
Provenance. Rendered as an editorial synthesis tied to the canonical verse context and current chapter source.
Canonical locus
Proverbs 31:25
Source lane
Apologetics Bible source bundle
Biblical cross-references named in the witness
- Proverbs 31:25
Exposition: Proverbs 31:25 emphasizes a key movement in the chapter's argument. In KJV form, the text reads: 'Strength and honour are her clothing; and she shall rejoice in time to come.'. Read in canonical context, the verse supports the coherence of biblical revelation by linking doctrine, narrative, and covenantal meaning.
Apologetics Notes
- Scientific Correlation: This verse is suitable for cumulative-case reasoning in apologetics: historical context, textual stability, and worldview coherence are evaluated together rather than in isolation.
- Hebrew Grammar: A close Hebrew reading should attend lexical range, clause flow, and discourse function in context; these controls reduce over-reading and preserve authorial intent.
- Historical Evidence: Historically, this verse is interpreted within the received canonical tradition, where manuscript continuity and early community usage support stable transmission and meaning.
Proverbs 31:26
Hebrew
פִּיהָ פָּתְחָה בְחָכְמָה וְתֽוֹרַת־חֶסֶד עַל־לְשׁוֹנָֽהּ׃fiyha-fatechah-vechakhemah-vetvorat-chesed-'al-leshvonah
KJV: She openeth her mouth with wisdom; and in her tongue is the law of kindness.
AKJV: She opens her mouth with wisdom; and in her tongue is the law of kindness.
ASV: She openeth her mouth with wisdom;
YLT: Her mouth she hath opened in wisdom, And the law of kindness is on her tongue.
Commentary WitnessProverbs 31:26Quoted commentary witness
Commentary Witness
Proverbs 31:26
Verse 26 Strength and honor are her clothing - 16. All the articles manufactured by herself or under her care have a double perfection: 1. They are strong. 2. They are elegant; Strength and honor are her clothing; and on account of this she shall rejoice in time to come; she shall never have occasion to blush for any thing she has made, for any thing she or hers have worn, or for any thing she has sold. Besides, she has so conducted herself that she has reason to expect that the hand of the Lord shall be still with her, and shall keep her from evil that it may not grieve her. She openeth her mouth with wisdom - 17. He comes now to the moral management of her family. 1. She is wise and intelligent; she has not neglected the cultivation of her mind. 2. She is amiable in her carriage, full of good nature, well tempered, and conciliating in her manners and address. In her tongue is the law of kindness - This is the most distinguishing excellence of this woman. There are very few of those who are called managing women who are not lords over their husbands, tyrants over their servants, and insolent among their neighbors. But this woman, with all her eminence and excellence, was of a meek and quiet spirit. Blessed woman!
Provenance. Rendered as a quoted commentary witness with explicit reference extraction from the source prose.
Canonical locus
Proverbs 31:26
Source lane
Apologetics Bible source bundle
Named authorities or texts detected in the witness
- Besides
Exposition: Proverbs 31:26 emphasizes a key movement in the chapter's argument. In KJV form, the text reads: 'She openeth her mouth with wisdom; and in her tongue is the law of kindness.'. Read in canonical context, the verse supports the coherence of biblical revelation by linking doctrine, narrative, and covenantal meaning.
Apologetics Notes
- Scientific Correlation: This verse is suitable for cumulative-case reasoning in apologetics: historical context, textual stability, and worldview coherence are evaluated together rather than in isolation.
- Hebrew Grammar: A close Hebrew reading should attend lexical range, clause flow, and discourse function in context; these controls reduce over-reading and preserve authorial intent.
- Historical Evidence: Historically, this verse is interpreted within the received canonical tradition, where manuscript continuity and early community usage support stable transmission and meaning.
Proverbs 31:27
Hebrew
צוֹפִיָּה הֲלִיכוֹת בֵּיתָהּ וְלֶחֶם עַצְלוּת לֹא תֹאכֵֽל׃tzvofiyah-haliykhvot-veytah-velechem-'atzelvt-lo'-to'khel
KJV: She looketh well to the ways of her household, and eateth not the bread of idleness.
AKJV: She looks well to the ways of her household, and eats not the bread of idleness.
ASV: She looketh well to the ways of her household,
YLT: She is watching the ways of her household, And bread of sloth she eateth not.
Commentary WitnessProverbs 31:27Quoted commentary witness
Commentary Witness
Proverbs 31:27
Verse 27 She looketh well to the ways of her household - 18. She is a moral manager: she takes care that all shall behave themselves well; that none of them shall keep bad company or contract vicious habits. A religious industry, or an industrious religion, is the law of her house. She can instruct them in religion, as well as she can teach them in their labor. In her house, diligence in business, and fervency of spirit, serving the Lord, go hand in hand. And eateth not the bread of idleness - 19. She knows that idleness leads to vice; and therefore every one has his work, and every one has his proper food. That they may work well, they are fed well; and every one, at least, earns the bread that he eats - eateth not the bread of idleness.
Provenance. Rendered as a quoted commentary witness with explicit reference extraction from the source prose.
Canonical locus
Proverbs 31:27
Source lane
Apologetics Bible source bundle
Named authorities or texts detected in the witness
- Lord
Exposition: Proverbs 31:27 emphasizes a key movement in the chapter's argument. In KJV form, the text reads: 'She looketh well to the ways of her household, and eateth not the bread of idleness.'. Read in canonical context, the verse supports the coherence of biblical revelation by linking doctrine, narrative, and covenantal meaning.
Apologetics Notes
- Scientific Correlation: This verse is suitable for cumulative-case reasoning in apologetics: historical context, textual stability, and worldview coherence are evaluated together rather than in isolation.
- Hebrew Grammar: A close Hebrew reading should attend lexical range, clause flow, and discourse function in context; these controls reduce over-reading and preserve authorial intent.
- Historical Evidence: Historically, this verse is interpreted within the received canonical tradition, where manuscript continuity and early community usage support stable transmission and meaning.
Proverbs 31:28
Hebrew
קָמוּ בָנֶיהָ וַֽיְאַשְּׁרוּהָ בַּעְלָהּ וַֽיְהַֽלְלָהּ׃qamv-vaneyha-vaye'ashervha-va'elah-vayehalelah
KJV: Her children arise up, and call her blessed; her husband also, and he praiseth her.
AKJV: Her children arise up, and call her blessed; her husband also, and he praises her.
ASV: Her children rise up, and call her blessed;
YLT: Her sons have risen up, and pronounce her happy, Her husband, and he praiseth her,
Commentary WitnessProverbs 31:28Quoted commentary witness
Commentary Witness
Proverbs 31:28
Verse 28 Her children arise up, and call her blessed - 20. She considers a good education next to Divine influence; and she knows also that if she train up a child in the way he should go, when he is old he will not depart from it. 1. Her children are well bred; they rise up and pay due respect. 2. They are taught the fear of the lord, and obedience to his testimonies; therefore they call her blessed. So they are of a decent, orderly, respectable, religious behavior. 3. Her husband is so satisfied with her conduct towards himself, his household, his business, and their children, that he praiseth her. He shows himself sensible of her excellence, and encourages her, in her work, by the commendations he bestows.
Provenance. Rendered as a quoted commentary witness with explicit reference extraction from the source prose.
Canonical locus
Proverbs 31:28
Source lane
Apologetics Bible source bundle
Exposition: Proverbs 31:28 emphasizes a key movement in the chapter's argument. In KJV form, the text reads: 'Her children arise up, and call her blessed; her husband also, and he praiseth her.'. Read in canonical context, the verse supports the coherence of biblical revelation by linking doctrine, narrative, and covenantal meaning.
Apologetics Notes
- Scientific Correlation: This verse is suitable for cumulative-case reasoning in apologetics: historical context, textual stability, and worldview coherence are evaluated together rather than in isolation.
- Hebrew Grammar: A close Hebrew reading should attend lexical range, clause flow, and discourse function in context; these controls reduce over-reading and preserve authorial intent.
- Historical Evidence: Historically, this verse is interpreted within the received canonical tradition, where manuscript continuity and early community usage support stable transmission and meaning.
Proverbs 31:29
Hebrew
רַבּוֹת בָּנוֹת עָשׂוּ חָיִל וְאַתְּ עָלִית עַל־כֻּלָּֽנָה׃ravvot-vanvot-'ashv-chayil-ve'ate-'aliyt-'al-khulanah
KJV: Many daughters have done virtuously, but thou excellest them all.
AKJV: Many daughters have done virtuously, but you excel them all.
ASV: Many daughters have done worthily,
YLT: `Many are the daughters who have done worthily, Thou hast gone up above them all.'
Commentary WitnessProverbs 31:29Quoted commentary witness
Commentary Witness
Proverbs 31:29
Verse 29 Many daughters have done virtuously - This is undoubtedly the speech of the husband, giving testimony to the excellence of his wife: "Her husband also, and he praiseth her, saying, 'many daughters,' women, 'have done virtuously,' with due propriety as wives, mistresses, and mothers; 'but Thou,' my incomparable wife, 'excellent them all;' ואת עלית על כלנה veath alith al cullanah, but Thou hast ascended above the whole of them - thou hast carried every duty, every virtue, and every qualification and excellency, to a higher perfection, than any of whom we have ever read or heard." And let the reader seriously consider the above particulars, as specified under the different heads and subdivisions; and he will be probably of the same mind. But high as the character of this Jewish matron stands in the preceding description, I can say that I have met at least her equal, in a daughter of the Rev. Dr. Samuel Annesly, the wife of Samuel Wesley, sen., rector of Epworth in Lincolnshire, and mother of the late extraordinary brothers, John and Charles Wesley. I am constrained to add this testimony, after having traced her from her birth to her death, through all the relations that a woman can bear upon earth. Her Christianity gave to her virtues and excellences a heightening, which the Jewish matron could not possess. Besides, she was a woman of great learning and information, and of a depth of mind, and reach of thought, seldom to be found among the daughters of Eve, and not often among the sons of Adam.
Provenance. Rendered as a quoted commentary witness with explicit reference extraction from the source prose.
Canonical locus
Proverbs 31:29
Source lane
Apologetics Bible source bundle
Named authorities or texts detected in the witness
- Thou
- Rev
- Dr
- Samuel Annesly
- Samuel Wesley
- Lincolnshire
- Charles Wesley
- Besides
- Eve
- Adam
Exposition: Proverbs 31:29 emphasizes a key movement in the chapter's argument. In KJV form, the text reads: 'Many daughters have done virtuously, but thou excellest them all.'. Read in canonical context, the verse supports the coherence of biblical revelation by linking doctrine, narrative, and covenantal meaning.
Apologetics Notes
- Scientific Correlation: This verse is suitable for cumulative-case reasoning in apologetics: historical context, textual stability, and worldview coherence are evaluated together rather than in isolation.
- Hebrew Grammar: A close Hebrew reading should attend lexical range, clause flow, and discourse function in context; these controls reduce over-reading and preserve authorial intent.
- Historical Evidence: Historically, this verse is interpreted within the received canonical tradition, where manuscript continuity and early community usage support stable transmission and meaning.
Proverbs 31:30
Hebrew
שֶׁקֶר הַחֵן וְהֶבֶל הַיֹּפִי אִשָּׁה יִרְאַת־יְהוָה הִיא תִתְהַלָּֽל׃sheqer-hachen-vehevel-hayofiy-'ishah-yire'at-yehvah-hiy'-titehalal
KJV: Favour is deceitful, and beauty is vain: but a woman that feareth the LORD, she shall be praised.
AKJV: Favor is deceitful, and beauty is vain: but a woman that fears the LORD, she shall be praised.
ASV: Grace is deceitful, and beauty is vain;
YLT: The grace is false, and the beauty is vain, A woman fearing Jehovah, she may boast herself.
Commentary WitnessProverbs 31:30Quoted commentary witness
Commentary Witness
Proverbs 31:30
Verse 30 Favor is deceitful, and beauty is vain, etc. - III. Here is the summing up of the character. 1. Favour, חן chen, grace of manner may be deceitful, many a fair appearance of this kind is put on, assumed for certain secular or more unworthy purposes; it is learned by painful drilling in polished seminaries, and, being the effect of mere physical discipline, it continues while the restraint lasts; but it is שקר sheker, a lie, a mere semblance, an outward varnish. It is not the effect of internal moral regulation; it is an outside, at which the inside murmurs; and which, because not ingenuous, is a burden to itself. 2. Beauty, היפי haiyophi, elegance of shape, symmetry of features, dignity of mien, and beauty of countenance, are all הבל hebel, vanity; sickness impairs them, suffering deranges them, and death destroys them. 3. "But a woman that feareth the Lord," that possesses true religion, has that grace that harmonizes the soul, that purifies and refines all the tempers and passions, and that ornament of beauty, a meek and quiet mind, which in the sight of God is of great price: - She shall be praised - This is the lasting grace, the unfading beauty.
Provenance. Rendered as a quoted commentary witness with explicit reference extraction from the source prose.
Canonical locus
Proverbs 31:30
Source lane
Apologetics Bible source bundle
Named authorities or texts detected in the witness
- Favour
- Beauty
- Lord
Exposition: Proverbs 31:30 emphasizes a key movement in the chapter's argument. In KJV form, the text reads: 'Favour is deceitful, and beauty is vain: but a woman that feareth the LORD, she shall be praised.'. Read in canonical context, the verse supports the coherence of biblical revelation by linking doctrine, narrative, and covenantal meaning.
Apologetics Notes
- Scientific Correlation: This verse is suitable for cumulative-case reasoning in apologetics: historical context, textual stability, and worldview coherence are evaluated together rather than in isolation.
- Hebrew Grammar: A close Hebrew reading should attend lexical range, clause flow, and discourse function in context; these controls reduce over-reading and preserve authorial intent.
- Historical Evidence: Historically, this verse is interpreted within the received canonical tradition, where manuscript continuity and early community usage support stable transmission and meaning.
Proverbs 31:31
Hebrew
תְּנוּ־לָהּ מִפְּרִי יָדֶיהָ וִֽיהַלְלוּהָ בַשְּׁעָרִים מַעֲשֶֽׂיהָ׃ 915 31 4 4tenv-lah-miferiy-yadeyha-viyhalelvha-vashe'ariym-ma'asheyha
KJV: Give her of the fruit of her hands; and let her own works praise her in the gates.
AKJV: Give her of the fruit of her hands; and let her own works praise her in the gates.
ASV: Give her of the fruit of her hands;
YLT: Give ye to her of the fruit of her hands, And her works do praise her in the gates!
Commentary WitnessProverbs 31:31Quoted commentary witness
Commentary Witness
Proverbs 31:31
Verse 31 Give her of the fruit of her hands - This may be a prayer. May she long enjoy the fruit of her labors! May she see her children's children, and peace upon Israel! And let her own works praise her in the gates - Let what she has done be spoken of for a memorial of her; let her bright example be held forth in the most public places. Let it be set before the eyes of every female, particularly of every wife, and especially of every mother; and let them learn from this exemplar, what men have a right to expect in their wives, the mistresses of their families, and the mothers of their children. Amen.
Provenance. Rendered as a quoted commentary witness with explicit reference extraction from the source prose.
Canonical locus
Proverbs 31:31
Source lane
Apologetics Bible source bundle
Named authorities or texts detected in the witness
- Ray
- Amen
Exposition: Proverbs 31:31 emphasizes a key movement in the chapter's argument. In KJV form, the text reads: 'Give her of the fruit of her hands; and let her own works praise her in the gates.'. Read in canonical context, the verse supports the coherence of biblical revelation by linking doctrine, narrative, and covenantal meaning.
Apologetics Notes
- Scientific Correlation: This verse is suitable for cumulative-case reasoning in apologetics: historical context, textual stability, and worldview coherence are evaluated together rather than in isolation.
- Hebrew Grammar: A close Hebrew reading should attend lexical range, clause flow, and discourse function in context; these controls reduce over-reading and preserve authorial intent.
- Historical Evidence: Historically, this verse is interpreted within the received canonical tradition, where manuscript continuity and early community usage support stable transmission and meaning.
Citation trailOpen the commentary counts, references, and named sources.
Scholarly apparatus
Commentary citation index
This chapter now surfaces commentary as quoted witness material with an explicit citation trail. The index below gathers the canonical references and named authorities detected inside the commentary layer for faster academic review.
Direct commentary witnesses
27
Generated editorial witnesses
4
Source lane
Apologetics Bible source bundle
Canonical references surfaced in commentary
- Proverbs 31:1
- Proverbs 31:2
- Proverbs 31:3
- Proverbs 31:4
- Proverbs 31:5
- Proverbs 31:6
- Proverbs 31:7
- Proverbs 31:8
- Proverbs 31:9
- Proverbs 31:10
- Proverbs 31:11
- Proverbs 31:12
- Proverbs 31:13
- Proverbs 31:14
- Proverbs 31:15
- Proverbs 31:16
- Proverbs 31:17
- Proverbs 31:18
- Proverbs 31:19
- Proverbs 31:20
- Proverbs 31:21
- Proverbs 31:22
- Proverbs 31:23
- Proverbs 31:24
- Proverbs 31:25
- Proverbs 31:26
- Proverbs 31:27
- Proverbs 31:28
- Proverbs 31:29
- Proverbs 31:30
- Proverbs 31:31
Named authorities or texts surfaced in commentary
- King Lemuel
- Syriac
- Solomon
- Uriah
- David
- But
- Proverbs
- Lemuel
- Massa
- What
- Kynge Lemuel
- Lord
- Ovid
- Greeks
- Romans
- Israelites
- Mediterranean Sea
- Arabic
- China
- Chinese
- Hindoo
- Basra
- Canaanites
- Chanane
- Besides
- Thou
- Rev
- Dr
- Samuel Annesly
- Samuel Wesley
- Lincolnshire
- Charles Wesley
- Eve
- Adam
- Favour
- Beauty
- Ray
- Amen
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1 John
Rendered chapters 1–5 are mapped to the public reader path for 1 John. Use this card to open chapter 1 and move directly into the study surface.
2 John
Rendered chapter 1 are mapped to the public reader path for 2 John. Use this card to open chapter 1 and move directly into the study surface.
3 John
Rendered chapter 1 are mapped to the public reader path for 3 John. Use this card to open chapter 1 and move directly into the study surface.
Jude
Rendered chapter 1 are mapped to the public reader path for Jude. Use this card to open chapter 1 and move directly into the study surface.
Revelation
Rendered chapters 1–22 are mapped to the public reader path for Revelation. Use this card to open chapter 1 and move directly into the study surface.
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What this explorer shows today
The public reader has book-by-book chapter entry points across the 66-book canon. Deeper corpus and provenance details stay on the supporting Bible Data shelves.
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Commentary Witness
Proverbs 31:1
Provenance. Rendered as a quoted commentary witness with explicit reference extraction from the source prose.
Canonical locus
Proverbs 31:1
Source lane
Apologetics Bible source bundle
Named authorities or texts detected in the witness