Apologetics Bible
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Paul wrote Romans c. AD 56-57 from Corinth as a systematic theological letter to the Roman church he had not yet visited. It is the most theologically complete treatment of the gospel in the NT — presenting sin's universal dominion (1:18-3:20), justification by faith (3:21-5:21), sanctification (6-8), Israel's place in redemption (9-11), and practical ethics (12-16).
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Connected primary witness
- Connected ID:
Romans_16
- Primary Witness Text: I commend unto you Phebe our sister, which is a servant of the church which is at Cenchrea: That ye receive her in the Lord, as becometh saints, and that ye assist her in whatsoever business she hath need of you: for she hath been a succourer of many, and of myself also. Greet Priscilla and Aquila my helpers in Christ Jesus: Who have for my life laid down their own necks: unto whom not only I give thanks, but also all the churches of the Gentiles. Likewise greet the church that is in their house. Salute my wellbeloved Epenetus, who is the firstfruits of Achaia unto Christ. Greet Mary, who bestowed much labour on us. Salute Andronicus and Junia, my kinsmen, and my fellowprisoners, who are of note among the apostles, who also were in Christ before me. Greet Amplias my beloved in the Lord. Salute Urbane, our helper in Christ, and Stachys my beloved. Salute Apelles approved in Christ. Salute them which are of Aristobulus’ household. Salute Herodion my kinsman. Greet them that be of the household of Narcissus, which are in the Lord. Salute Tryphena and Tryphosa, who labour in the Lord. Salute the beloved Persis, which laboured much in the Lord. Salute Rufus chosen in the Lord, and his mother and mine. Salute Asyncritus, Phlegon, Hermas, Patrobas, Hermes, and the brethren which are with them. Salute Philologus, and Julia, Nereus, and his sister, and Olympas, and all the saints which are with them. Salute one another with an holy kiss. The churches of Christ salute you. Now I beseec...
Connected dataset overlay
- Connected ID:
Romans_16
- Chapter Blob Preview: I commend unto you Phebe our sister, which is a servant of the church which is at Cenchrea: That ye receive her in the Lord, as becometh saints, and that ye assist her in whatsoever business she hath need of you: for she hath been a succourer of many, and of myself also. Greet Priscilla and Aquila my helpers in Christ Jesus: Who have for my life laid down their own necks: unto ...
Chapter frameStart here before opening notes.
Chapter frame
Paul wrote Romans c. AD 56-57 from Corinth as a systematic theological letter to the Roman church he had not yet visited. It is the most theologically complete treatment of the gospel in the NT — presenting sin's universal dominion (1:18-3:20), justification by faith (3:21-5:21), sanctification (6-8), Israel's place in redemption (9-11), and practical ethics (12-16).
Romans 3:21-26 contains the most compressed and precise statement of the doctrine of justification in all of Scripture — eight verses that launched the Protestant Reformation and remain the theological core of evangelical Christianity.
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Verse-by-verse study lane
Romans 16:1
Greek
Συνίστημι δὲ ὑμῖν Φοίβην τὴν ἀδελφὴν ἡμῶν, οὖσαν ⸀καὶ διάκονον τῆς ἐκκλησίας τῆς ἐν Κεγχρεαῖς,Synistemi de ymin Phoiben ten adelphen emon, oysan kai diakonon tes ekklesias tes en Kegchreais,
KJV: I commend unto you Phebe our sister, which is a servant of the church which is at Cenchrea:
AKJV: I commend to you Phebe our sister, which is a servant of the church which is at Cenchrea:
ASV: I commend unto you Phoebe our sister, who is a servant of the church that is at Cenchreæ:
YLT: And I commend you to Phebe our sister--being a ministrant of the assembly that is in Cenchrea--
Exposition: Romans 16:1 emphasizes a key movement in the chapter's argument. In KJV form, the text reads: 'I commend unto you Phebe our sister, which is a servant of the church which is at Cenchrea:'. Read in canonical context, the verse supports the coherence of biblical revelation by linking doctrine, narrative, and covenantal meaning.
Apologetics Notes
- Scientific Correlation: This verse is suitable for cumulative-case reasoning in apologetics: historical context, textual stability, and worldview coherence are evaluated together rather than in isolation.
- Koine Greek Grammar: A close Koine Greek reading should attend lexical range, clause flow, and discourse function in context; these controls reduce over-reading and preserve authorial intent.
- Historical Evidence: Historically, this verse is interpreted within the received canonical tradition, where manuscript continuity and early community usage support stable transmission and meaning.
Romans 16:2
Greek
ἵνα ⸂αὐτὴν προσδέξησθε⸃ ἐν κυρίῳ ἀξίως τῶν ἁγίων, καὶ παραστῆτε αὐτῇ ἐν ᾧ ἂν ὑμῶν χρῄζῃ πράγματι, καὶ γὰρ αὐτὴ προστάτις πολλῶν ἐγενήθη καὶ ⸂ἐμοῦ αὐτοῦ⸃.ina ayten prosdexesthe en kyrio axios ton agion, kai parastete ayte en o an ymon chreze pragmati, kai gar ayte prostatis pollon egenethe kai emoy aytoy.
KJV: That ye receive her in the Lord, as becometh saints, and that ye assist her in whatsoever business she hath need of you: for she hath been a succourer of many, and of myself also.
AKJV: That you receive her in the Lord, as becomes saints, and that you assist her in whatever business she has need of you: for she has been a succorer of many, and of myself also.
ASV: that ye receive her in the Lord, worthily of the saints, and that ye assist her in whatsoever matter she may have need of you: for she herself also hath been a helper of many, and of mine own self.
YLT: that ye may receive her in the Lord, as doth become saints, and may assist her in whatever matter she may have need of you--for she also became a leader of many, and of myself.
Commentary WitnessRomans 16:2Quoted commentary witness
Commentary Witness
Romans 16:2
Verse 2 Succourer of many - One who probably entertained the apostles and preachers who came to minister at Cenchrea, and who was remarkable for entertaining strangers. See on Rom 12:8 (note).
Provenance. Rendered as a quoted commentary witness with explicit reference extraction from the source prose.
Canonical locus
Romans 16:2
Source lane
Apologetics Bible source bundle
Biblical cross-references named in the witness
- Rom 12:8
Named authorities or texts detected in the witness
- Cenchrea
Exposition: Romans 16:2 emphasizes a key movement in the chapter's argument. In KJV form, the text reads: 'That ye receive her in the Lord, as becometh saints, and that ye assist her in whatsoever business she hath need of you: for she hath been a succourer of many, and of myself also.'. Read in canonical context, the verse supports the coherence of biblical revelation by linking doctrine, narrative, and covenantal meaning.
Apologetics Notes
- Scientific Correlation: This verse is suitable for cumulative-case reasoning in apologetics: historical context, textual stability, and worldview coherence are evaluated together rather than in isolation.
- Koine Greek Grammar: A close Koine Greek reading should attend lexical range, clause flow, and discourse function in context; these controls reduce over-reading and preserve authorial intent.
- Historical Evidence: Historically, this verse is interpreted within the received canonical tradition, where manuscript continuity and early community usage support stable transmission and meaning.
Romans 16:3
Greek
Ἀσπάσασθε Πρίσκαν καὶ Ἀκύλαν τοὺς συνεργούς μου ἐν Χριστῷ Ἰησοῦ,Aspasasthe Priskan kai Akylan toys synergoys moy en Christo Iesoy,
KJV: Greet Priscilla and Aquila my helpers in Christ Jesus:
AKJV: Greet Priscilla and Aquila my helpers in Christ Jesus:
ASV: Salute Prisca and Aquila my fellow-workers in Christ Jesus,
YLT: Salute Priscilla and Aquilas, my fellow-workmen in Christ Jesus--
Commentary WitnessRomans 16:3Quoted commentary witness
Commentary Witness
Romans 16:3
Verse 3 Greet Priscilla and Aquila - This pious couple had been obliged to leave Rome, on the edict of Claudius, see Act 18:2, and take refuge in Greece. It is likely that they returned to Rome at the death of Claudius, or whenever the decree was annulled. It seems they had greatly contributed to assist the apostle in his important labors. Instead of Priscilla, the principal MSS. and versions have Prisca, which most critics suppose to be the genuine reading.
Provenance. Rendered as a quoted commentary witness with explicit reference extraction from the source prose.
Canonical locus
Romans 16:3
Source lane
Apologetics Bible source bundle
Biblical cross-references named in the witness
- Act 18:2
Named authorities or texts detected in the witness
- Rome
- Claudius
- Greece
- Priscilla
- Prisca
Exposition: Romans 16:3 emphasizes a key movement in the chapter's argument. In KJV form, the text reads: 'Greet Priscilla and Aquila my helpers in Christ Jesus:'. Read in canonical context, the verse supports the coherence of biblical revelation by linking doctrine, narrative, and covenantal meaning.
Apologetics Notes
- Scientific Correlation: This verse is suitable for cumulative-case reasoning in apologetics: historical context, textual stability, and worldview coherence are evaluated together rather than in isolation.
- Koine Greek Grammar: A close Koine Greek reading should attend lexical range, clause flow, and discourse function in context; these controls reduce over-reading and preserve authorial intent.
- Historical Evidence: Historically, this verse is interpreted within the received canonical tradition, where manuscript continuity and early community usage support stable transmission and meaning.
Romans 16:4
Greek
οἵτινες ὑπὲρ τῆς ψυχῆς μου τὸν ἑαυτῶν τράχηλον ὑπέθηκαν, οἷς οὐκ ἐγὼ μόνος εὐχαριστῶ ἀλλὰ καὶ πᾶσαι αἱ ἐκκλησίαι τῶν ἐθνῶν,oitines yper tes psyches moy ton eayton trachelon ypethekan, ois oyk ego monos eycharisto alla kai pasai ai ekklesiai ton ethnon,
KJV: Who have for my life laid down their own necks: unto whom not only I give thanks, but also all the churches of the Gentiles.
AKJV: Who have for my life laid down their own necks: to whom not only I give thanks, but also all the churches of the Gentiles.
ASV: who for my life laid down their own necks; unto whom not only I give thanks, but also all the churches of the Gentiles:
YLT: who for my life their own neck did lay down, to whom not only I give thanks, but also all the assemblies of the nations--
Commentary WitnessRomans 16:4Quoted commentary witness
Commentary Witness
Romans 16:4
Verse 4 Who have for my life laid down their own necks - What transaction this refers to we know not; but it appears that these persons had, on some occasion, hazarded their own lives to save that of the apostle; and that the fact was known to all the Churches of God in that quarter, who felt themselves under the highest obligations to these pious persons, for the important service which they had thus rendered.
Provenance. Rendered as a quoted commentary witness with explicit reference extraction from the source prose.
Canonical locus
Romans 16:4
Source lane
Apologetics Bible source bundle
Exposition: Romans 16:4 emphasizes a key movement in the chapter's argument. In KJV form, the text reads: 'Who have for my life laid down their own necks: unto whom not only I give thanks, but also all the churches of the Gentiles.'. Read in canonical context, the verse supports the coherence of biblical revelation by linking doctrine, narrative, and covenantal meaning.
Apologetics Notes
- Scientific Correlation: This verse is suitable for cumulative-case reasoning in apologetics: historical context, textual stability, and worldview coherence are evaluated together rather than in isolation.
- Koine Greek Grammar: A close Koine Greek reading should attend lexical range, clause flow, and discourse function in context; these controls reduce over-reading and preserve authorial intent.
- Historical Evidence: Historically, this verse is interpreted within the received canonical tradition, where manuscript continuity and early community usage support stable transmission and meaning.
Romans 16:5
Greek
καὶ τὴν κατʼ οἶκον αὐτῶν ἐκκλησίαν. ἀσπάσασθε Ἐπαίνετον τὸν ἀγαπητόν μου, ὅς ἐστιν ἀπαρχὴ τῆς ⸀Ἀσίας εἰς Χριστόν.kai ten kat oikon ayton ekklesian. aspasasthe Epaineton ton agapeton moy, os estin aparche tes Asias eis Christon.
KJV: Likewise greet the church that is in their house. Salute my wellbeloved Epenetus, who is the firstfruits of Achaia unto Christ.
AKJV: Likewise greet the church that is in their house. Salute my well-beloved Epaenetus, who is the first fruits of Achaia to Christ.
ASV: and salute the church that is in their house. Salute Epænetus my beloved, who is the firstfruits of Asia unto Christ.
YLT: and the assembly at their house; salute Epaenetus, my beloved, who is first-fruit of Achaia to Christ.
Commentary WitnessRomans 16:5Quoted commentary witness
Commentary Witness
Romans 16:5
Verse 5 The Church that is in their house - In these primitive times no such places existed as those which we now term churches; the word always signifying the congregation or assembly of believers, and not the place they assembled in. See the term defined at the end of the notes, Mat 16:28 (note). Epenetus - the first fruits of Achaia - In 1Cor 16:15, the house or family of Stephanas is said to be the first fruits of Achaia: how then can it be said here, that Epenetus was the first fruits, or first person who had received the Gospel in that district? Ans. - Epenetus might have been one of the family of Stephanas; for it is not said that Stephanas was the first fruits, but his house or family; and there can be no impropriety in supposing that one of that house or family was called Epenetus; and that this person, being the only one of the family now at Rome, might be mentioned as the first fruits of Achaia; that is, one of that family which first received the Gospel in that country. This would rationally account for the apparent difficulty, were we sure that Αχαιας, of Achaia, was the true reading: but this is more than doubtful, for Ασιας, of Asia, is the reading of ABCDEFG, some others; the Coptic, Ethiopic, Armenian, Vulgate, and Itala; and some of the chief of the fathers. On this evidence Griesbach has admitted it into the text. Yet the other reading is sufficiently natural, for the reasons already assigned.
Provenance. Rendered as a quoted commentary witness with explicit reference extraction from the source prose.
Canonical locus
Romans 16:5
Source lane
Apologetics Bible source bundle
Biblical cross-references named in the witness
- Mat 16:28
- 1Cor 16:15
Named authorities or texts detected in the witness
- Vulgate
- Achaia
- Ans
- Stephanas
- Epenetus
- Rome
- Asia
- Coptic
- Ethiopic
- Armenian
- Itala
Exposition: Romans 16:5 emphasizes a key movement in the chapter's argument. In KJV form, the text reads: 'Likewise greet the church that is in their house. Salute my wellbeloved Epenetus, who is the firstfruits of Achaia unto Christ.'. Read in canonical context, the verse supports the coherence of biblical revelation by linking doctrine, narrative, and covenantal meaning.
Apologetics Notes
- Scientific Correlation: This verse is suitable for cumulative-case reasoning in apologetics: historical context, textual stability, and worldview coherence are evaluated together rather than in isolation.
- Koine Greek Grammar: A close Koine Greek reading should attend lexical range, clause flow, and discourse function in context; these controls reduce over-reading and preserve authorial intent.
- Historical Evidence: Historically, this verse is interpreted within the received canonical tradition, where manuscript continuity and early community usage support stable transmission and meaning.
Romans 16:6
Greek
ἀσπάσασθε ⸀Μαριάμ, ἥτις πολλὰ ἐκοπίασεν εἰς ⸀ὑμᾶς.aspasasthe Mariam, etis polla ekopiasen eis ymas.
KJV: Greet Mary, who bestowed much labour on us.
AKJV: Greet Mary, who bestowed much labor on us.
ASV: Salute Mary, who bestowed much labor on you.
YLT: Salute Mary, who did labour much for us;
Commentary WitnessRomans 16:6Quoted commentary witness
Commentary Witness
Romans 16:6
Verse 6 Greet Mary, who bestowed much labor on us - Who this Mary was, or what the labor was which she bestowed upon the apostles, we know not. Her works, though hidden from man, are with God; and her name is recorded with honor in this book of life.
Provenance. Rendered as a quoted commentary witness with explicit reference extraction from the source prose.
Canonical locus
Romans 16:6
Source lane
Apologetics Bible source bundle
Named authorities or texts detected in the witness
- Greet Mary
Exposition: Romans 16:6 emphasizes a key movement in the chapter's argument. In KJV form, the text reads: 'Greet Mary, who bestowed much labour on us.'. Read in canonical context, the verse supports the coherence of biblical revelation by linking doctrine, narrative, and covenantal meaning.
Apologetics Notes
- Scientific Correlation: This verse is suitable for cumulative-case reasoning in apologetics: historical context, textual stability, and worldview coherence are evaluated together rather than in isolation.
- Koine Greek Grammar: A close Koine Greek reading should attend lexical range, clause flow, and discourse function in context; these controls reduce over-reading and preserve authorial intent.
- Historical Evidence: Historically, this verse is interpreted within the received canonical tradition, where manuscript continuity and early community usage support stable transmission and meaning.
Romans 16:7
Greek
ἀσπάσασθε Ἀνδρόνικον καὶ ⸀Ἰουνίαν τοὺς συγγενεῖς μου καὶ συναιχμαλώτους μου, οἵτινές εἰσιν ἐπίσημοι ἐν τοῖς ἀποστόλοις, οἳ καὶ πρὸ ἐμοῦ ⸀γέγοναν ἐν Χριστῷ.aspasasthe Andronikon kai Ioynian toys syggeneis moy kai synaichmalotoys moy, oitines eisin episemoi en tois apostolois, oi kai pro emoy gegonan en Christo.
KJV: Salute Andronicus and Junia, my kinsmen, and my fellowprisoners, who are of note among the apostles, who also were in Christ before me.
AKJV: Salute Andronicus and Junia, my kinsmen, and my fellow-prisoners, who are of note among the apostles, who also were in Christ before me.
ASV: Salute Andronicus and Junias, my kinsmen, and my fellow-prisoners, who are of note among the apostles, who also have been in Christ before me.
YLT: salute Andronicus and Junias, my kindred, and my fellow-captives, who are of note among the apostles, who also have been in Christ before me.
Commentary WitnessRomans 16:7Quoted commentary witness
Commentary Witness
Romans 16:7
Verse 7 Andronicus and Junia, my kinsmen - As the word συγγενεις signifies relatives, whether male or female, and as Junia may probably be the name of a woman, the wife of Andronicus, it would be better to say relatives than kinsmen. But probably St. Paul means no more than that they were Jews; for, in Rom 9:3, he calls all the Jews his kinsmen according to the flesh. My fellow prisoners - As Paul was in prison often, it is likely that these persons shared this honor with him on some occasion, which is not distinctly marked. Of note among the apostles - Whether this intimates that they were noted apostles or only highly reputed by the apostles, is not absolutely clear; but the latter appears to me the most probable. They were not only well known to St. Paul, but also to the rest of the apostles. In Christ before me - That is, they were converted to Christianity before Paul was; probably at the day of pentecost, or by the ministry of Christ himself, or by that of the seventy disciples.
Provenance. Rendered as a quoted commentary witness with explicit reference extraction from the source prose.
Canonical locus
Romans 16:7
Source lane
Apologetics Bible source bundle
Biblical cross-references named in the witness
- Rom 9:3
Named authorities or texts detected in the witness
- Junia
- Andronicus
- St
- Jews
- Paul
Exposition: Romans 16:7 emphasizes a key movement in the chapter's argument. In KJV form, the text reads: 'Salute Andronicus and Junia, my kinsmen, and my fellowprisoners, who are of note among the apostles, who also were in Christ before me.'. Read in canonical context, the verse supports the coherence of biblical revelation by linking doctrine, narrative, and covenantal meaning.
Apologetics Notes
- Scientific Correlation: This verse is suitable for cumulative-case reasoning in apologetics: historical context, textual stability, and worldview coherence are evaluated together rather than in isolation.
- Koine Greek Grammar: A close Koine Greek reading should attend lexical range, clause flow, and discourse function in context; these controls reduce over-reading and preserve authorial intent.
- Historical Evidence: Historically, this verse is interpreted within the received canonical tradition, where manuscript continuity and early community usage support stable transmission and meaning.
Romans 16:8
Greek
ἀσπάσασθε ⸀Ἀμπλιᾶτον τὸν ἀγαπητόν μου ἐν κυρίῳ.aspasasthe Ampliaton ton agapeton moy en kyrio.
KJV: Greet Amplias my beloved in the Lord.
AKJV: Greet Amplias my beloved in the Lord.
ASV: Salute Ampliatus my beloved in the Lord.
YLT: Salute Amplias, my beloved in the Lord;
Commentary Witness (Generated)Romans 16:8Generated editorial synthesis
Commentary Witness (Generated)
Romans 16:8
Romans 16:8 advances the immediate literary flow of the chapter and should be interpreted in its canonical context, not as an isolated proof text. In the present translation it reads: 'Greet Amplias my beloved in the Lord.'. A close Koine Greek reading supports attention to key lexical choices, clause movement, and redemptive-historical placement so doctrinal conclusions remain textually grounded.
Provenance. Rendered as an editorial synthesis tied to the canonical verse context and current chapter source.
Canonical locus
Romans 16:8
Source lane
Apologetics Bible source bundle
Biblical cross-references named in the witness
- Romans 16:8
Named authorities or texts detected in the witness
- Lord
Exposition: Romans 16:8 emphasizes a key movement in the chapter's argument. In KJV form, the text reads: 'Greet Amplias my beloved in the Lord.'. Read in canonical context, the verse supports the coherence of biblical revelation by linking doctrine, narrative, and covenantal meaning.
Apologetics Notes
- Scientific Correlation: This verse is suitable for cumulative-case reasoning in apologetics: historical context, textual stability, and worldview coherence are evaluated together rather than in isolation.
- Koine Greek Grammar: A close Koine Greek reading should attend lexical range, clause flow, and discourse function in context; these controls reduce over-reading and preserve authorial intent.
- Historical Evidence: Historically, this verse is interpreted within the received canonical tradition, where manuscript continuity and early community usage support stable transmission and meaning.
Romans 16:9
Greek
ἀσπάσασθε Οὐρβανὸν τὸν συνεργὸν ἡμῶν ἐν Χριστῷ καὶ Στάχυν τὸν ἀγαπητόν μου.aspasasthe Oyrbanon ton synergon emon en Christo kai Stachyn ton agapeton moy.
KJV: Salute Urbane, our helper in Christ, and Stachys my beloved.
AKJV: Salute Urbane, our helper in Christ, and Stachys my beloved.
ASV: Salute Urbanus our fellow-worker in Christ, and Stachys my beloved.
YLT: salute Arbanus, our fellow-workman in Christ, and Stachys, my beloved;
Commentary WitnessRomans 16:9Quoted commentary witness
Commentary Witness
Romans 16:9
Verse 9 Urbane, our helper - Who this Urbanus was we know not; what is here stated is, that he had been a fellow laborer with the apostles. Stachys, my beloved - One of my particular friends.
Provenance. Rendered as a quoted commentary witness with explicit reference extraction from the source prose.
Canonical locus
Romans 16:9
Source lane
Apologetics Bible source bundle
Named authorities or texts detected in the witness
- Urbane
- Stachys
Exposition: Romans 16:9 emphasizes a key movement in the chapter's argument. In KJV form, the text reads: 'Salute Urbane, our helper in Christ, and Stachys my beloved.'. Read in canonical context, the verse supports the coherence of biblical revelation by linking doctrine, narrative, and covenantal meaning.
Apologetics Notes
- Scientific Correlation: This verse is suitable for cumulative-case reasoning in apologetics: historical context, textual stability, and worldview coherence are evaluated together rather than in isolation.
- Koine Greek Grammar: A close Koine Greek reading should attend lexical range, clause flow, and discourse function in context; these controls reduce over-reading and preserve authorial intent.
- Historical Evidence: Historically, this verse is interpreted within the received canonical tradition, where manuscript continuity and early community usage support stable transmission and meaning.
Romans 16:10
Greek
ἀσπάσασθε Ἀπελλῆν τὸν δόκιμον ἐν Χριστῷ. ἀσπάσασθε τοὺς ἐκ τῶν Ἀριστοβούλου.aspasasthe Apellen ton dokimon en Christo. aspasasthe toys ek ton Aristoboyloy.
KJV: Salute Apelles approved in Christ. Salute them which are of Aristobulus’ household.
AKJV: Salute Apelles approved in Christ. Salute them which are of Aristobulus’ household.
ASV: Salute Apelles the approved in Christ. Salute them that are of the household of Aristobulus.
YLT: salute Apelles, the approved in Christ; salute those of the household of Aristobulus;
Commentary WitnessRomans 16:10Quoted commentary witness
Commentary Witness
Romans 16:10
Verse 10 Apelles, approved in Christ - A man who, on different occasions, had given the highest proofs of the sincerity and depth of his religion. Some suppose that Apelles was the same with Apollos: whoever he was, he had given every demonstration of being a genuine Christian. Of Aristobulus' household - It is doubted whether this person was converted, as the apostle does not salute him, but his household; or as the margin reads, his friends. He might have been a Roman of considerable distinction, who, though not converted himself, had Christians among his servants or his slaves. But, whatever he was, it is likely that he was dead at this time, and therefore those of his household only are referred to by the apostle.
Provenance. Rendered as a quoted commentary witness with explicit reference extraction from the source prose.
Canonical locus
Romans 16:10
Source lane
Apologetics Bible source bundle
Named authorities or texts detected in the witness
- Apelles
- Apollos
- Christian
- But
Exposition: Romans 16:10 emphasizes a key movement in the chapter's argument. In KJV form, the text reads: 'Salute Apelles approved in Christ. Salute them which are of Aristobulus’ household.'. Read in canonical context, the verse supports the coherence of biblical revelation by linking doctrine, narrative, and covenantal meaning.
Apologetics Notes
- Scientific Correlation: This verse is suitable for cumulative-case reasoning in apologetics: historical context, textual stability, and worldview coherence are evaluated together rather than in isolation.
- Koine Greek Grammar: A close Koine Greek reading should attend lexical range, clause flow, and discourse function in context; these controls reduce over-reading and preserve authorial intent.
- Historical Evidence: Historically, this verse is interpreted within the received canonical tradition, where manuscript continuity and early community usage support stable transmission and meaning.
Romans 16:11
Greek
ἀσπάσασθε Ἡρῳδίωνα τὸν ⸀συγγενῆ μου. ἀσπάσασθε τοὺς ἐκ τῶν Ναρκίσσου τοὺς ὄντας ἐν κυρίῳ.aspasasthe Erodiona ton syggene moy. aspasasthe toys ek ton Narkissoy toys ontas en kyrio.
KJV: Salute Herodion my kinsman. Greet them that be of the household of Narcissus, which are in the Lord.
AKJV: Salute Herodion my kinsman. Greet them that be of the household of Narcissus, which are in the Lord.
ASV: Salute Herodion my kinsman. Salute them of the household of Narcissus, that are in the Lord.
YLT: salute Herodion, my kinsman; salute those of the household of Narcissus, who are in the Lord;
Commentary WitnessRomans 16:11Quoted commentary witness
Commentary Witness
Romans 16:11
Verse 11 Herodion, my kinsman - Probably another converted Jew. See on Rom 16:7 (note). Of the household of Narcissus - Probably dead also, as we have supposed Aristobulus to have been at this time. Which are in the Lord - This might intimate that some of this family were not Christians; those only of that family that were converted to the Lord being saluted. There was a person of the name of Narcissus, who was a freed man of the Emperor Claudius, mentioned by Suetonius in his life of that prince, cap. 37; and by Tacitus, An., lib. xii. cap. 57: but there does not seem any reason to suppose that this was the person designed by St. Paul.
Provenance. Rendered as a quoted commentary witness with explicit reference extraction from the source prose.
Canonical locus
Romans 16:11
Source lane
Apologetics Bible source bundle
Biblical cross-references named in the witness
- Rom 16:7
Named authorities or texts detected in the witness
- Herodion
- Jew
- Christians
- Narcissus
- Emperor Claudius
- Tacitus
- An
- St
- Paul
Exposition: Romans 16:11 emphasizes a key movement in the chapter's argument. In KJV form, the text reads: 'Salute Herodion my kinsman. Greet them that be of the household of Narcissus, which are in the Lord.'. Read in canonical context, the verse supports the coherence of biblical revelation by linking doctrine, narrative, and covenantal meaning.
Apologetics Notes
- Scientific Correlation: This verse is suitable for cumulative-case reasoning in apologetics: historical context, textual stability, and worldview coherence are evaluated together rather than in isolation.
- Koine Greek Grammar: A close Koine Greek reading should attend lexical range, clause flow, and discourse function in context; these controls reduce over-reading and preserve authorial intent.
- Historical Evidence: Historically, this verse is interpreted within the received canonical tradition, where manuscript continuity and early community usage support stable transmission and meaning.
Romans 16:12
Greek
ἀσπάσασθε Τρύφαιναν καὶ Τρυφῶσαν τὰς κοπιώσας ἐν κυρίῳ. ἀσπάσασθε Περσίδα τὴν ἀγαπητήν, ἥτις πολλὰ ἐκοπίασεν ἐν κυρίῳ.aspasasthe Tryphainan kai Tryphosan tas kopiosas en kyrio. aspasasthe Persida ten agapeten, etis polla ekopiasen en kyrio.
KJV: Salute Tryphena and Tryphosa, who labour in the Lord. Salute the beloved Persis, which laboured much in the Lord.
AKJV: Salute Tryphena and Tryphosa, who labor in the Lord. Salute the beloved Persis, which labored much in the Lord.
ASV: Salute Tryphæna and Tryphosa, who labor in the Lord. Salute Persis the beloved, who labored much in the Lord.
YLT: salute Tryphaena, and Tryphosa, who are labouring in the Lord; salute Persis, the beloved, who did labour much in the Lord.
Commentary WitnessRomans 16:12Quoted commentary witness
Commentary Witness
Romans 16:12
Verse 12 Tryphena and Tryphosa - Two holy women, who it seems were assistants to the apostle in his work, probably by exhorting, visiting the sick, etc. Persis was another woman, who it seems excelled the preceding; for, of her it is said, she labored much in the Lord. We learn from this, that Christian women, as well as men, labored in the ministry of the word. In those times of simplicity all persons, whether men or women, who had received the knowledge of the truth, believed it to be their duty to propagate it to the uttermost of their power. Many have spent much useless labor in endeavoring to prove that these women did not preach. That there were some prophetesses, as well as prophets in the Christian Church, we learn; and that a woman might pray or prophesy, provided she had her head covered, we know; and that whoever prophesied spoke unto others to edification, exhortation, and comfort, St. Paul declares, 1Cor 14:3. And that no preacher can do more, every person must acknowledge; because to edify, exhort, and comfort, are the prime ends of the Gospel ministry. If women thus prophesied, then women preached. There is, however, much more than this implied in the Christian ministry, of which men only, and men called of God, are capable.
Provenance. Rendered as a quoted commentary witness with explicit reference extraction from the source prose.
Canonical locus
Romans 16:12
Source lane
Apologetics Bible source bundle
Biblical cross-references named in the witness
- 1Cor 14:3
Named authorities or texts detected in the witness
- Ovid
- Ray
- Lord
- Christian Church
- St
Exposition: Romans 16:12 emphasizes a key movement in the chapter's argument. In KJV form, the text reads: 'Salute Tryphena and Tryphosa, who labour in the Lord. Salute the beloved Persis, which laboured much in the Lord.'. Read in canonical context, the verse supports the coherence of biblical revelation by linking doctrine, narrative, and covenantal meaning.
Apologetics Notes
- Scientific Correlation: This verse is suitable for cumulative-case reasoning in apologetics: historical context, textual stability, and worldview coherence are evaluated together rather than in isolation.
- Koine Greek Grammar: A close Koine Greek reading should attend lexical range, clause flow, and discourse function in context; these controls reduce over-reading and preserve authorial intent.
- Historical Evidence: Historically, this verse is interpreted within the received canonical tradition, where manuscript continuity and early community usage support stable transmission and meaning.
Romans 16:13
Greek
ἀσπάσασθε Ῥοῦφον τὸν ἐκλεκτὸν ἐν κυρίῳ καὶ τὴν μητέρα αὐτοῦ καὶ ἐμοῦ.aspasasthe Royphon ton eklekton en kyrio kai ten metera aytoy kai emoy.
KJV: Salute Rufus chosen in the Lord, and his mother and mine.
AKJV: Salute Rufus chosen in the Lord, and his mother and mine.
ASV: Salute Rufus the chosen in the Lord, and his mother and mine.
YLT: Salute Rufus, the choice one in the Lord, and his mother and mine,
Commentary WitnessRomans 16:13Quoted commentary witness
Commentary Witness
Romans 16:13
Verse 13 Rufus, chosen in the Lord - Τον εκλεκον, one of great excellence in Christianity; a choice man, as we would say. So the word εκλεκτος often signifies. Psa 78:31 : They smote τους εκλεκτους, the chosen men that were of Israel. So εκλεκτα μνημεια are choice sepulchres, Gen 23:6 : εκλεκτα των δωρων choice gifts, Deu 12:11; and ανδρες εκλεκτοι, choice men, Jdg 20:16. By the same use of the word, the companions of Paul and Barnabas are termed chosen men, εκλεξαμενους ανδρας, persons in whom the Church of God could confide. See Whitby. His mother and mine - It is not likely that the mother of Rufus was the mother of Paul; but while she was the natural mother of the former, she acted as a mother to the latter. We say of a person of this character, that she is a motherly woman. Among the ancients, he or she who acted a kind, instructing, and indulgent part to another, was styled the father or mother of such a one. So Terence: - Natura tu illi pater es, consiliis ego. Adelphi, Act. i. scen. 2, ver. 47. Thou art his father by nature, I by instruction.
Provenance. Rendered as a quoted commentary witness with explicit reference extraction from the source prose.
Canonical locus
Romans 16:13
Source lane
Apologetics Bible source bundle
Biblical cross-references named in the witness
- Gen 23:6
Named authorities or texts detected in the witness
- Rufus
- Christianity
- Israel
- See Whitby
- Paul
- So Terence
- Adelphi
- Act
Exposition: Romans 16:13 emphasizes a key movement in the chapter's argument. In KJV form, the text reads: 'Salute Rufus chosen in the Lord, and his mother and mine.'. Read in canonical context, the verse supports the coherence of biblical revelation by linking doctrine, narrative, and covenantal meaning.
Apologetics Notes
- Scientific Correlation: This verse is suitable for cumulative-case reasoning in apologetics: historical context, textual stability, and worldview coherence are evaluated together rather than in isolation.
- Koine Greek Grammar: A close Koine Greek reading should attend lexical range, clause flow, and discourse function in context; these controls reduce over-reading and preserve authorial intent.
- Historical Evidence: Historically, this verse is interpreted within the received canonical tradition, where manuscript continuity and early community usage support stable transmission and meaning.
Romans 16:14
Greek
ἀσπάσασθε Ἀσύγκριτον, Φλέγοντα, ⸂Ἑρμῆν, Πατροβᾶν, Ἑρμᾶν⸃ καὶ τοὺς σὺν αὐτοῖς ἀδελφούς.aspasasthe Asygkriton, Phlegonta, Ermen, Patroban, Erman kai toys syn aytois adelphoys.
KJV: Salute Asyncritus, Phlegon, Hermas, Patrobas, Hermes, and the brethren which are with them.
AKJV: Salute Asyncritus, Phlegon, Hermas, Patrobas, Hermes, and the brothers which are with them.
ASV: Salute Asyncritus, Phlegon, Hermes, Patrobas, Hermas, and the brethren that are with them.
YLT: salute Asyncritus, Phlegon, Hermas, Patrobas, Hermes, and the brethren with them;
Commentary WitnessRomans 16:14Quoted commentary witness
Commentary Witness
Romans 16:14
Verse 14 Salute Asyncritus, etc. - Who these were we know not. Hermas was probably the same to whom a work called the Shepherd is attributed; a work with this title is still extant, and may be found among the writings of the apostolical fathers. But it is in vain to look for identity of persons in similarity of names; for, among the Greeks and Romans at this time there were many persons who bore the same names mentioned in this chapter.
Provenance. Rendered as a quoted commentary witness with explicit reference extraction from the source prose.
Canonical locus
Romans 16:14
Source lane
Apologetics Bible source bundle
Named authorities or texts detected in the witness
- Salute Asyncritus
Exposition: Romans 16:14 emphasizes a key movement in the chapter's argument. In KJV form, the text reads: 'Salute Asyncritus, Phlegon, Hermas, Patrobas, Hermes, and the brethren which are with them.'. Read in canonical context, the verse supports the coherence of biblical revelation by linking doctrine, narrative, and covenantal meaning.
Apologetics Notes
- Scientific Correlation: This verse is suitable for cumulative-case reasoning in apologetics: historical context, textual stability, and worldview coherence are evaluated together rather than in isolation.
- Koine Greek Grammar: A close Koine Greek reading should attend lexical range, clause flow, and discourse function in context; these controls reduce over-reading and preserve authorial intent.
- Historical Evidence: Historically, this verse is interpreted within the received canonical tradition, where manuscript continuity and early community usage support stable transmission and meaning.
Romans 16:15
Greek
ἀσπάσασθε Φιλόλογον καὶ Ἰουλίαν, Νηρέα καὶ τὴν ἀδελφὴν αὐτοῦ, καὶ Ὀλυμπᾶν καὶ τοὺς σὺν αὐτοῖς πάντας ἁγίους.aspasasthe Philologon kai Ioylian, Nerea kai ten adelphen aytoy, kai Olympan kai toys syn aytois pantas agioys.
KJV: Salute Philologus, and Julia, Nereus, and his sister, and Olympas, and all the saints which are with them.
AKJV: Salute Philologus, and Julia, Nereus, and his sister, and Olympas, and all the saints which are with them.
ASV: Salute Philologus and Julia, Nereus and his sister, and Olympas, and all the saints that are with them.
YLT: salute Philologus, and Julias, Nereus, and his sister, and Olympas, and all the saints with them;
Commentary WitnessRomans 16:15Quoted commentary witness
Commentary Witness
Romans 16:15
Verse 15 Salute Philologus, etc. - Of these several persons, though much has been conjectured, nothing certain is known. Even the names of some are so ambiguous that we know not whether they were men or women. They were persons well known to St. Paul, and undoubtedly were such as had gone from different places where the apostle had preached to sojourn or settle at Rome. One thing we may remark, that there is no mention of St. Peter, who, according to the Roman and papistical catalogue of bishops, must have been at Rome at this time; if he were not now at Rome, the foundation stone of Rome's ascendancy, of Peter's supremacy, and of the uninterrupted succession, is taken away, and the whole fabric falls to the ground. But if Peter were at Rome at this time, Paul would have sent his salutations to him in the first place; and if Peter were there, he must have been there, according to the papistical doctrine, as bishop and vicar of Jesus Christ; but if he were there, is it likely that he should have been passed by, while Andronicus and Junia are mentioned as of note among the apostles, Rom 16:7, and that St. Paul should call on the people to remedy the disorders that had crept in among themselves; should not these directions have been given to Peter, the head of the Church? And if there were a Church, in the papistical sense of the word, founded there, of which Peter was the head, is it likely that that Church should be in the house of Priscilla and Aquila, Rom 16:5. But it is a loss of time to refute such ridiculous and groundless pretensions. It is very likely that Peter, so far from being universal bishop at Rome, never saw the city in his life.
Provenance. Rendered as a quoted commentary witness with explicit reference extraction from the source prose.
Canonical locus
Romans 16:15
Source lane
Apologetics Bible source bundle
Biblical cross-references named in the witness
- Rom 16:7
- Rom 16:5
Named authorities or texts detected in the witness
- Philo
- Jesus
- Salute Philologus
- St
- Paul
- Rome
- Peter
- Jesus Christ
- Church
- Aquila
Exposition: Romans 16:15 emphasizes a key movement in the chapter's argument. In KJV form, the text reads: 'Salute Philologus, and Julia, Nereus, and his sister, and Olympas, and all the saints which are with them.'. Read in canonical context, the verse supports the coherence of biblical revelation by linking doctrine, narrative, and covenantal meaning.
Apologetics Notes
- Scientific Correlation: This verse is suitable for cumulative-case reasoning in apologetics: historical context, textual stability, and worldview coherence are evaluated together rather than in isolation.
- Koine Greek Grammar: A close Koine Greek reading should attend lexical range, clause flow, and discourse function in context; these controls reduce over-reading and preserve authorial intent.
- Historical Evidence: Historically, this verse is interpreted within the received canonical tradition, where manuscript continuity and early community usage support stable transmission and meaning.
Romans 16:16
Greek
Ἀσπάσασθε ἀλλήλους ἐν φιλήματι ἁγίῳ. Ἀσπάζονται ὑμᾶς αἱ ἐκκλησίαι ⸀πᾶσαι τοῦ Χριστοῦ.Aspasasthe alleloys en philemati agio. Aspazontai ymas ai ekklesiai pasai toy Christoy.
KJV: Salute one another with an holy kiss. The churches of Christ salute you.
AKJV: Salute one another with an holy kiss. The churches of Christ salute you.
ASV: Salute one another with a holy kiss. All the churches of Christ salute you.
YLT: salute one another in a holy kiss; the assemblies of Christ do salute you.
Commentary WitnessRomans 16:16Quoted commentary witness
Commentary Witness
Romans 16:16
Verse 16 Salute one another with a holy kiss - In those early times the kiss, as a token of peace, friendship, and brotherly love, was frequent among all people; and the Christians used it in their public assemblies, as well as in their occasional meetings. This was at last laid aside, not because it was abused, but because, the Church becoming very numerous, the thing was impossible. In some countries the kiss of friendship is still common; and in such countries it is scarcely ever abused, nor is it an incentive to evil, because it is customary and common. Shaking of hands is now substituted for it in almost all Christian congregations. The Churches of Christ salute you - The word πασαι, All, is added here by some of the most reputable MSS. and principal versions; and Griesbach has received it into his text. St. Paul must mean, here, that all the Churches in Greece and Asia, through which he had passed, in which the faith of the Christians at Rome was known, spoke of them affectionately and honourably; and probably knowing the apostle's design of visiting Rome, desired to be kindly remembered to the Church in that city.
Provenance. Rendered as a quoted commentary witness with explicit reference extraction from the source prose.
Canonical locus
Romans 16:16
Source lane
Apologetics Bible source bundle
Named authorities or texts detected in the witness
- All
- St
- Asia
- Rome
Exposition: Romans 16:16 emphasizes a key movement in the chapter's argument. In KJV form, the text reads: 'Salute one another with an holy kiss. The churches of Christ salute you.'. Read in canonical context, the verse supports the coherence of biblical revelation by linking doctrine, narrative, and covenantal meaning.
Apologetics Notes
- Scientific Correlation: This verse is suitable for cumulative-case reasoning in apologetics: historical context, textual stability, and worldview coherence are evaluated together rather than in isolation.
- Koine Greek Grammar: A close Koine Greek reading should attend lexical range, clause flow, and discourse function in context; these controls reduce over-reading and preserve authorial intent.
- Historical Evidence: Historically, this verse is interpreted within the received canonical tradition, where manuscript continuity and early community usage support stable transmission and meaning.
Romans 16:17
Greek
Παρακαλῶ δὲ ὑμᾶς, ἀδελφοί, σκοπεῖν τοὺς τὰς διχοστασίας καὶ τὰ σκάνδαλα παρὰ τὴν διδαχὴν ἣν ὑμεῖς ἐμάθετε ποιοῦντας, καὶ ⸀ἐκκλίνετε ἀπʼ αὐτῶν·Parakalo de ymas, adelphoi, skopein toys tas dichostasias kai ta skandala para ten didachen en ymeis emathete poioyntas, kai ekklinete ap ayton·
KJV: Now I beseech you, brethren, mark them which cause divisions and offences contrary to the doctrine which ye have learned; and avoid them.
AKJV: Now I beseech you, brothers, mark them which cause divisions and offenses contrary to the doctrine which you have learned; and avoid them.
ASV: Now I beseech you, brethren, mark them that are causing the divisions and occasions of stumbling, contrary to the doctrine which ye learned: and turn away from them.
YLT: And I call upon you, brethren, to mark those who the divisions and the stumbling-blocks, contrary to the teaching that ye did learn, are causing, and turn ye away from them;
Commentary WitnessRomans 16:17Quoted commentary witness
Commentary Witness
Romans 16:17
Verse 17 Mark them which cause divisions - Several MSS. read ασφαλως σκοπειτε, look sharply after them; let them have no kiss of charity nor peace, because they strive to make divisions, and thus set the flock of Christ at variance among themselves; and from these divisions, offenses (σκανδαλα, scandals) are produced; and this is contrary to that doctrine of peace, unity, and brotherly love which you have learned. Look sharply after such that they do you no evil, and avoid them - give them no countenance, and have no religious fellowship with them.
Provenance. Rendered as a quoted commentary witness with explicit reference extraction from the source prose.
Canonical locus
Romans 16:17
Source lane
Apologetics Bible source bundle
Exposition: Romans 16:17 emphasizes a key movement in the chapter's argument. In KJV form, the text reads: 'Now I beseech you, brethren, mark them which cause divisions and offences contrary to the doctrine which ye have learned; and avoid them.'. Read in canonical context, the verse supports the coherence of biblical revelation by linking doctrine, narrative, and covenantal meaning.
Apologetics Notes
- Scientific Correlation: This verse is suitable for cumulative-case reasoning in apologetics: historical context, textual stability, and worldview coherence are evaluated together rather than in isolation.
- Koine Greek Grammar: A close Koine Greek reading should attend lexical range, clause flow, and discourse function in context; these controls reduce over-reading and preserve authorial intent.
- Historical Evidence: Historically, this verse is interpreted within the received canonical tradition, where manuscript continuity and early community usage support stable transmission and meaning.
Romans 16:18
Greek
οἱ γὰρ τοιοῦτοι τῷ κυρίῳ ⸀ἡμῶν Χριστῷ οὐ δουλεύουσιν ἀλλὰ τῇ ἑαυτῶν κοιλίᾳ, καὶ διὰ τῆς χρηστολογίας καὶ εὐλογίας ἐξαπατῶσι τὰς καρδίας τῶν ἀκάκων.oi gar toioytoi to kyrio emon Christo oy doyleyoysin alla te eayton koilia, kai dia tes chrestologias kai eylogias exapatosi tas kardias ton akakon.
KJV: For they that are such serve not our Lord Jesus Christ, but their own belly; and by good words and fair speeches deceive the hearts of the simple.
AKJV: For they that are such serve not our Lord Jesus Christ, but their own belly; and by good words and fair speeches deceive the hearts of the simple.
ASV: For they that are such serve not our Lord Christ, but their own belly; and by their smooth and fair speech they beguile the hearts of the innocent.
YLT: for such our Lord Jesus Christ do not serve, but their own belly; and through the good word and fair speech they deceive the hearts of the harmless,
Commentary WitnessRomans 16:18Quoted commentary witness
Commentary Witness
Romans 16:18
Verse 18 They - serve not our Lord Jesus - They profess to be apostles, but they are not apostles of Christ; they neither do his will, nor preach his doctrine; they serve their own belly - they hate intruded themselves into the Church of Christ that they might get a secular support; it is for worldly gain alone that they take up the profession of the ministry: they have no Divine credentials; they convert not the heathen nor the ungodly, for they have no Divine unction; but by good words and fair speeches (for they have no miraculous nor saving powers) deceive the hearts of the simple, perverting Christian converts, that they may get their property, and thus secure a maintenance for themselves. The Church of God has ever been troubled with such pretended pastors - men who Feed themselves, not the flock; men who are too proud to beg, and too lazy to work; who have neither grace nor gifts to plant the standard of the cross on the devil's territories, and by the power of Christ make inroads upon his kingdom, and spoil him of his subjects. On the contrary, by sowing the seeds of dissension, by means of doubtful disputations, and the propagation of scandals; by glaring and insinuating speeches, χρηστολογιας, for they affect elegance and good breeding, they rend Christian congregations, form a party for themselves, and thus live on the spoils of the Church of God. Should it be asked, Whom do you intend by this description? I answer: No soul, nor party, but such as the description suits. Irasceris.? - De Te fabula narratur. O, you are angry, are you? O, then, the cap fits you - put it on.
Provenance. Rendered as a quoted commentary witness with explicit reference extraction from the source prose.
Canonical locus
Romans 16:18
Source lane
Apologetics Bible source bundle
Named authorities or texts detected in the witness
- Jesus
- Christ
- Irasceris
Exposition: Romans 16:18 emphasizes a key movement in the chapter's argument. In KJV form, the text reads: 'For they that are such serve not our Lord Jesus Christ, but their own belly; and by good words and fair speeches deceive the hearts of the simple.'. Read in canonical context, the verse supports the coherence of biblical revelation by linking doctrine, narrative, and covenantal meaning.
Apologetics Notes
- Scientific Correlation: This verse is suitable for cumulative-case reasoning in apologetics: historical context, textual stability, and worldview coherence are evaluated together rather than in isolation.
- Koine Greek Grammar: A close Koine Greek reading should attend lexical range, clause flow, and discourse function in context; these controls reduce over-reading and preserve authorial intent.
- Historical Evidence: Historically, this verse is interpreted within the received canonical tradition, where manuscript continuity and early community usage support stable transmission and meaning.
Romans 16:19
Greek
ἡ γὰρ ὑμῶν ὑπακοὴ εἰς πάντας ἀφίκετο· ⸂ἐφʼ ὑμῖν οὖν χαίρω⸃, θέλω δὲ ὑμᾶς ⸀σοφοὺς εἶναι εἰς τὸ ἀγαθόν, ἀκεραίους δὲ εἰς τὸ κακόν.e gar ymon ypakoe eis pantas aphiketo· eph ymin oyn chairo, thelo de ymas sophoys einai eis to agathon, akeraioys de eis to kakon.
KJV: For your obedience is come abroad unto all men. I am glad therefore on your behalf: but yet I would have you wise unto that which is good, and simple concerning evil.
AKJV: For your obedience is come abroad to all men. I am glad therefore on your behalf: but yet I would have you wise to that which is good, and simple concerning evil.
ASV: For your obedience is come abroad unto all men. I rejoice therefore over you: but I would have you wise unto that which is good, and simple unto that which is evil.
YLT: for your obedience did reach to all; I rejoice, therefore, as regards you, and I wish you to be wise, indeed, as to the good, and harmless as to the evil;
Commentary WitnessRomans 16:19Quoted commentary witness
Commentary Witness
Romans 16:19
Verse 19 For your obedience is come abroad - The apostle gives this as a reason why they should continue to hear and heed those who had led them into the path of truth, and avoid those false teachers whose doctrines tended to the subversion of their souls. Yet I would have you wise - I would wish you carefully to discern the good from the evil, and to show your wisdom, by carefully avoiding the one and cleaving to the other.
Provenance. Rendered as a quoted commentary witness with explicit reference extraction from the source prose.
Canonical locus
Romans 16:19
Source lane
Apologetics Bible source bundle
Exposition: Romans 16:19 emphasizes a key movement in the chapter's argument. In KJV form, the text reads: 'For your obedience is come abroad unto all men. I am glad therefore on your behalf: but yet I would have you wise unto that which is good, and simple concerning evil.'. Read in canonical context, the verse supports the coherence of biblical revelation by linking doctrine, narrative, and covenantal meaning.
Apologetics Notes
- Scientific Correlation: This verse is suitable for cumulative-case reasoning in apologetics: historical context, textual stability, and worldview coherence are evaluated together rather than in isolation.
- Koine Greek Grammar: A close Koine Greek reading should attend lexical range, clause flow, and discourse function in context; these controls reduce over-reading and preserve authorial intent.
- Historical Evidence: Historically, this verse is interpreted within the received canonical tradition, where manuscript continuity and early community usage support stable transmission and meaning.
Romans 16:20
Greek
ὁ δὲ θεὸς τῆς εἰρήνης συντρίψει τὸν Σατανᾶν ὑπὸ τοὺς πόδας ὑμῶν ἐν τάχει. ἡ χάρις τοῦ κυρίου ἡμῶν Ἰησοῦ ⸀Χριστοῦ μεθʼ ὑμῶν.o de theos tes eirenes syntripsei ton Satanan ypo toys podas ymon en tachei. e charis toy kyrioy emon Iesoy Christoy meth ymon.
KJV: And the God of peace shall bruise Satan under your feet shortly. The grace of our Lord Jesus Christ be with you. Amen.
AKJV: And the God of peace shall bruise Satan under your feet shortly. The grace of our Lord Jesus Christ be with you. Amen.
ASV: And the God of peace shall bruise Satan under your feet shortly. The grace of our Lord Jesus Christ be with you.
YLT: and the God of the peace shall bruise the Adversary under your feet quickly; the grace of our Lord Jesus Christ be with you. Amen!
Commentary WitnessRomans 16:20Quoted commentary witness
Commentary Witness
Romans 16:20
Verse 20 The God of peace - Who neither sends nor favors such disturbers of the tranquillity of his Church. Shall bruise Satan - Shall give you the dominion over the great adversary of your souls, and over all his agents who, through his influence, endeavor to destroy your peace and subvert your minds. Several critics suppose that the word Satan is a sort of collective term here, by which all opposers and adversaries are meant; and especially those false teachers to whom he refers above. The grace of our Lord - That you may be truly wise simple, obedient, and steady in the truth, may the favor or gracious influence of our Lord Jesus Christ be with you! without which you cannot be preserved from evil, nor do any thing that is good. Here the apostle appears to have intended to conclude his epistle; but afterwards he added a postscript, if not two, as we shall see below. Several ancient MSS. omit the whole of this clause, probably thinking that it had been borrowed from Rom 16:24; but on the ground that the apostle might have added a postscript or two, not having immediate opportunity to send the epistle there is no need for this supposition.
Provenance. Rendered as a quoted commentary witness with explicit reference extraction from the source prose.
Canonical locus
Romans 16:20
Source lane
Apologetics Bible source bundle
Biblical cross-references named in the witness
- Rom 16:24
Named authorities or texts detected in the witness
- Jesus
- Church
Exposition: Romans 16:20 emphasizes a key movement in the chapter's argument. In KJV form, the text reads: 'And the God of peace shall bruise Satan under your feet shortly. The grace of our Lord Jesus Christ be with you. Amen.'. Read in canonical context, the verse supports the coherence of biblical revelation by linking doctrine, narrative, and covenantal meaning.
Apologetics Notes
- Scientific Correlation: This verse is suitable for cumulative-case reasoning in apologetics: historical context, textual stability, and worldview coherence are evaluated together rather than in isolation.
- Koine Greek Grammar: A close Koine Greek reading should attend lexical range, clause flow, and discourse function in context; these controls reduce over-reading and preserve authorial intent.
- Historical Evidence: Historically, this verse is interpreted within the received canonical tradition, where manuscript continuity and early community usage support stable transmission and meaning.
Romans 16:21
Greek
⸀Ἀσπάζεται ὑμᾶς Τιμόθεος ὁ συνεργός μου, καὶ Λούκιος καὶ Ἰάσων καὶ Σωσίπατρος οἱ συγγενεῖς μου.Aspazetai ymas Timotheos o synergos moy, kai Loykios kai Iason kai Sosipatros oi syggeneis moy.
KJV: Timotheus my workfellow, and Lucius, and Jason, and Sosipater, my kinsmen, salute you.
AKJV: Timotheus my workfellow, and Lucius, and Jason, and Sosipater, my kinsmen, salute you.
ASV: Timothy my fellow-worker saluteth you; and Lucius and Jason and Sosipater, my kinsmen.
YLT: Salute you do Timotheus, my fellow-workman, and Lucius, and Jason, and Sosipater, my kindred;
Commentary Witness (Generated)Romans 16:21Generated editorial synthesis
Commentary Witness (Generated)
Romans 16:21
Romans 16:21 advances the immediate literary flow of the chapter and should be interpreted in its canonical context, not as an isolated proof text. In the present translation it reads: 'Timotheus my workfellow, and Lucius, and Jason, and Sosipater, my kinsmen, salute you.'. A close Koine Greek reading supports attention to key lexical choices, clause movement, and redemptive-historical placement so doctrinal conclusions remain textually grounded.
Provenance. Rendered as an editorial synthesis tied to the canonical verse context and current chapter source.
Canonical locus
Romans 16:21
Source lane
Apologetics Bible source bundle
Biblical cross-references named in the witness
- Romans 16:21
Named authorities or texts detected in the witness
- Lucius
- Jason
- Sosipater
Exposition: Romans 16:21 emphasizes a key movement in the chapter's argument. In KJV form, the text reads: 'Timotheus my workfellow, and Lucius, and Jason, and Sosipater, my kinsmen, salute you.'. Read in canonical context, the verse supports the coherence of biblical revelation by linking doctrine, narrative, and covenantal meaning.
Apologetics Notes
- Scientific Correlation: This verse is suitable for cumulative-case reasoning in apologetics: historical context, textual stability, and worldview coherence are evaluated together rather than in isolation.
- Koine Greek Grammar: A close Koine Greek reading should attend lexical range, clause flow, and discourse function in context; these controls reduce over-reading and preserve authorial intent.
- Historical Evidence: Historically, this verse is interpreted within the received canonical tradition, where manuscript continuity and early community usage support stable transmission and meaning.
Romans 16:22
Greek
ἀσπάζομαι ὑμᾶς ἐγὼ Τέρτιος ὁ γράψας τὴν ἐπιστολὴν ἐν κυρίῳ.aspazomai ymas ego Tertios o grapsas ten epistolen en kyrio.
KJV: I Tertius, who wrote this epistle, salute you in the Lord.
AKJV: I Tertius, who wrote this letter, salute you in the Lord.
ASV: I Tertius, who write the epistle, salute you in the Lord.
YLT: I Tertius salute you (who wrote the letter) in the Lord;
Commentary Witness (Generated)Romans 16:22Generated editorial synthesis
Commentary Witness (Generated)
Romans 16:22
Romans 16:22 advances the immediate literary flow of the chapter and should be interpreted in its canonical context, not as an isolated proof text. In the present translation it reads: 'I Tertius, who wrote this epistle, salute you in the Lord.'. A close Koine Greek reading supports attention to key lexical choices, clause movement, and redemptive-historical placement so doctrinal conclusions remain textually grounded.
Provenance. Rendered as an editorial synthesis tied to the canonical verse context and current chapter source.
Canonical locus
Romans 16:22
Source lane
Apologetics Bible source bundle
Biblical cross-references named in the witness
- Romans 16:22
Named authorities or texts detected in the witness
- Tertius
- Lord
Exposition: Romans 16:22 emphasizes a key movement in the chapter's argument. In KJV form, the text reads: 'I Tertius, who wrote this epistle, salute you in the Lord.'. Read in canonical context, the verse supports the coherence of biblical revelation by linking doctrine, narrative, and covenantal meaning.
Apologetics Notes
- Scientific Correlation: This verse is suitable for cumulative-case reasoning in apologetics: historical context, textual stability, and worldview coherence are evaluated together rather than in isolation.
- Koine Greek Grammar: A close Koine Greek reading should attend lexical range, clause flow, and discourse function in context; these controls reduce over-reading and preserve authorial intent.
- Historical Evidence: Historically, this verse is interpreted within the received canonical tradition, where manuscript continuity and early community usage support stable transmission and meaning.
Romans 16:23
Greek
ἀσπάζεται ὑμᾶς Γάϊος ὁ ξένος μου καὶ ⸂ὅλης τῆς ἐκκλησίας⸃. ἀσπάζεται ὑμᾶς Ἔραστος ὁ οἰκονόμος τῆς πόλεως καὶ Κούαρτος ὁ ἀδελφός.aspazetai ymas Gaios o xenos moy kai oles tes ekklesias. aspazetai ymas Erastos o oikonomos tes poleos kai Koyartos o adelphos.
KJV: Gaius mine host, and of the whole church, saluteth you. Erastus the chamberlain of the city saluteth you, and Quartus a brother.
AKJV: Gaius my host, and of the whole church, salutes you. Erastus the chamberlain of the city salutes you, and Quartus a brother.
ASV: Gaius my host, and of the whole church, saluteth you. Erastus the treasurer of the city saluteth you, and Quartus the brother.
YLT: salute you doth Gaius, my host, and of the whole assembly; salute you doth Erastus, the steward of the city, and Quartus the brother,
Commentary WitnessRomans 16:23Quoted commentary witness
Commentary Witness
Romans 16:23
Verse 23 Gaius mine host - Gaius in Greek is the same as Caius in Latin, which was a very common name among the Romans. St. Luke (Act 19:29) mentions one Gaius of Macedonia, who was exposed to much violence at Ephesus in the tumult excited by Demetrius the silversmith against St. Paul and his companions; and it is very possible that this was the same person. He is here called not only the host ξενος, the entertainer of St. Paul, or Tertius, (if he wrote this and the following verse), but also of the whole Church: that is, he received and lodged the apostles who came from different places, as well as the messengers of the Churches. All made his house their home; and he must have been a person of considerable property to be able to bear this expense; and of much piety and love to the cause of Christ, else he had not employed that property in this way. Erastus the chamberlain of the city - Treasurer of the city of Corinth, from which St. Paul wrote this epistle. This is supposed to be the same person as is mentioned Act 19:22. He was one of St. Paul's companions, and, as appears from 2Tim 4:20, was left about this time by the apostle at Corinth. He is called the chamberlain οικονομος, which signifies the same as treasurer; he to whom the receipt and expenditure of the public money were intrusted. He received the tolls, customs, etc., belonging to the city, and out of them paid the public expenses. Such persons were in very high credit; and if Erastus was at this time treasurer, it would appear that Christianity was then in considerable repute in Corinth. But if the Erastus of the Acts was the same with the Erastus mentioned here, it is not likely that he now held the office, for this could not at all comport with his travelling with St. Paul. Hence several, both ancients and moderns, who believe the identity of the persons, suppose that Erastus was not now treasurer, but that having formerly been so he still retained the title. Chrysostom thought that he still retained the employment. Quartus a brother - Whether the brother of Erastus or of Tertius we know not; probably nothing more is meant than that he was a Christian - one of the heavenly family, a brother in the Lord.
Provenance. Rendered as a quoted commentary witness with explicit reference extraction from the source prose.
Canonical locus
Romans 16:23
Source lane
Apologetics Bible source bundle
Biblical cross-references named in the witness
- Act 19:29
- Act 19:22
- 2Tim 4:20
Named authorities or texts detected in the witness
- Latin
- Romans
- St
- Macedonia
- Paul
- Tertius
- Church
- Churches
- Christ
- Corinth
- Lord
Exposition: Romans 16:23 emphasizes a key movement in the chapter's argument. In KJV form, the text reads: 'Gaius mine host, and of the whole church, saluteth you. Erastus the chamberlain of the city saluteth you, and Quartus a brother.'. Read in canonical context, the verse supports the coherence of biblical revelation by linking doctrine, narrative, and covenantal meaning.
Apologetics Notes
- Scientific Correlation: This verse is suitable for cumulative-case reasoning in apologetics: historical context, textual stability, and worldview coherence are evaluated together rather than in isolation.
- Koine Greek Grammar: A close Koine Greek reading should attend lexical range, clause flow, and discourse function in context; these controls reduce over-reading and preserve authorial intent.
- Historical Evidence: Historically, this verse is interpreted within the received canonical tradition, where manuscript continuity and early community usage support stable transmission and meaning.
Romans 16:24
Greek
⸂Ἡ χάρις τοῦ κυρίου ἡμῶν Ἰησοῦ Χριστοῦ μετὰ πάντων ὑμῶν.⸃ ⸀Ἀμήν.E charis toy kyrioy emon Iesoy Christoy meta panton ymon. Amen.
KJV: The grace of our Lord Jesus Christ be with you all. Amen.
AKJV: The grace of our Lord Jesus Christ be with you all. Amen.
YLT: the grace of our Lord Jesus Christ be with you all. Amen.
Commentary WitnessRomans 16:24Quoted commentary witness
Commentary Witness
Romans 16:24
Verse 24 The grace of our Lord - This is the conclusion of Tertius, and is similar to what St. Paul used above. Hence it is possible that Tertius wrote the whole of the 22nd, 23rd, and 24th verses, without receiving any particular instructions from St. Paul, except the bare permission to add his own salutations with those of his particular friends. There is a great deal of disagreement among the MSS. and versions relative to this verse; some rejecting it entirely, and some of those which place the following verses at the end of Rom 14:23, inserting it at the end of the 27th verse in that place. The reader who chooses may consult Wetstein and Griesbach on these discordances.
Provenance. Rendered as a quoted commentary witness with explicit reference extraction from the source prose.
Canonical locus
Romans 16:24
Source lane
Apologetics Bible source bundle
Biblical cross-references named in the witness
- Rom 14:23
Named authorities or texts detected in the witness
- Tertius
- St
- Paul
Exposition: Romans 16:24 emphasizes a key movement in the chapter's argument. In KJV form, the text reads: 'The grace of our Lord Jesus Christ be with you all. Amen.'. Read in canonical context, the verse supports the coherence of biblical revelation by linking doctrine, narrative, and covenantal meaning.
Apologetics Notes
- Scientific Correlation: This verse is suitable for cumulative-case reasoning in apologetics: historical context, textual stability, and worldview coherence are evaluated together rather than in isolation.
- Koine Greek Grammar: A close Koine Greek reading should attend lexical range, clause flow, and discourse function in context; these controls reduce over-reading and preserve authorial intent.
- Historical Evidence: Historically, this verse is interpreted within the received canonical tradition, where manuscript continuity and early community usage support stable transmission and meaning.
Romans 16:25
KJV: Now to him that is of power to stablish you according to my gospel, and the preaching of Jesus Christ, according to the revelation of the mystery, which was kept secret since the world began,
AKJV: Now to him that is of power to establish you according to my gospel, and the preaching of Jesus Christ, according to the revelation of the mystery, which was kept secret since the world began,
ASV: Now to him that is able to establish you according to my gospel and the preaching of Jesus Christ, according to the revelation of the mystery which hath been kept in silence through times eternal,
YLT: And to Him who is able to establish you, according to my good news, and the preaching of Jesus Christ, according to the revelation of the secret, in the times of the ages having been kept silent,
Commentary WitnessRomans 16:25Quoted commentary witness
Commentary Witness
Romans 16:25
Verse 25 Now to him - In the note at Rom 14:23 (note). I have shown that this and the following verses are by the most reputable MSS. and versions placed at the end of that chapter, which is supposed by most critics to be their proper place. Some of the arguments adduced in favor of this transposition may be found in the note above mentioned. I shall therefore refer to Griesbach, and proceed to make a few short remarks on the verses as they occur here. Of power to stablish you - To that God, without whom nothing is wise, nothing strong; who is as willing to teach as he is wise; as ready to help as he is strong. According to my Gospel - That Gospel which explains and publishes God's purpose of taking the Gentiles to be his people under the Messiah, without subjecting them to the law of Moses. This is what he here calls the preaching of Jesus Christ; for without this he did not think, as Mr. Locke observes, that Christ vas preached to the Gentiles as he ought to be; and therefore in several places of his epistle to the Galatians he calls it the truth, and the truth of the Gospel, and uses the like expressions to the Ephesians and Colossians. This is that mystery which he is so much concerned that the Ephesians should understand and adhere to firmly, and which was revealed to him according to that Gospel whereof he was made a minister. And it is probable that this grand mystery of bringing the Gentiles into the kingdom of God, without passing through the rites of the Mosaic law, was revealed more particularly to St. Paul than to any other of the apostles, and that he preached it more pointedly, and certainly with more success. See Taylor and Locke. Which was kept secret - This purpose of calling the Gentiles, and giving them equal privileges to the Jews, without obliging them to submit to circumcision, etc.
Provenance. Rendered as a quoted commentary witness with explicit reference extraction from the source prose.
Canonical locus
Romans 16:25
Source lane
Apologetics Bible source bundle
Biblical cross-references named in the witness
- Rom 14:23
Named authorities or texts detected in the witness
- Moses
- Jesus
- Griesbach
- Messiah
- Jesus Christ
- Mr
- Gospel
- Colossians
- St
- Locke
- Gentiles
- Jews
Exposition: Romans 16:25 emphasizes a key movement in the chapter's argument. In KJV form, the text reads: 'Now to him that is of power to stablish you according to my gospel, and the preaching of Jesus Christ, according to the revelation of the mystery, which was kept secret since the world began,'. Read in canonical context, the verse supports the coherence of biblical revelation by linking doctrine, narrative, and covenantal meaning.
Apologetics Notes
- Scientific Correlation: This verse is suitable for cumulative-case reasoning in apologetics: historical context, textual stability, and worldview coherence are evaluated together rather than in isolation.
- Koine Greek Grammar: A close Koine Greek reading should attend lexical range, clause flow, and discourse function in context; these controls reduce over-reading and preserve authorial intent.
- Historical Evidence: Historically, this verse is interpreted within the received canonical tradition, where manuscript continuity and early community usage support stable transmission and meaning.
Romans 16:26
KJV: But now is made manifest, and by the scriptures of the prophets, according to the commandment of the everlasting God, made known to all nations for the obedience of faith:
AKJV: But now is made manifest, and by the scriptures of the prophets, according to the commandment of the everlasting God, made known to all nations for the obedience of faith:
ASV: but now is manifested, and by the scriptures of the prophets, according to the commandment of the eternal God, is made known unto all the nations unto obedience of faith:
YLT: and now having been made manifest, also, through prophetic writings, according to a command of the age-during God, having been made known to all the nations for obedience of faith--
Commentary WitnessRomans 16:26Quoted commentary witness
Commentary Witness
Romans 16:26
Verse 26 But now is made manifest - Now, under the New Testament dispensation, and by my preaching. By the scriptures of the prophets - Hints relative to this important work being scattered up and down through all their works, but no clear revelation that the Gentiles, who should be admitted into the Church, should be admitted without passing under the yoke of the Mosaic law. This was the point which was kept secret: as to the calling of the Gentiles, this was declared in general terms by the prophets, and the apostle quotes and makes a most important use of their predictions; but the other was a point on which the prophets gave no information, and it seems to have been peculiarly revealed to St. Paul, who received the commandment of the everlasting God to make it known εις παντα τα εθνη, to all the Gentiles - all the people of the earth that were not of Jewish extraction. And it was to be made known for the obedience of faith, that they might believe its doctrines and obey its precepts; its universal voice requiring repentance towards God, faith in our Lord Jesus Christ, and circumcision of the heart, in the place of all Jewish rites and ceremonies.
Provenance. Rendered as a quoted commentary witness with explicit reference extraction from the source prose.
Canonical locus
Romans 16:26
Source lane
Apologetics Bible source bundle
Named authorities or texts detected in the witness
- Jesus
- Now
- Gentiles
- Church
- St
- Paul
- Lord Jesus Christ
Exposition: Romans 16:26 emphasizes a key movement in the chapter's argument. In KJV form, the text reads: 'But now is made manifest, and by the scriptures of the prophets, according to the commandment of the everlasting God, made known to all nations for the obedience of faith:'. Read in canonical context, the verse supports the coherence of biblical revelation by linking doctrine, narrative, and covenantal meaning.
Apologetics Notes
- Scientific Correlation: This verse is suitable for cumulative-case reasoning in apologetics: historical context, textual stability, and worldview coherence are evaluated together rather than in isolation.
- Koine Greek Grammar: A close Koine Greek reading should attend lexical range, clause flow, and discourse function in context; these controls reduce over-reading and preserve authorial intent.
- Historical Evidence: Historically, this verse is interpreted within the received canonical tradition, where manuscript continuity and early community usage support stable transmission and meaning.
Romans 16:27
KJV: To God only wise, be glory through Jesus Christ for ever. Amen. Written to the Romans from Corinthus, and sent by Phebe servant of the church at Cenchrea.
AKJV: To God only wise, be glory through Jesus Christ for ever. Amen.
ASV: to the only wise God, through Jesus Christ, to whom be the glory for ever. Amen.
YLT: to the only wise God, through Jesus Christ, to him be glory to the ages. Amen.
Commentary WitnessRomans 16:27Quoted commentary witness
Commentary Witness
Romans 16:27
Verse 27 To God only wise - This comes in with great propriety. He alone who is the fountain of wisdom and knowledge, had all this mystery in himself; and he alone who knew the times, places, persons, and circumstances, could reveal the whole; and he has revealed all in such a way as not only to manifest his unsearchable wisdom, but also his infinite goodness: therefore, to him be glory for his wisdom in devising this most admirable plan; and his goodness in sending Christ Jesus to execute it; to Him, through Christ Jesus, be glory for ever! Because this plan is to last for ever; and is to have no issue but in eternal glory. Written to the Romans from Corinthus, etc. - That this epistle was written from Corinth is almost universally believed. That Phoebe was a deaconess of the Church at Cenchrea, we have seen in the first verse of this chapter; and that the epistle might have been sent by her to Rome is possible; but that she should have been the writer of the epistle, as this subscription states, εγραφη δια Φοιβης, is false, for Rom 16:22 shows that Tertius was the writer, though by inserting the words and sent, we represent her rather as the carrier than the writer. This subscription, however, stands on very questionable grounds. It is wanting in almost all the ancient MSS.; and even of those which are more modern, few have it entirely, as in our common editions. It has already been noted that the subscriptions to the sacred books are of little or no authority, all having been added in latter times, and frequently by injudicious hands. The most ancient have simply To the Romans, or the Epistle to the Romans is finished. The word Amen was seldom added by the inspired writers, and here it is wanting in almost all the ancient MSS. As this was a word in frequent use in religious services, pious people would naturally employ it in finishing the reading or copying of this epistle, as they would thereby express their conviction of the truth of its contents, and their desire that the promises contained in it might be fulfilled to them and to the Church at large; and in this sense the word is not only harmless but useful. May the fullness of the Gentiles be brought in, and may all Israel be saved! This is treated of at large in this epistle; and to this prayer let every pious reader say Amen! Often this word seems to be used as we use the word finis, i.e. the end. See the observations on this word at the end of the Gospel of John.
Provenance. Rendered as a quoted commentary witness with explicit reference extraction from the source prose.
Canonical locus
Romans 16:27
Source lane
Apologetics Bible source bundle
Biblical cross-references named in the witness
- Rom 16:22
Named authorities or texts detected in the witness
- Ray
- Jesus
- Him
- Christ Jesus
- Corinthus
- Cenchrea
- Romans
- John
Exposition: Romans 16:27 emphasizes a key movement in the chapter's argument. In KJV form, the text reads: 'To God only wise, be glory through Jesus Christ for ever. Amen. Written to the Romans from Corinthus, and sent by Phebe servant of the church at Cenchrea.'. Read in canonical context, the verse supports the coherence of biblical revelation by linking doctrine, narrative, and covenantal meaning.
Apologetics Notes
- Scientific Correlation: This verse is suitable for cumulative-case reasoning in apologetics: historical context, textual stability, and worldview coherence are evaluated together rather than in isolation.
- Koine Greek Grammar: A close Koine Greek reading should attend lexical range, clause flow, and discourse function in context; these controls reduce over-reading and preserve authorial intent.
- Historical Evidence: Historically, this verse is interpreted within the received canonical tradition, where manuscript continuity and early community usage support stable transmission and meaning.
Citation trailOpen the commentary counts, references, and named sources.
Scholarly apparatus
Commentary citation index
This chapter now surfaces commentary as quoted witness material with an explicit citation trail. The index below gathers the canonical references and named authorities detected inside the commentary layer for faster academic review.
Direct commentary witnesses
24
Generated editorial witnesses
3
Source lane
Apologetics Bible source bundle
Canonical references surfaced in commentary
- Rom 16:1
- Rom 16:2
- Rom 16:3-5
- Rom 16:6-16
- Rom 16:17
- Rom 16:18
- Rom 16:19
- Rom 16:20
- Rom 16:21-23
- Rom 16:24-27
- Romans 16:1
- Rom 12:8
- Romans 16:2
- Act 18:2
- Romans 16:3
- Romans 16:4
- Mat 16:28
- 1Cor 16:15
- Romans 16:5
- Romans 16:6
- Rom 9:3
- Romans 16:7
- Romans 16:8
- Romans 16:9
- Romans 16:10
- Rom 16:7
- Romans 16:11
- 1Cor 14:3
- Romans 16:12
- Gen 23:6
- Romans 16:13
- Romans 16:14
- Rom 16:5
- Romans 16:15
- Romans 16:16
- Romans 16:17
- Romans 16:18
- Romans 16:19
- Rom 16:24
- Romans 16:20
- Romans 16:21
- Romans 16:22
- Act 19:29
- Act 19:22
- 2Tim 4:20
- Romans 16:23
- Rom 14:23
- Romans 16:24
- Romans 16:25
- Romans 16:26
- Rom 16:22
- Romans 16:27
Named authorities or texts surfaced in commentary
- Ray
- Jesus
- Rome Phoebe
- Cenchrea
- Priscilla
- Rome
- Roman Christians
- Satan
- Gospel
- Christ Jesus
- Greece
- Church
- Latin Church
- Dictionary
- Corinth
- Aegean
- Lepanto
- Egina
- St
- Claudius
- Prisca
- Vulgate
- Achaia
- Ans
- Stephanas
- Epenetus
- Asia
- Coptic
- Ethiopic
- Armenian
- Itala
- Greet Mary
- Junia
- Andronicus
- Jews
- Paul
- Lord
- Urbane
- Stachys
- Apelles
- Apollos
- Christian
- But
- Herodion
- Jew
- Christians
- Narcissus
- Emperor Claudius
- Tacitus
- An
- Ovid
- Christian Church
- Rufus
- Christianity
- Israel
- See Whitby
- So Terence
- Adelphi
- Act
- Salute Asyncritus
- Philo
- Salute Philologus
- Peter
- Jesus Christ
- Aquila
- All
- Christ
- Irasceris
- Lucius
- Jason
- Sosipater
- Tertius
- Latin
- Romans
- Macedonia
- Churches
- Moses
- Griesbach
- Messiah
- Mr
- Colossians
- Locke
- Gentiles
- Now
- Lord Jesus Christ
- Him
- Corinthus
- John
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Nahum
Rendered chapters 1–3 are mapped to the public reader path for Nahum. Use this card to open chapter 1 and move directly into the study surface.
Habakkuk
Rendered chapters 1–3 are mapped to the public reader path for Habakkuk. Use this card to open chapter 1 and move directly into the study surface.
Zephaniah
Rendered chapters 1–3 are mapped to the public reader path for Zephaniah. Use this card to open chapter 1 and move directly into the study surface.
Haggai
Rendered chapters 1–2 are mapped to the public reader path for Haggai. Use this card to open chapter 1 and move directly into the study surface.
Zechariah
Rendered chapters 1–14 are mapped to the public reader path for Zechariah. Use this card to open chapter 1 and move directly into the study surface.
Malachi
Rendered chapters 1–4 are mapped to the public reader path for Malachi. Use this card to open chapter 1 and move directly into the study surface.
Matthew
Rendered chapters 1–28 are mapped to the public reader path for Matthew. Use this card to open chapter 1 and move directly into the study surface.
Mark
Rendered chapters 1–16 are mapped to the public reader path for Mark. Use this card to open chapter 1 and move directly into the study surface.
Luke
Rendered chapters 1–24 are mapped to the public reader path for Luke. Use this card to open chapter 1 and move directly into the study surface.
John
Rendered chapters 1–21 are mapped to the public reader path for John. Use this card to open chapter 1 and move directly into the study surface.
Acts
Rendered chapters 1–28 are mapped to the public reader path for Acts. Use this card to open chapter 1 and move directly into the study surface.
Romans
Rendered chapters 1–16 are mapped to the public reader path for Romans. Use this card to open chapter 1 and move directly into the study surface.
1 Corinthians
Rendered chapters 1–16 are mapped to the public reader path for 1 Corinthians. Use this card to open chapter 1 and move directly into the study surface.
2 Corinthians
Rendered chapters 1–13 are mapped to the public reader path for 2 Corinthians. Use this card to open chapter 1 and move directly into the study surface.
Galatians
Rendered chapters 1–6 are mapped to the public reader path for Galatians. Use this card to open chapter 1 and move directly into the study surface.
Ephesians
Rendered chapters 1–6 are mapped to the public reader path for Ephesians. Use this card to open chapter 1 and move directly into the study surface.
Philippians
Rendered chapters 1–4 are mapped to the public reader path for Philippians. Use this card to open chapter 1 and move directly into the study surface.
Colossians
Rendered chapters 1–4 are mapped to the public reader path for Colossians. Use this card to open chapter 1 and move directly into the study surface.
1 Thessalonians
Rendered chapters 1–5 are mapped to the public reader path for 1 Thessalonians. Use this card to open chapter 1 and move directly into the study surface.
2 Thessalonians
Rendered chapters 1–3 are mapped to the public reader path for 2 Thessalonians. Use this card to open chapter 1 and move directly into the study surface.
1 Timothy
Rendered chapters 1–6 are mapped to the public reader path for 1 Timothy. Use this card to open chapter 1 and move directly into the study surface.
2 Timothy
Rendered chapters 1–4 are mapped to the public reader path for 2 Timothy. Use this card to open chapter 1 and move directly into the study surface.
Titus
Rendered chapters 1–3 are mapped to the public reader path for Titus. Use this card to open chapter 1 and move directly into the study surface.
Philemon
Rendered chapter 1 are mapped to the public reader path for Philemon. Use this card to open chapter 1 and move directly into the study surface.
Hebrews
Rendered chapters 1–13 are mapped to the public reader path for Hebrews. Use this card to open chapter 1 and move directly into the study surface.
James
Rendered chapters 1–5 are mapped to the public reader path for James. Use this card to open chapter 1 and move directly into the study surface.
1 Peter
Rendered chapters 1–5 are mapped to the public reader path for 1 Peter. Use this card to open chapter 1 and move directly into the study surface.
2 Peter
Rendered chapters 1–3 are mapped to the public reader path for 2 Peter. Use this card to open chapter 1 and move directly into the study surface.
1 John
Rendered chapters 1–5 are mapped to the public reader path for 1 John. Use this card to open chapter 1 and move directly into the study surface.
2 John
Rendered chapter 1 are mapped to the public reader path for 2 John. Use this card to open chapter 1 and move directly into the study surface.
3 John
Rendered chapter 1 are mapped to the public reader path for 3 John. Use this card to open chapter 1 and move directly into the study surface.
Jude
Rendered chapter 1 are mapped to the public reader path for Jude. Use this card to open chapter 1 and move directly into the study surface.
Revelation
Rendered chapters 1–22 are mapped to the public reader path for Revelation. Use this card to open chapter 1 and move directly into the study surface.
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What this explorer shows today
The public reader has book-by-book chapter entry points across the 66-book canon. Deeper corpus and provenance details stay on the supporting Bible Data shelves.
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Commentary Witness
Romans 16:1
Provenance. Rendered as a quoted commentary witness with explicit reference extraction from the source prose.
Canonical locus
Romans 16:1
Source lane
Apologetics Bible source bundle
Biblical cross-references named in the witness
Named authorities or texts detected in the witness