Apologetics Bible

Romans 10:1

Greek

Ἀδελφοί, ἡ μὲν εὐδοκία τῆς ἐμῆς καρδίας καὶ ἡ ⸀δέησις πρὸς τὸν θεὸν ὑπὲρ ⸀αὐτῶν εἰς σωτηρίαν.

Adelphoi, e men eydokia tes emes kardias kai e deesis pros ton theon yper ayton eis soterian.

KJV: Brethren, my heart’s desire and prayer to God for Israel is, that they might be saved.

AKJV: Brothers, my heart’s desire and prayer to God for Israel is, that they might be saved.

ASV: Brethren, my heart’s desire and my supplication to God is for them, that they may be saved.

YLT: Brethren, the pleasure indeed of my heart, and my supplication that is to God for Israel, is--for salvation;

Exposition: Romans 10:1 emphasizes a key movement in the chapter's argument. In KJV form, the text reads: 'Brethren, my heart’s desire and prayer to God for Israel is, that they might be saved.'. Read in canonical context, the verse supports the coherence of biblical revelation by linking doctrine, narrative, and covenantal meaning.

Apologetics Notes

• Scientific Correlation: This verse is suitable for cumulative-case reasoning in apologetics: historical context, textual stability, and worldview coherence are evaluated together rather than in isolation.

• Koine Greek Grammar: A close Koine Greek reading should attend lexical range, clause flow, and discourse function in context; these controls reduce over-reading and preserve authorial intent.

• Historical Evidence: Historically, this verse is interpreted within the received canonical tradition, where manuscript continuity and early community usage support stable transmission and meaning.

Romans 10:2

Greek

μαρτυρῶ γὰρ αὐτοῖς ὅτι ζῆλον θεοῦ ἔχουσιν· ἀλλʼ οὐ κατʼ ἐπίγνωσιν,

martyro gar aytois oti zelon theoy echoysin· all oy kat epignosin,

KJV: For I bear them record that they have a zeal of God, but not according to knowledge.

AKJV: For I bear them record that they have a zeal of God, but not according to knowledge.

ASV: For I bear them witness that they have a zeal for God, but not according to knowledge.

YLT: for I bear them testimony that they have a zeal of God, but not according to knowledge,

Exposition: Romans 10:2 emphasizes a key movement in the chapter's argument. In KJV form, the text reads: 'For I bear them record that they have a zeal of God, but not according to knowledge.'. Read in canonical context, the verse supports the coherence of biblical revelation by linking doctrine, narrative, and covenantal meaning.

Apologetics Notes

• Scientific Correlation: This verse is suitable for cumulative-case reasoning in apologetics: historical context, textual stability, and worldview coherence are evaluated together rather than in isolation.

• Koine Greek Grammar: A close Koine Greek reading should attend lexical range, clause flow, and discourse function in context; these controls reduce over-reading and preserve authorial intent.

• Historical Evidence: Historically, this verse is interpreted within the received canonical tradition, where manuscript continuity and early community usage support stable transmission and meaning.

Romans 10:3

Greek

ἀγνοοῦντες γὰρ τὴν τοῦ θεοῦ δικαιοσύνην, καὶ τὴν ⸀ἰδίαν ζητοῦντες στῆσαι, τῇ δικαιοσύνῃ τοῦ θεοῦ οὐχ ὑπετάγησαν·

agnooyntes gar ten toy theoy dikaiosynen, kai ten idian zetoyntes stesai, te dikaiosyne toy theoy oych ypetagesan·

KJV: For they being ignorant of God’s righteousness, and going about to establish their own righteousness, have not submitted themselves unto the righteousness of God.

AKJV: For they being ignorant of God’s righteousness, and going about to establish their own righteousness, have not submitted themselves to the righteousness of God.

ASV: For being ignorant of God’s righteousness, and seeking to establish their own, they did not subject themselves to the righteousness of God.

YLT: for not knowing the righteousness of God, and their own righteousness seeking to establish, to the righteousness of God they did not submit.

Exposition: Romans 10:3 emphasizes a key movement in the chapter's argument. In KJV form, the text reads: 'For they being ignorant of God’s righteousness, and going about to establish their own righteousness, have not submitted themselves unto the righteousness of God.'. Read in canonical context, the verse supports the coherence of biblical revelation by linking doctrine, narrative, and covenantal meaning.

Apologetics Notes

• Scientific Correlation: This verse is suitable for cumulative-case reasoning in apologetics: historical context, textual stability, and worldview coherence are evaluated together rather than in isolation.

• Koine Greek Grammar: A close Koine Greek reading should attend lexical range, clause flow, and discourse function in context; these controls reduce over-reading and preserve authorial intent.

• Historical Evidence: Historically, this verse is interpreted within the received canonical tradition, where manuscript continuity and early community usage support stable transmission and meaning.

Romans 10:4

Greek

τέλος γὰρ νόμου Χριστὸς εἰς δικαιοσύνην παντὶ τῷ πιστεύοντι.

telos gar nomoy Christos eis dikaiosynen panti to pisteyonti.

KJV: For Christ is the end of the law for righteousness to every one that believeth.

AKJV: For Christ is the end of the law for righteousness to every one that believes.

ASV: For Christ is the end of the law unto righteousness to every one that believeth.

YLT: For Christ is an end of law for righteousness to every one who is believing,

Exposition: Romans 10:4 emphasizes a key movement in the chapter's argument. In KJV form, the text reads: 'For Christ is the end of the law for righteousness to every one that believeth.'. Read in canonical context, the verse supports the coherence of biblical revelation by linking doctrine, narrative, and covenantal meaning.

Apologetics Notes

• Scientific Correlation: This verse is suitable for cumulative-case reasoning in apologetics: historical context, textual stability, and worldview coherence are evaluated together rather than in isolation.

• Koine Greek Grammar: A close Koine Greek reading should attend lexical range, clause flow, and discourse function in context; these controls reduce over-reading and preserve authorial intent.

• Historical Evidence: Historically, this verse is interpreted within the received canonical tradition, where manuscript continuity and early community usage support stable transmission and meaning.

Romans 10:5

Greek

Μωϋσῆς γὰρ γράφει ⸂ὅτι τὴν δικαιοσύνην τὴν ἐκ ⸀τοῦ νόμου⸃ ὁ ⸀ποιήσας ἄνθρωπος ζήσεται ἐν ⸀αὐτῇ.

Moyses gar graphei oti ten dikaiosynen ten ek toy nomoy o poiesas anthropos zesetai en ayte.

KJV: For Moses describeth the righteousness which is of the law, That the man which doeth those things shall live by them.

AKJV: For Moses describes the righteousness which is of the law, That the man which does those things shall live by them.

ASV: For Moses writeth that the man that doeth the righteousness which is of the law shall live thereby.

YLT: for Moses doth describe the righteousness that is of the law, that, `The man who did them shall live in them,'

Exposition: Romans 10:5 emphasizes a key movement in the chapter's argument. In KJV form, the text reads: 'For Moses describeth the righteousness which is of the law, That the man which doeth those things shall live by them.'. Read in canonical context, the verse supports the coherence of biblical revelation by linking doctrine, narrative, and covenantal meaning.

Apologetics Notes

• Scientific Correlation: This verse is suitable for cumulative-case reasoning in apologetics: historical context, textual stability, and worldview coherence are evaluated together rather than in isolation.

• Koine Greek Grammar: A close Koine Greek reading should attend lexical range, clause flow, and discourse function in context; these controls reduce over-reading and preserve authorial intent.

• Historical Evidence: Historically, this verse is interpreted within the received canonical tradition, where manuscript continuity and early community usage support stable transmission and meaning.

Romans 10:6

Greek

ἡ δὲ ἐκ πίστεως δικαιοσύνη οὕτως λέγει· Μὴ εἴπῃς ἐν τῇ καρδίᾳ σου· Τίς ἀναβήσεται εἰς τὸν οὐρανόν; τοῦτʼ ἔστιν Χριστὸν καταγαγεῖν·

e de ek pisteos dikaiosyne oytos legei· Me eipes en te kardia soy· Tis anabesetai eis ton oyranon; toyt estin Christon katagagein·

KJV: But the righteousness which is of faith speaketh on this wise, Say not in thine heart, Who shall ascend into heaven? (that is, to bring Christ down from above:)

AKJV: But the righteousness which is of faith speaks on this wise, Say not in your heart, Who shall ascend into heaven? (that is, to bring Christ down from above:)

ASV: But the righteousness which is of faith saith thus, Say not in thy heart, Who shall ascend into heaven? (that is, to bring Christ down:)

YLT: and the righteousness of faith doth thus speak: `Thou mayest not say in thine heart, Who shall go up to the heaven,' that is, Christ to bring down?

Exposition: Romans 10:6 emphasizes a key movement in the chapter's argument. In KJV form, the text reads: 'But the righteousness which is of faith speaketh on this wise, Say not in thine heart, Who shall ascend into heaven? (that is, to bring Christ down from above:)'. Read in canonical context, the verse supports the coherence of biblical revelation by linking doctrine, narrative, and covenantal meaning.

Apologetics Notes

• Scientific Correlation: This verse is suitable for cumulative-case reasoning in apologetics: historical context, textual stability, and worldview coherence are evaluated together rather than in isolation.

• Koine Greek Grammar: A close Koine Greek reading should attend lexical range, clause flow, and discourse function in context; these controls reduce over-reading and preserve authorial intent.

• Historical Evidence: Historically, this verse is interpreted within the received canonical tradition, where manuscript continuity and early community usage support stable transmission and meaning.

Romans 10:7

Greek

ἤ· Τίς καταβήσεται εἰς τὴν ἄβυσσον; τοῦτʼ ἔστιν Χριστὸν ἐκ νεκρῶν ἀναγαγεῖν.

e· Tis katabesetai eis ten abysson; toyt estin Christon ek nekron anagagein.

KJV: Or, Who shall descend into the deep? (that is, to bring up Christ again from the dead.)

AKJV: Or, Who shall descend into the deep? (that is, to bring up Christ again from the dead.)

ASV: or, Who shall descend into the abyss? (that is, to bring Christ up from the dead.)

YLT: or, `Who shall go down to the abyss,' that is, Christ out of the dead to bring up.

Exposition: Romans 10:7 emphasizes a key movement in the chapter's argument. In KJV form, the text reads: 'Or, Who shall descend into the deep? (that is, to bring up Christ again from the dead.)'. Read in canonical context, the verse supports the coherence of biblical revelation by linking doctrine, narrative, and covenantal meaning.

Apologetics Notes

• Scientific Correlation: This verse is suitable for cumulative-case reasoning in apologetics: historical context, textual stability, and worldview coherence are evaluated together rather than in isolation.

• Koine Greek Grammar: A close Koine Greek reading should attend lexical range, clause flow, and discourse function in context; these controls reduce over-reading and preserve authorial intent.

• Historical Evidence: Historically, this verse is interpreted within the received canonical tradition, where manuscript continuity and early community usage support stable transmission and meaning.

Romans 10:8

Greek

ἀλλὰ τί λέγει; Ἐγγύς σου τὸ ῥῆμά ἐστιν, ἐν τῷ στόματί σου καὶ ἐν τῇ καρδίᾳ σου, τοῦτʼ ἔστιν τὸ ῥῆμα τῆς πίστεως ὃ κηρύσσομεν.

alla ti legei; Eggys soy to rema estin, en to stomati soy kai en te kardia soy, toyt estin to rema tes pisteos o keryssomen.

KJV: But what saith it? The word is nigh thee, even in thy mouth, and in thy heart: that is, the word of faith, which we preach;

AKJV: But what says it? The word is near you, even in your mouth, and in your heart: that is, the word of faith, which we preach;

ASV: But what saith it? The word is nigh thee, in thy mouth, and in thy heart: that is, the word of faith, which we preach:

YLT: But what doth it say? `Nigh thee is the saying--in thy mouth, and in thy heart:' that is, the saying of the faith, that we preach;

Exposition: Romans 10:8 emphasizes a key movement in the chapter's argument. In KJV form, the text reads: 'But what saith it? The word is nigh thee, even in thy mouth, and in thy heart: that is, the word of faith, which we preach;'. Read in canonical context, the verse supports the coherence of biblical revelation by linking doctrine, narrative, and covenantal meaning.

Apologetics Notes

• Scientific Correlation: This verse is suitable for cumulative-case reasoning in apologetics: historical context, textual stability, and worldview coherence are evaluated together rather than in isolation.

• Koine Greek Grammar: A close Koine Greek reading should attend lexical range, clause flow, and discourse function in context; these controls reduce over-reading and preserve authorial intent.

• Historical Evidence: Historically, this verse is interpreted within the received canonical tradition, where manuscript continuity and early community usage support stable transmission and meaning.

Romans 10:9

Greek

ὅτι ἐὰν ⸀ὁμολογήσῃς ἐν τῷ στόματί ⸀σου κύριον Ἰησοῦν, καὶ πιστεύσῃς ἐν τῇ καρδίᾳ σου ὅτι ὁ θεὸς αὐτὸν ἤγειρεν ἐκ νεκρῶν, σωθήσῃ·

oti ean omologeses en to stomati soy kyrion Iesoyn, kai pisteyses en te kardia soy oti o theos ayton egeiren ek nekron, sothese·

KJV: That if thou shalt confess with thy mouth the Lord Jesus, and shalt believe in thine heart that God hath raised him from the dead, thou shalt be saved.

AKJV: That if you shall confess with your mouth the Lord Jesus, and shall believe in your heart that God has raised him from the dead, you shall be saved.

ASV: because if thou shalt confess with thy mouth Jesus as Lord, and shalt believe in thy heart that God raised him from the dead, thou shalt be saved:

YLT: that if thou mayest confess with thy mouth the Lord Jesus, and mayest believe in thy heart that God did raise him out of the dead, thou shalt be saved,

Exposition: Romans 10:9 emphasizes a key movement in the chapter's argument. In KJV form, the text reads: 'That if thou shalt confess with thy mouth the Lord Jesus, and shalt believe in thine heart that God hath raised him from the dead, thou shalt be saved.'. Read in canonical context, the verse supports the coherence of biblical revelation by linking doctrine, narrative, and covenantal meaning.

Apologetics Notes

• Scientific Correlation: This verse is suitable for cumulative-case reasoning in apologetics: historical context, textual stability, and worldview coherence are evaluated together rather than in isolation.

• Koine Greek Grammar: A close Koine Greek reading should attend lexical range, clause flow, and discourse function in context; these controls reduce over-reading and preserve authorial intent.

• Historical Evidence: Historically, this verse is interpreted within the received canonical tradition, where manuscript continuity and early community usage support stable transmission and meaning.

Romans 10:10

Greek

καρδίᾳ γὰρ πιστεύεται εἰς δικαιοσύνην, στόματι δὲ ὁμολογεῖται εἰς σωτηρίαν·

kardia gar pisteyetai eis dikaiosynen, stomati de omologeitai eis soterian·

KJV: For with the heart man believeth unto righteousness; and with the mouth confession is made unto salvation.

AKJV: For with the heart man believes to righteousness; and with the mouth confession is made to salvation.

ASV: for with the heart man believeth unto righteousness; and with the mouth confession is made unto salvation.

YLT: for with the heart doth one believe to righteousness, and with the mouth is confession made to salvation;

Exposition: Romans 10:10 emphasizes a key movement in the chapter's argument. In KJV form, the text reads: 'For with the heart man believeth unto righteousness; and with the mouth confession is made unto salvation.'. Read in canonical context, the verse supports the coherence of biblical revelation by linking doctrine, narrative, and covenantal meaning.

Apologetics Notes

• Scientific Correlation: This verse is suitable for cumulative-case reasoning in apologetics: historical context, textual stability, and worldview coherence are evaluated together rather than in isolation.

• Koine Greek Grammar: A close Koine Greek reading should attend lexical range, clause flow, and discourse function in context; these controls reduce over-reading and preserve authorial intent.

• Historical Evidence: Historically, this verse is interpreted within the received canonical tradition, where manuscript continuity and early community usage support stable transmission and meaning.

Romans 10:11

Greek

λέγει γὰρ ἡ γραφή· Πᾶς ὁ πιστεύων ἐπʼ αὐτῷ οὐ καταισχυνθήσεται.

legei gar e graphe· Pas o pisteyon ep ayto oy kataischynthesetai.

KJV: For the scripture saith, Whosoever believeth on him shall not be ashamed.

AKJV: For the scripture says, Whoever believes on him shall not be ashamed.

ASV: For the scripture saith, Whosoever believeth on him shall not be put to shame.

YLT: for the Writing saith, `Every one who is believing on him shall not be ashamed,'

Exposition: Romans 10:11 emphasizes a key movement in the chapter's argument. In KJV form, the text reads: 'For the scripture saith, Whosoever believeth on him shall not be ashamed.'. Read in canonical context, the verse supports the coherence of biblical revelation by linking doctrine, narrative, and covenantal meaning.

Apologetics Notes

• Scientific Correlation: This verse is suitable for cumulative-case reasoning in apologetics: historical context, textual stability, and worldview coherence are evaluated together rather than in isolation.

• Koine Greek Grammar: A close Koine Greek reading should attend lexical range, clause flow, and discourse function in context; these controls reduce over-reading and preserve authorial intent.

• Historical Evidence: Historically, this verse is interpreted within the received canonical tradition, where manuscript continuity and early community usage support stable transmission and meaning.

Romans 10:12

Greek

οὐ γάρ ἐστιν διαστολὴ Ἰουδαίου τε καὶ Ἕλληνος, ὁ γὰρ αὐτὸς κύριος πάντων, πλουτῶν εἰς πάντας τοὺς ἐπικαλουμένους αὐτόν·

oy gar estin diastole Ioydaioy te kai Ellenos, o gar aytos kyrios panton, ployton eis pantas toys epikaloymenoys ayton·

KJV: For there is no difference between the Jew and the Greek: for the same Lord over all is rich unto all that call upon him.

AKJV: For there is no difference between the Jew and the Greek: for the same Lord over all is rich to all that call on him.

ASV: For there is no distinction between Jew and Greek: for the same Lord is Lord of all, and is rich unto all that call upon him:

YLT: for there is no difference between Jew and Greek, for the same Lord of all is rich to all those calling upon Him,

Exposition: Romans 10:12 emphasizes a key movement in the chapter's argument. In KJV form, the text reads: 'For there is no difference between the Jew and the Greek: for the same Lord over all is rich unto all that call upon him.'. Read in canonical context, the verse supports the coherence of biblical revelation by linking doctrine, narrative, and covenantal meaning.

Apologetics Notes

• Scientific Correlation: This verse is suitable for cumulative-case reasoning in apologetics: historical context, textual stability, and worldview coherence are evaluated together rather than in isolation.

• Koine Greek Grammar: A close Koine Greek reading should attend lexical range, clause flow, and discourse function in context; these controls reduce over-reading and preserve authorial intent.

• Historical Evidence: Historically, this verse is interpreted within the received canonical tradition, where manuscript continuity and early community usage support stable transmission and meaning.

Romans 10:13

Greek

Πᾶς γὰρ ὃς ἂν ἐπικαλέσηται τὸ ὄνομα κυρίου σωθήσεται.

Pas gar os an epikalesetai to onoma kyrioy sothesetai.

KJV: For whosoever shall call upon the name of the Lord shall be saved.

AKJV: For whoever shall call on the name of the Lord shall be saved.

ASV: for, Whosoever shall call upon the name of the Lord shall be saved.

YLT: for every one--whoever shall call upon the name of the Lord, he shall be saved.'

Exposition: Romans 10:13 emphasizes a key movement in the chapter's argument. In KJV form, the text reads: 'For whosoever shall call upon the name of the Lord shall be saved.'. Read in canonical context, the verse supports the coherence of biblical revelation by linking doctrine, narrative, and covenantal meaning.

Apologetics Notes

• Scientific Correlation: This verse is suitable for cumulative-case reasoning in apologetics: historical context, textual stability, and worldview coherence are evaluated together rather than in isolation.

• Koine Greek Grammar: A close Koine Greek reading should attend lexical range, clause flow, and discourse function in context; these controls reduce over-reading and preserve authorial intent.

• Historical Evidence: Historically, this verse is interpreted within the received canonical tradition, where manuscript continuity and early community usage support stable transmission and meaning.

Romans 10:14

Greek

Πῶς οὖν ⸀ἐπικαλέσωνται εἰς ὃν οὐκ ἐπίστευσαν; πῶς δὲ ⸀πιστεύσωσιν οὗ οὐκ ἤκουσαν; πῶς δὲ ⸀ἀκούσωσιν χωρὶς κηρύσσοντος;

Pos oyn epikalesontai eis on oyk episteysan; pos de pisteysosin oy oyk ekoysan; pos de akoysosin choris keryssontos;

KJV: How then shall they call on him in whom they have not believed? and how shall they believe in him of whom they have not heard? and how shall they hear without a preacher?

AKJV: How then shall they call on him in whom they have not believed? and how shall they believe in him of whom they have not heard? and how shall they hear without a preacher?

ASV: How then shall they call on him in whom they have not believed? and how shall they believe in him whom they have not heard? and how shall they hear without a preacher?

YLT: How then shall they call upon him in whom they did not believe? and how shall they believe on him of whom they did not hear? and how shall they hear apart from one preaching?

Exposition: Romans 10:14 emphasizes a key movement in the chapter's argument. In KJV form, the text reads: 'How then shall they call on him in whom they have not believed? and how shall they believe in him of whom they have not heard? and how shall they hear without a preacher?'. Read in canonical context, the verse supports the coherence of biblical revelation by linking doctrine, narrative, and covenantal meaning.

Apologetics Notes

• Scientific Correlation: This verse is suitable for cumulative-case reasoning in apologetics: historical context, textual stability, and worldview coherence are evaluated together rather than in isolation.

• Koine Greek Grammar: A close Koine Greek reading should attend lexical range, clause flow, and discourse function in context; these controls reduce over-reading and preserve authorial intent.

• Historical Evidence: Historically, this verse is interpreted within the received canonical tradition, where manuscript continuity and early community usage support stable transmission and meaning.

Romans 10:15

Greek

πῶς δὲ ⸀κηρύξωσιν ἐὰν μὴ ἀποσταλῶσιν; ⸀καθὼς γέγραπται· Ὡς ὡραῖοι οἱ πόδες τῶν ⸀εὐαγγελιζομένων ⸀τὰ ἀγαθά.

pos de keryxosin ean me apostalosin; kathos gegraptai· Os oraioi oi podes ton eyaggelizomenon ta agatha.

KJV: And how shall they preach, except they be sent? as it is written, How beautiful are the feet of them that preach the gospel of peace, and bring glad tidings of good things!

AKJV: And how shall they preach, except they be sent? as it is written, How beautiful are the feet of them that preach the gospel of peace, and bring glad tidings of good things!

ASV: and how shall they preach, except they be sent? even as it is written, How beautiful are the feet of them that bring glad tidings of good things!

YLT: and how shall they preach, if they may not be sent? according as it hath been written, `How beautiful the feet of those proclaiming good tidings of peace, of those proclaiming good tidings of the good things!'

Exposition: Romans 10:15 emphasizes a key movement in the chapter's argument. In KJV form, the text reads: 'And how shall they preach, except they be sent? as it is written, How beautiful are the feet of them that preach the gospel of peace, and bring glad tidings of good things!'. Read in canonical context, the verse supports the coherence of biblical revelation by linking doctrine, narrative, and covenantal meaning.

Apologetics Notes

• Scientific Correlation: This verse is suitable for cumulative-case reasoning in apologetics: historical context, textual stability, and worldview coherence are evaluated together rather than in isolation.

• Koine Greek Grammar: A close Koine Greek reading should attend lexical range, clause flow, and discourse function in context; these controls reduce over-reading and preserve authorial intent.

• Historical Evidence: Historically, this verse is interpreted within the received canonical tradition, where manuscript continuity and early community usage support stable transmission and meaning.

Romans 10:16

Greek

ἀλλʼ οὐ πάντες ὑπήκουσαν τῷ εὐαγγελίῳ· Ἠσαΐας γὰρ λέγει· Κύριε, τίς ἐπίστευσεν τῇ ἀκοῇ ἡμῶν;

all oy pantes ypekoysan to eyaggelio· Esaias gar legei· Kyrie, tis episteysen te akoe emon;

KJV: But they have not all obeyed the gospel. For Esaias saith, Lord, who hath believed our report?

AKJV: But they have not all obeyed the gospel. For Isaiah says, Lord, who has believed our report?

ASV: But they did not all hearken to the glad tidings. For Isaiah saith, Lord, who hath believed our report?

YLT: But they were not all obedient to the good tidings, for Isaiah saith, `Lord, who did give credence to our report?'

Exposition: Romans 10:16 emphasizes a key movement in the chapter's argument. In KJV form, the text reads: 'But they have not all obeyed the gospel. For Esaias saith, Lord, who hath believed our report?'. Read in canonical context, the verse supports the coherence of biblical revelation by linking doctrine, narrative, and covenantal meaning.

Apologetics Notes

• Scientific Correlation: This verse is suitable for cumulative-case reasoning in apologetics: historical context, textual stability, and worldview coherence are evaluated together rather than in isolation.

• Koine Greek Grammar: A close Koine Greek reading should attend lexical range, clause flow, and discourse function in context; these controls reduce over-reading and preserve authorial intent.

• Historical Evidence: Historically, this verse is interpreted within the received canonical tradition, where manuscript continuity and early community usage support stable transmission and meaning.

Romans 10:17

Greek

ἄρα ἡ πίστις ἐξ ἀκοῆς, ἡ δὲ ἀκοὴ διὰ ῥήματος ⸀Χριστοῦ.

ara e pistis ex akoes, e de akoe dia rematos Christoy.

KJV: So then faith cometh by hearing, and hearing by the word of God.

AKJV: So then faith comes by hearing, and hearing by the word of God.

ASV: So belief cometh of hearing, and hearing by the word of Christ.

YLT: so then the faith is by a report, and the report through a saying of God,

Exposition: Romans 10:17 emphasizes a key movement in the chapter's argument. In KJV form, the text reads: 'So then faith cometh by hearing, and hearing by the word of God.'. Read in canonical context, the verse supports the coherence of biblical revelation by linking doctrine, narrative, and covenantal meaning.

Apologetics Notes

• Scientific Correlation: This verse is suitable for cumulative-case reasoning in apologetics: historical context, textual stability, and worldview coherence are evaluated together rather than in isolation.

• Koine Greek Grammar: A close Koine Greek reading should attend lexical range, clause flow, and discourse function in context; these controls reduce over-reading and preserve authorial intent.

• Historical Evidence: Historically, this verse is interpreted within the received canonical tradition, where manuscript continuity and early community usage support stable transmission and meaning.

Romans 10:18

Greek

Ἀλλὰ λέγω, μὴ οὐκ ἤκουσαν; μενοῦνγε· Εἰς πᾶσαν τὴν γῆν ἐξῆλθεν ὁ φθόγγος αὐτῶν, καὶ εἰς τὰ πέρατα τῆς οἰκουμένης τὰ ῥήματα αὐτῶν.

Alla lego, me oyk ekoysan; menoynge· Eis pasan ten gen exelthen o phthoggos ayton, kai eis ta perata tes oikoymenes ta remata ayton.

KJV: But I say, Have they not heard? Yes verily, their sound went into all the earth, and their words unto the ends of the world.

AKJV: But I say, Have they not heard? Yes truly, their sound went into all the earth, and their words to the ends of the world.

ASV: But I say, Did they not hear? Yea, verily, Their sound went out into all the earth,

YLT: but I say, Did they not hear? yes, indeed--`to all the earth their voice went forth, and to the ends of the habitable world their sayings.'

Exposition: Romans 10:18 emphasizes a key movement in the chapter's argument. In KJV form, the text reads: 'But I say, Have they not heard? Yes verily, their sound went into all the earth, and their words unto the ends of the world.'. Read in canonical context, the verse supports the coherence of biblical revelation by linking doctrine, narrative, and covenantal meaning.

Apologetics Notes

• Scientific Correlation: This verse is suitable for cumulative-case reasoning in apologetics: historical context, textual stability, and worldview coherence are evaluated together rather than in isolation.

• Koine Greek Grammar: A close Koine Greek reading should attend lexical range, clause flow, and discourse function in context; these controls reduce over-reading and preserve authorial intent.

• Historical Evidence: Historically, this verse is interpreted within the received canonical tradition, where manuscript continuity and early community usage support stable transmission and meaning.

Romans 10:19

Greek

ἀλλὰ λέγω, μὴ ⸂Ἰσραὴλ οὐκ ἔγνω⸃; πρῶτος Μωϋσῆς λέγει· Ἐγὼ παραζηλώσω ὑμᾶς ἐπʼ οὐκ ἔθνει, ἐπʼ ἔθνει ἀσυνέτῳ παροργιῶ ὑμᾶς.

alla lego, me Israel oyk egno; protos Moyses legei· Ego parazeloso ymas ep oyk ethnei, ep ethnei asyneto parorgio ymas.

KJV: But I say, Did not Israel know? First Moses saith, I will provoke you to jealousy by them that are no people, and by a foolish nation I will anger you.

AKJV: But I say, Did not Israel know? First Moses says, I will provoke you to jealousy by them that are no people, and by a foolish nation I will anger you.

ASV: But I say, Did Israel not know? First Moses saith, I will provoke you to jealousy with that which is no nation,

YLT: But I say, Did not Israel know? first Moses saith, `I will provoke you to jealousy by that which is not a nation; by an unintelligent nation I will anger you,'

Exposition: Romans 10:19 emphasizes a key movement in the chapter's argument. In KJV form, the text reads: 'But I say, Did not Israel know? First Moses saith, I will provoke you to jealousy by them that are no people, and by a foolish nation I will anger you.'. Read in canonical context, the verse supports the coherence of biblical revelation by linking doctrine, narrative, and covenantal meaning.

Apologetics Notes

• Scientific Correlation: This verse is suitable for cumulative-case reasoning in apologetics: historical context, textual stability, and worldview coherence are evaluated together rather than in isolation.

• Koine Greek Grammar: A close Koine Greek reading should attend lexical range, clause flow, and discourse function in context; these controls reduce over-reading and preserve authorial intent.

• Historical Evidence: Historically, this verse is interpreted within the received canonical tradition, where manuscript continuity and early community usage support stable transmission and meaning.

Romans 10:20

Greek

Ἠσαΐας δὲ ἀποτολμᾷ καὶ λέγει· Εὑρέθην ⸀ἐν τοῖς ἐμὲ μὴ ζητοῦσιν, ἐμφανὴς ⸀ἐγενόμην τοῖς ἐμὲ μὴ ἐπερωτῶσιν.

Esaias de apotolma kai legei· Eyrethen en tois eme me zetoysin, emphanes egenomen tois eme me eperotosin.

KJV: But Esaias is very bold, and saith, I was found of them that sought me not; I was made manifest unto them that asked not after me.

AKJV: But Isaiah is very bold, and said, I was found of them that sought me not; I was made manifest to them that asked not after me.

ASV: And Isaiah is very bold, and saith, I was found of them that sought me not;

YLT: and Isaiah is very bold, and saith, `I was found by those not seeking Me; I became manifest to those not inquiring after Me;'

Exposition: Romans 10:20 emphasizes a key movement in the chapter's argument. In KJV form, the text reads: 'But Esaias is very bold, and saith, I was found of them that sought me not; I was made manifest unto them that asked not after me.'. Read in canonical context, the verse supports the coherence of biblical revelation by linking doctrine, narrative, and covenantal meaning.

Apologetics Notes

• Scientific Correlation: This verse is suitable for cumulative-case reasoning in apologetics: historical context, textual stability, and worldview coherence are evaluated together rather than in isolation.

• Koine Greek Grammar: A close Koine Greek reading should attend lexical range, clause flow, and discourse function in context; these controls reduce over-reading and preserve authorial intent.

• Historical Evidence: Historically, this verse is interpreted within the received canonical tradition, where manuscript continuity and early community usage support stable transmission and meaning.

Romans 10:21

Greek

πρὸς δὲ τὸν Ἰσραὴλ λέγει· Ὅλην τὴν ἡμέραν ἐξεπέτασα τὰς χεῖράς μου πρὸς λαὸν ἀπειθοῦντα καὶ ἀντιλέγοντα.

pros de ton Israel legei· Olen ten emeran exepetasa tas cheiras moy pros laon apeithoynta kai antilegonta.

KJV: But to Israel he saith, All day long I have stretched forth my hands unto a disobedient and gainsaying people.

AKJV: But to Israel he says, All day long I have stretched forth my hands to a disobedient and gainsaying people.

ASV: But as to Israel he saith, All the day long did I spread out my hands unto a disobedient and gainsaying people.

YLT: and unto Israel He saith, `All the day I did stretch out My hands unto a people unbelieving and gainsaying.'

Exposition: Romans 10:21 emphasizes a key movement in the chapter's argument. In KJV form, the text reads: 'But to Israel he saith, All day long I have stretched forth my hands unto a disobedient and gainsaying people.'. Read in canonical context, the verse supports the coherence of biblical revelation by linking doctrine, narrative, and covenantal meaning.

Apologetics Notes

• Scientific Correlation: This verse is suitable for cumulative-case reasoning in apologetics: historical context, textual stability, and worldview coherence are evaluated together rather than in isolation.

• Koine Greek Grammar: A close Koine Greek reading should attend lexical range, clause flow, and discourse function in context; these controls reduce over-reading and preserve authorial intent.

• Historical Evidence: Historically, this verse is interpreted within the received canonical tradition, where manuscript continuity and early community usage support stable transmission and meaning.