Apologetics Bible

Romans 2:1

Greek

Διὸ ἀναπολόγητος εἶ, ὦ ἄνθρωπε πᾶς ὁ κρίνων· ἐν ᾧ γὰρ κρίνεις τὸν ἕτερον, σεαυτὸν κατακρίνεις, τὰ γὰρ αὐτὰ πράσσεις ὁ κρίνων·

Dio anapologetos ei, o anthrope pas o krinon· en o gar krineis ton eteron, seayton katakrineis, ta gar ayta prasseis o krinon·

KJV: Therefore thou art inexcusable, O man, whosoever thou art that judgest: for wherein thou judgest another, thou condemnest thyself; for thou that judgest doest the same things.

AKJV: Therefore you are inexcusable, O man, whoever you are that judge: for wherein you judge another, you condemn yourself; for you that judge do the same things.

ASV: Wherefore thou art without excuse, O man, whosoever thou art that judgest: for wherein thou judgest another, thou condemnest thyself; for thou that judgest dost practise the same things.

YLT: Therefore, thou art inexcusable, O man--every one who is judging--for in that in which thou dost judge the other, thyself thou dost condemn, for the same things thou dost practise who art judging,

Exposition: Romans 2:1 emphasizes a key movement in the chapter's argument. In KJV form, the text reads: 'Therefore thou art inexcusable, O man, whosoever thou art that judgest: for wherein thou judgest another, thou condemnest thyself; for thou that judgest doest the same things.'. Read in canonical context, the verse supports the coherence of biblical revelation by linking doctrine, narrative, and covenantal meaning.

Apologetics Notes

• Scientific Correlation: This verse is suitable for cumulative-case reasoning in apologetics: historical context, textual stability, and worldview coherence are evaluated together rather than in isolation.

• Koine Greek Grammar: A close Koine Greek reading should attend lexical range, clause flow, and discourse function in context; these controls reduce over-reading and preserve authorial intent.

• Historical Evidence: Historically, this verse is interpreted within the received canonical tradition, where manuscript continuity and early community usage support stable transmission and meaning.

Romans 2:2

Greek

οἴδαμεν δὲ ὅτι τὸ κρίμα τοῦ θεοῦ ἐστιν κατὰ ἀλήθειαν ἐπὶ τοὺς τὰ τοιαῦτα πράσσοντας.

oidamen de oti to krima toy theoy estin kata aletheian epi toys ta toiayta prassontas.

KJV: But we are sure that the judgment of God is according to truth against them which commit such things.

AKJV: But we are sure that the judgment of God is according to truth against them which commit such things.

ASV: And we know that the judgment of God is according to truth against them that practise such things.

YLT: and we have known that the judgment of God is according to truth, upon those practising such things.

Exposition: Romans 2:2 emphasizes a key movement in the chapter's argument. In KJV form, the text reads: 'But we are sure that the judgment of God is according to truth against them which commit such things.'. Read in canonical context, the verse supports the coherence of biblical revelation by linking doctrine, narrative, and covenantal meaning.

Apologetics Notes

• Scientific Correlation: This verse is suitable for cumulative-case reasoning in apologetics: historical context, textual stability, and worldview coherence are evaluated together rather than in isolation.

• Koine Greek Grammar: A close Koine Greek reading should attend lexical range, clause flow, and discourse function in context; these controls reduce over-reading and preserve authorial intent.

• Historical Evidence: Historically, this verse is interpreted within the received canonical tradition, where manuscript continuity and early community usage support stable transmission and meaning.

Romans 2:3

Greek

λογίζῃ δὲ τοῦτο, ὦ ἄνθρωπε ὁ κρίνων τοὺς τὰ τοιαῦτα πράσσοντας καὶ ποιῶν αὐτά, ὅτι σὺ ἐκφεύξῃ τὸ κρίμα τοῦ θεοῦ;

logize de toyto, o anthrope o krinon toys ta toiayta prassontas kai poion ayta, oti sy ekpheyxe to krima toy theoy;

KJV: And thinkest thou this, O man, that judgest them which do such things, and doest the same, that thou shalt escape the judgment of God?

AKJV: And think you this, O man, that judge them which do such things, and do the same, that you shall escape the judgment of God?

ASV: And reckonest thou this, O man, who judgest them that practise such things, and doest the same, that thou shalt escape the judgment of God?

YLT: And dost thou think this, O man, who art judging those who such things are practising, and art doing them, that thou shalt escape the judgment of God?

Exposition: Romans 2:3 emphasizes a key movement in the chapter's argument. In KJV form, the text reads: 'And thinkest thou this, O man, that judgest them which do such things, and doest the same, that thou shalt escape the judgment of God?'. Read in canonical context, the verse supports the coherence of biblical revelation by linking doctrine, narrative, and covenantal meaning.

Apologetics Notes

• Scientific Correlation: This verse is suitable for cumulative-case reasoning in apologetics: historical context, textual stability, and worldview coherence are evaluated together rather than in isolation.

• Koine Greek Grammar: A close Koine Greek reading should attend lexical range, clause flow, and discourse function in context; these controls reduce over-reading and preserve authorial intent.

• Historical Evidence: Historically, this verse is interpreted within the received canonical tradition, where manuscript continuity and early community usage support stable transmission and meaning.

Romans 2:4

Greek

ἢ τοῦ πλούτου τῆς χρηστότητος αὐτοῦ καὶ τῆς ἀνοχῆς καὶ τῆς μακροθυμίας καταφρονεῖς, ἀγνοῶν ὅτι τὸ χρηστὸν τοῦ θεοῦ εἰς μετάνοιάν σε ἄγει;

e toy ploytoy tes chrestotetos aytoy kai tes anoches kai tes makrothymias kataphroneis, agnoon oti to chreston toy theoy eis metanoian se agei;

KJV: Or despisest thou the riches of his goodness and forbearance and longsuffering; not knowing that the goodness of God leadeth thee to repentance?

AKJV: Or despise you the riches of his goodness and forbearance and long-suffering; not knowing that the goodness of God leads you to repentance?

ASV: Or despisest thou the riches of his goodness and forbearance and longsuffering, not knowing that the goodness of God leadeth thee to repentance?

YLT: or the riches of His goodness, and forbearance, and long-suffering, dost thou despise? --not knowing that the goodness of God doth lead thee to reformation!

Exposition: Romans 2:4 emphasizes a key movement in the chapter's argument. In KJV form, the text reads: 'Or despisest thou the riches of his goodness and forbearance and longsuffering; not knowing that the goodness of God leadeth thee to repentance?'. Read in canonical context, the verse supports the coherence of biblical revelation by linking doctrine, narrative, and covenantal meaning.

Apologetics Notes

• Scientific Correlation: This verse is suitable for cumulative-case reasoning in apologetics: historical context, textual stability, and worldview coherence are evaluated together rather than in isolation.

• Koine Greek Grammar: A close Koine Greek reading should attend lexical range, clause flow, and discourse function in context; these controls reduce over-reading and preserve authorial intent.

• Historical Evidence: Historically, this verse is interpreted within the received canonical tradition, where manuscript continuity and early community usage support stable transmission and meaning.

Romans 2:5

Greek

κατὰ δὲ τὴν σκληρότητά σου καὶ ἀμετανόητον καρδίαν θησαυρίζεις σεαυτῷ ὀργὴν ἐν ἡμέρᾳ ὀργῆς καὶ ⸀ἀποκαλύψεως δικαιοκρισίας τοῦ θεοῦ,

kata de ten skleroteta soy kai ametanoeton kardian thesayrizeis seayto orgen en emera orges kai apokalypseos dikaiokrisias toy theoy,

KJV: But after thy hardness and impenitent heart treasurest up unto thyself wrath against the day of wrath and revelation of the righteous judgment of God;

AKJV: But after your hardness and impenitent heart treasure up to yourself wrath against the day of wrath and revelation of the righteous judgment of God;

ASV: but after thy hardness and impenitent heart treasurest up for thyself wrath in the day of wrath and revelation of the righteous judgment of God;

YLT: but, according to thy hardness and impenitent heart, thou dost treasure up to thyself wrath, in a day of wrath and of the revelation of the righteous judgment of God,

Exposition: Romans 2:5 emphasizes a key movement in the chapter's argument. In KJV form, the text reads: 'But after thy hardness and impenitent heart treasurest up unto thyself wrath against the day of wrath and revelation of the righteous judgment of God;'. Read in canonical context, the verse supports the coherence of biblical revelation by linking doctrine, narrative, and covenantal meaning.

Apologetics Notes

• Scientific Correlation: This verse is suitable for cumulative-case reasoning in apologetics: historical context, textual stability, and worldview coherence are evaluated together rather than in isolation.

• Koine Greek Grammar: A close Koine Greek reading should attend lexical range, clause flow, and discourse function in context; these controls reduce over-reading and preserve authorial intent.

• Historical Evidence: Historically, this verse is interpreted within the received canonical tradition, where manuscript continuity and early community usage support stable transmission and meaning.

Romans 2:6

Greek

ὃς ἀποδώσει ἑκάστῳ κατὰ τὰ ἔργα αὐτοῦ·

os apodosei ekasto kata ta erga aytoy·

KJV: Who will render to every man according to his deeds:

AKJV: Who will render to every man according to his deeds:

ASV: who will render to every man according to his works:

YLT: who shall render to each according to his works;

Exposition: Romans 2:6 emphasizes a key movement in the chapter's argument. In KJV form, the text reads: 'Who will render to every man according to his deeds:'. Read in canonical context, the verse supports the coherence of biblical revelation by linking doctrine, narrative, and covenantal meaning.

Apologetics Notes

• Scientific Correlation: This verse is suitable for cumulative-case reasoning in apologetics: historical context, textual stability, and worldview coherence are evaluated together rather than in isolation.

• Koine Greek Grammar: A close Koine Greek reading should attend lexical range, clause flow, and discourse function in context; these controls reduce over-reading and preserve authorial intent.

• Historical Evidence: Historically, this verse is interpreted within the received canonical tradition, where manuscript continuity and early community usage support stable transmission and meaning.

Romans 2:7

Greek

τοῖς μὲν καθʼ ὑπομονὴν ἔργου ἀγαθοῦ δόξαν καὶ τιμὴν καὶ ἀφθαρσίαν ζητοῦσιν ζωὴν αἰώνιον·

tois men kath ypomonen ergoy agathoy doxan kai timen kai aphtharsian zetoysin zoen aionion·

KJV: To them who by patient continuance in well doing seek for glory and honour and immortality, eternal life:

AKJV: To them who by patient continuance in well doing seek for glory and honor and immortality, eternal life:

ASV: to them that by patience in well-doing seek for glory and honor and incorruption, eternal life:

YLT: to those, indeed, who in continuance of a good work, do seek glory, and honour, and incorruptibility--life age-during;

Exposition: Romans 2:7 emphasizes a key movement in the chapter's argument. In KJV form, the text reads: 'To them who by patient continuance in well doing seek for glory and honour and immortality, eternal life:'. Read in canonical context, the verse supports the coherence of biblical revelation by linking doctrine, narrative, and covenantal meaning.

Apologetics Notes

• Scientific Correlation: This verse is suitable for cumulative-case reasoning in apologetics: historical context, textual stability, and worldview coherence are evaluated together rather than in isolation.

• Koine Greek Grammar: A close Koine Greek reading should attend lexical range, clause flow, and discourse function in context; these controls reduce over-reading and preserve authorial intent.

• Historical Evidence: Historically, this verse is interpreted within the received canonical tradition, where manuscript continuity and early community usage support stable transmission and meaning.

Romans 2:8

Greek

τοῖς δὲ ἐξ ἐριθείας καὶ ⸀ἀπειθοῦσι τῇ ἀληθείᾳ πειθομένοις δὲ τῇ ἀδικίᾳ ⸂ὀργὴ καὶ θυμός⸃,

tois de ex eritheias kai apeithoysi te aletheia peithomenois de te adikia orge kai thymos,

KJV: But unto them that are contentious, and do not obey the truth, but obey unrighteousness, indignation and wrath,

AKJV: But to them that are contentious, and do not obey the truth, but obey unrighteousness, indignation and wrath,

ASV: but unto them that are factious, and obey not the truth, but obey unrighteousness, shall be wrath and indignation,

YLT: and to those contentious, and disobedient, indeed, to the truth, and obeying the unrighteousness--indignation and wrath,

Exposition: Romans 2:8 emphasizes a key movement in the chapter's argument. In KJV form, the text reads: 'But unto them that are contentious, and do not obey the truth, but obey unrighteousness, indignation and wrath,'. Read in canonical context, the verse supports the coherence of biblical revelation by linking doctrine, narrative, and covenantal meaning.

Apologetics Notes

• Scientific Correlation: This verse is suitable for cumulative-case reasoning in apologetics: historical context, textual stability, and worldview coherence are evaluated together rather than in isolation.

• Koine Greek Grammar: A close Koine Greek reading should attend lexical range, clause flow, and discourse function in context; these controls reduce over-reading and preserve authorial intent.

• Historical Evidence: Historically, this verse is interpreted within the received canonical tradition, where manuscript continuity and early community usage support stable transmission and meaning.

Romans 2:9

Greek

θλῖψις καὶ στενοχωρία, ἐπὶ πᾶσαν ψυχὴν ἀνθρώπου τοῦ κατεργαζομένου τὸ κακόν, Ἰουδαίου τε πρῶτον καὶ Ἕλληνος·

thlipsis kai stenochoria, epi pasan psychen anthropoy toy katergazomenoy to kakon, Ioydaioy te proton kai Ellenos·

KJV: Tribulation and anguish, upon every soul of man that doeth evil, of the Jew first, and also of the Gentile;

AKJV: Tribulation and anguish, on every soul of man that does evil, of the Jew first, and also of the Gentile;

ASV: tribulation and anguish, upon every soul of man that worketh evil, of the Jew first, and also of the Greek;

YLT: tribulation and distress, upon every soul of man that is working the evil, both of Jew first, and of Greek;

Exposition: Romans 2:9 emphasizes a key movement in the chapter's argument. In KJV form, the text reads: 'Tribulation and anguish, upon every soul of man that doeth evil, of the Jew first, and also of the Gentile;'. Read in canonical context, the verse supports the coherence of biblical revelation by linking doctrine, narrative, and covenantal meaning.

Apologetics Notes

• Scientific Correlation: This verse is suitable for cumulative-case reasoning in apologetics: historical context, textual stability, and worldview coherence are evaluated together rather than in isolation.

• Koine Greek Grammar: A close Koine Greek reading should attend lexical range, clause flow, and discourse function in context; these controls reduce over-reading and preserve authorial intent.

• Historical Evidence: Historically, this verse is interpreted within the received canonical tradition, where manuscript continuity and early community usage support stable transmission and meaning.

Romans 2:10

Greek

δόξα δὲ καὶ τιμὴ καὶ εἰρήνη παντὶ τῷ ἐργαζομένῳ τὸ ἀγαθόν, Ἰουδαίῳ τε πρῶτον καὶ Ἕλληνι·

doxa de kai time kai eirene panti to ergazomeno to agathon, Ioydaio te proton kai Elleni·

KJV: But glory, honour, and peace, to every man that worketh good, to the Jew first, and also to the Gentile:

AKJV: But glory, honor, and peace, to every man that works good, to the Jew first, and also to the Gentile:

ASV: but glory and honor and peace to every man that worketh good, to the Jew first, and also to the Greek:

YLT: and glory, and honour, and peace, to every one who is working the good, both to Jew first, and to Greek.

Exposition: Romans 2:10 emphasizes a key movement in the chapter's argument. In KJV form, the text reads: 'But glory, honour, and peace, to every man that worketh good, to the Jew first, and also to the Gentile:'. Read in canonical context, the verse supports the coherence of biblical revelation by linking doctrine, narrative, and covenantal meaning.

Apologetics Notes

• Scientific Correlation: This verse is suitable for cumulative-case reasoning in apologetics: historical context, textual stability, and worldview coherence are evaluated together rather than in isolation.

• Koine Greek Grammar: A close Koine Greek reading should attend lexical range, clause flow, and discourse function in context; these controls reduce over-reading and preserve authorial intent.

• Historical Evidence: Historically, this verse is interpreted within the received canonical tradition, where manuscript continuity and early community usage support stable transmission and meaning.

Romans 2:11

Greek

οὐ γάρ ἐστιν προσωπολημψία παρὰ τῷ θεῷ.

oy gar estin prosopolempsia para to theo.

KJV: For there is no respect of persons with God.

AKJV: For there is no respect of persons with God.

ASV: for there is no respect of persons with God.

YLT: For there is no acceptance of faces with God,

Exposition: Romans 2:11 emphasizes a key movement in the chapter's argument. In KJV form, the text reads: 'For there is no respect of persons with God.'. Read in canonical context, the verse supports the coherence of biblical revelation by linking doctrine, narrative, and covenantal meaning.

Apologetics Notes

• Scientific Correlation: This verse is suitable for cumulative-case reasoning in apologetics: historical context, textual stability, and worldview coherence are evaluated together rather than in isolation.

• Koine Greek Grammar: A close Koine Greek reading should attend lexical range, clause flow, and discourse function in context; these controls reduce over-reading and preserve authorial intent.

• Historical Evidence: Historically, this verse is interpreted within the received canonical tradition, where manuscript continuity and early community usage support stable transmission and meaning.

Romans 2:12

Greek

Ὅσοι γὰρ ἀνόμως ἥμαρτον, ἀνόμως καὶ ἀπολοῦνται· καὶ ὅσοι ἐν νόμῳ ἥμαρτον, διὰ νόμου κριθήσονται·

Osoi gar anomos emarton, anomos kai apoloyntai· kai osoi en nomo emarton, dia nomoy krithesontai·

KJV: For as many as have sinned without law shall also perish without law: and as many as have sinned in the law shall be judged by the law;

AKJV: For as many as have sinned without law shall also perish without law: and as many as have sinned in the law shall be judged by the law;

ASV: For as many as have sinned without the law shall also perish without the law: and as many as have sinned under the law shall be judged by the law;

YLT: for as many as without law did sin, without law also shall perish, and as many as did sin in law, through law shall be judged,

Exposition: Romans 2:12 emphasizes a key movement in the chapter's argument. In KJV form, the text reads: 'For as many as have sinned without law shall also perish without law: and as many as have sinned in the law shall be judged by the law;'. Read in canonical context, the verse supports the coherence of biblical revelation by linking doctrine, narrative, and covenantal meaning.

Apologetics Notes

• Scientific Correlation: This verse is suitable for cumulative-case reasoning in apologetics: historical context, textual stability, and worldview coherence are evaluated together rather than in isolation.

• Koine Greek Grammar: A close Koine Greek reading should attend lexical range, clause flow, and discourse function in context; these controls reduce over-reading and preserve authorial intent.

• Historical Evidence: Historically, this verse is interpreted within the received canonical tradition, where manuscript continuity and early community usage support stable transmission and meaning.

Romans 2:13

Greek

οὐ γὰρ οἱ ἀκροαταὶ ⸀νόμου δίκαιοι παρὰ ⸀τῷ θεῷ, ἀλλʼ οἱ ποιηταὶ ⸁νόμου δικαιωθήσονται.

oy gar oi akroatai nomoy dikaioi para to theo, all oi poietai nomoy dikaiothesontai.

KJV: (For not the hearers of the law are just before God, but the doers of the law shall be justified.

AKJV: (For not the hearers of the law are just before God, but the doers of the law shall be justified.

ASV: for not the hearers of the law are just before God, but the doers of the law shall be justified;

YLT: for not the hearers of the law are righteous before God, but the doers of the law shall be declared righteous: --

Exposition: Romans 2:13 emphasizes a key movement in the chapter's argument. In KJV form, the text reads: '(For not the hearers of the law are just before God, but the doers of the law shall be justified.'. Read in canonical context, the verse supports the coherence of biblical revelation by linking doctrine, narrative, and covenantal meaning.

Apologetics Notes

• Scientific Correlation: This verse is suitable for cumulative-case reasoning in apologetics: historical context, textual stability, and worldview coherence are evaluated together rather than in isolation.

• Koine Greek Grammar: A close Koine Greek reading should attend lexical range, clause flow, and discourse function in context; these controls reduce over-reading and preserve authorial intent.

• Historical Evidence: Historically, this verse is interpreted within the received canonical tradition, where manuscript continuity and early community usage support stable transmission and meaning.

Romans 2:14

Greek

ὅταν γὰρ ἔθνη τὰ μὴ νόμον ἔχοντα φύσει τὰ τοῦ νόμου ⸀ποιῶσιν, οὗτοι νόμον μὴ ἔχοντες ἑαυτοῖς εἰσιν νόμος·

otan gar ethne ta me nomon echonta physei ta toy nomoy poiosin, oytoi nomon me echontes eaytois eisin nomos·

KJV: For when the Gentiles, which have not the law, do by nature the things contained in the law, these, having not the law, are a law unto themselves:

AKJV: For when the Gentiles, which have not the law, do by nature the things contained in the law, these, having not the law, are a law to themselves:

ASV: (for when Gentiles that have not the law do by nature the things of the law, these, not having the law, are the law unto themselves;

YLT: For, when nations that have not a law, by nature may do the things of the law, these not having a law--to themselves are a law;

Exposition: Romans 2:14 emphasizes a key movement in the chapter's argument. In KJV form, the text reads: 'For when the Gentiles, which have not the law, do by nature the things contained in the law, these, having not the law, are a law unto themselves:'. Read in canonical context, the verse supports the coherence of biblical revelation by linking doctrine, narrative, and covenantal meaning.

Apologetics Notes

• Scientific Correlation: This verse is suitable for cumulative-case reasoning in apologetics: historical context, textual stability, and worldview coherence are evaluated together rather than in isolation.

• Koine Greek Grammar: A close Koine Greek reading should attend lexical range, clause flow, and discourse function in context; these controls reduce over-reading and preserve authorial intent.

• Historical Evidence: Historically, this verse is interpreted within the received canonical tradition, where manuscript continuity and early community usage support stable transmission and meaning.

Romans 2:15

Greek

οἵτινες ἐνδείκνυνται τὸ ἔργον τοῦ νόμου γραπτὸν ἐν ταῖς καρδίαις αὐτῶν, συμμαρτυρούσης αὐτῶν τῆς συνειδήσεως καὶ μεταξὺ ἀλλήλων τῶν λογισμῶν κατηγορούντων ἢ καὶ ἀπολογουμένων,

oitines endeiknyntai to ergon toy nomoy grapton en tais kardiais ayton, symmartyroyses ayton tes syneideseos kai metaxy allelon ton logismon kategoroynton e kai apologoymenon,

KJV: Which shew the work of the law written in their hearts, their conscience also bearing witness, and their thoughts the mean while accusing or else excusing one another;)

AKJV: Which show the work of the law written in their hearts, their conscience also bearing witness, and their thoughts the mean while accusing or else excusing one another;)

ASV: in that they show the work of the law written in their hearts, their conscience bearing witness therewith, and their thoughts one with another accusing or else excusing them);

YLT: who do shew the work of the law written in their hearts, their conscience also witnessing with them, and between one another the thoughts accusing or else defending,

Exposition: Romans 2:15 emphasizes a key movement in the chapter's argument. In KJV form, the text reads: 'Which shew the work of the law written in their hearts, their conscience also bearing witness, and their thoughts the mean while accusing or else excusing one another;)'. Read in canonical context, the verse supports the coherence of biblical revelation by linking doctrine, narrative, and covenantal meaning.

Apologetics Notes

• Scientific Correlation: This verse is suitable for cumulative-case reasoning in apologetics: historical context, textual stability, and worldview coherence are evaluated together rather than in isolation.

• Koine Greek Grammar: A close Koine Greek reading should attend lexical range, clause flow, and discourse function in context; these controls reduce over-reading and preserve authorial intent.

• Historical Evidence: Historically, this verse is interpreted within the received canonical tradition, where manuscript continuity and early community usage support stable transmission and meaning.

Romans 2:16

Greek

ἐν ⸂ἡμέρᾳ ὅτε⸃ ⸀κρίνει ὁ θεὸς τὰ κρυπτὰ τῶν ἀνθρώπων κατὰ τὸ εὐαγγέλιόν μου διὰ ⸂Χριστοῦ Ἰησοῦ⸃.

en emera ote krinei o theos ta krypta ton anthropon kata to eyaggelion moy dia Christoy Iesoy.

KJV: In the day when God shall judge the secrets of men by Jesus Christ according to my gospel.

AKJV: In the day when God shall judge the secrets of men by Jesus Christ according to my gospel.

ASV: in the day when God shall judge the secrets of men, according to my gospel, by Jesus Christ.

YLT: in the day when God shall judge the secrets of men, according to my good news, through Jesus Christ.

Exposition: Romans 2:16 emphasizes a key movement in the chapter's argument. In KJV form, the text reads: 'In the day when God shall judge the secrets of men by Jesus Christ according to my gospel.'. Read in canonical context, the verse supports the coherence of biblical revelation by linking doctrine, narrative, and covenantal meaning.

Apologetics Notes

• Scientific Correlation: This verse is suitable for cumulative-case reasoning in apologetics: historical context, textual stability, and worldview coherence are evaluated together rather than in isolation.

• Koine Greek Grammar: A close Koine Greek reading should attend lexical range, clause flow, and discourse function in context; these controls reduce over-reading and preserve authorial intent.

• Historical Evidence: Historically, this verse is interpreted within the received canonical tradition, where manuscript continuity and early community usage support stable transmission and meaning.

Romans 2:17

Greek

⸂Εἰ δὲ⸃ σὺ Ἰουδαῖος ἐπονομάζῃ καὶ ἐπαναπαύῃ ⸀νόμῳ καὶ καυχᾶσαι ἐν θεῷ

Ei de sy Ioydaios eponomaze kai epanapaye nomo kai kaychasai en theo

KJV: Behold, thou art called a Jew, and restest in the law, and makest thy boast of God,

AKJV: Behold, you are called a Jew, and rest in the law, and make your boast of God,

ASV: But if thou bearest the name of a Jew, and restest upon the law, and gloriest in God,

YLT: Lo, thou art named a Jew, and dost rest upon the law, and dost boast in God,

Exposition: Romans 2:17 emphasizes a key movement in the chapter's argument. In KJV form, the text reads: 'Behold, thou art called a Jew, and restest in the law, and makest thy boast of God,'. Read in canonical context, the verse supports the coherence of biblical revelation by linking doctrine, narrative, and covenantal meaning.

Apologetics Notes

• Scientific Correlation: This verse is suitable for cumulative-case reasoning in apologetics: historical context, textual stability, and worldview coherence are evaluated together rather than in isolation.

• Koine Greek Grammar: A close Koine Greek reading should attend lexical range, clause flow, and discourse function in context; these controls reduce over-reading and preserve authorial intent.

• Historical Evidence: Historically, this verse is interpreted within the received canonical tradition, where manuscript continuity and early community usage support stable transmission and meaning.

Romans 2:18

Greek

καὶ γινώσκεις τὸ θέλημα καὶ δοκιμάζεις τὰ διαφέροντα κατηχούμενος ἐκ τοῦ νόμου,

kai ginoskeis to thelema kai dokimazeis ta diapheronta katechoymenos ek toy nomoy,

KJV: And knowest his will, and approvest the things that are more excellent, being instructed out of the law;

AKJV: And know his will, and approve the things that are more excellent, being instructed out of the law;

ASV: and knowest his will, and approvest the things that are excellent, being instructed out of the law,

YLT: and dost know the will, and dost approve the distinctions, being instructed out of the law,

Exposition: Romans 2:18 emphasizes a key movement in the chapter's argument. In KJV form, the text reads: 'And knowest his will, and approvest the things that are more excellent, being instructed out of the law;'. Read in canonical context, the verse supports the coherence of biblical revelation by linking doctrine, narrative, and covenantal meaning.

Apologetics Notes

• Scientific Correlation: This verse is suitable for cumulative-case reasoning in apologetics: historical context, textual stability, and worldview coherence are evaluated together rather than in isolation.

• Koine Greek Grammar: A close Koine Greek reading should attend lexical range, clause flow, and discourse function in context; these controls reduce over-reading and preserve authorial intent.

• Historical Evidence: Historically, this verse is interpreted within the received canonical tradition, where manuscript continuity and early community usage support stable transmission and meaning.

Romans 2:19

Greek

πέποιθάς τε σεαυτὸν ὁδηγὸν εἶναι τυφλῶν, φῶς τῶν ἐν σκότει,

pepoithas te seayton odegon einai typhlon, phos ton en skotei,

KJV: And art confident that thou thyself art a guide of the blind, a light of them which are in darkness,

AKJV: And are confident that you yourself are a guide of the blind, a light of them which are in darkness,

ASV: and art confident that thou thyself art a guide of the blind, a light of them that are in darkness,

YLT: and hast confidence that thou thyself art a leader of blind ones, a light of those in darkness,

Exposition: Romans 2:19 emphasizes a key movement in the chapter's argument. In KJV form, the text reads: 'And art confident that thou thyself art a guide of the blind, a light of them which are in darkness,'. Read in canonical context, the verse supports the coherence of biblical revelation by linking doctrine, narrative, and covenantal meaning.

Apologetics Notes

• Scientific Correlation: This verse is suitable for cumulative-case reasoning in apologetics: historical context, textual stability, and worldview coherence are evaluated together rather than in isolation.

• Koine Greek Grammar: A close Koine Greek reading should attend lexical range, clause flow, and discourse function in context; these controls reduce over-reading and preserve authorial intent.

• Historical Evidence: Historically, this verse is interpreted within the received canonical tradition, where manuscript continuity and early community usage support stable transmission and meaning.

Romans 2:20

Greek

παιδευτὴν ἀφρόνων, διδάσκαλον νηπίων, ἔχοντα τὴν μόρφωσιν τῆς γνώσεως καὶ τῆς ἀληθείας ἐν τῷ νόμῳ—

paideyten aphronon, didaskalon nepion, echonta ten morphosin tes gnoseos kai tes aletheias en to nomo

KJV: An instructor of the foolish, a teacher of babes, which hast the form of knowledge and of the truth in the law.

AKJV: An instructor of the foolish, a teacher of babes, which have the form of knowledge and of the truth in the law.

ASV: a corrector of the foolish, a teacher of babes, having in the law the form of knowledge and of the truth;

YLT: an instructor of foolish ones, a teacher of babes, having the form of the knowledge and of the truth in the law.

Exposition: Romans 2:20 emphasizes a key movement in the chapter's argument. In KJV form, the text reads: 'An instructor of the foolish, a teacher of babes, which hast the form of knowledge and of the truth in the law.'. Read in canonical context, the verse supports the coherence of biblical revelation by linking doctrine, narrative, and covenantal meaning.

Apologetics Notes

• Scientific Correlation: This verse is suitable for cumulative-case reasoning in apologetics: historical context, textual stability, and worldview coherence are evaluated together rather than in isolation.

• Koine Greek Grammar: A close Koine Greek reading should attend lexical range, clause flow, and discourse function in context; these controls reduce over-reading and preserve authorial intent.

• Historical Evidence: Historically, this verse is interpreted within the received canonical tradition, where manuscript continuity and early community usage support stable transmission and meaning.

Romans 2:21

Greek

ὁ οὖν διδάσκων ἕτερον σεαυτὸν οὐ διδάσκεις; ὁ κηρύσσων μὴ κλέπτειν κλέπτεις;

o oyn didaskon eteron seayton oy didaskeis; o kerysson me kleptein klepteis;

KJV: Thou therefore which teachest another, teachest thou not thyself? thou that preachest a man should not steal, dost thou steal?

AKJV: You therefore which teach another, teach you not yourself? you that preach a man should not steal, do you steal?

ASV: thou therefore that teachest another, teachest thou not thyself? thou that preachest a man should not steal, dost thou steal?

YLT: Thou, then, who art teaching another, thyself dost thou not teach?

Exposition: Romans 2:21 emphasizes a key movement in the chapter's argument. In KJV form, the text reads: 'Thou therefore which teachest another, teachest thou not thyself? thou that preachest a man should not steal, dost thou steal?'. Read in canonical context, the verse supports the coherence of biblical revelation by linking doctrine, narrative, and covenantal meaning.

Apologetics Notes

• Scientific Correlation: This verse is suitable for cumulative-case reasoning in apologetics: historical context, textual stability, and worldview coherence are evaluated together rather than in isolation.

• Koine Greek Grammar: A close Koine Greek reading should attend lexical range, clause flow, and discourse function in context; these controls reduce over-reading and preserve authorial intent.

• Historical Evidence: Historically, this verse is interpreted within the received canonical tradition, where manuscript continuity and early community usage support stable transmission and meaning.

Romans 2:22

Greek

ὁ λέγων μὴ μοιχεύειν μοιχεύεις; ὁ βδελυσσόμενος τὰ εἴδωλα ἱεροσυλεῖς;

o legon me moicheyein moicheyeis; o bdelyssomenos ta eidola ierosyleis;

KJV: Thou that sayest a man should not commit adultery, dost thou commit adultery? thou that abhorrest idols, dost thou commit sacrilege?

AKJV: You that say a man should not commit adultery, do you commit adultery? you that abhor idols, do you commit sacrilege?

ASV: thou that sayest a man should not commit adultery, dost thou commit adultery? thou that abhorrest idols, dost thou rob temples?

YLT: thou who art preaching not to steal, dost thou steal? thou who art saying not to commit adultery, dost thou commit adultery? thou who art abhorring the idols, dost thou rob temples?

Exposition: Romans 2:22 emphasizes a key movement in the chapter's argument. In KJV form, the text reads: 'Thou that sayest a man should not commit adultery, dost thou commit adultery? thou that abhorrest idols, dost thou commit sacrilege?'. Read in canonical context, the verse supports the coherence of biblical revelation by linking doctrine, narrative, and covenantal meaning.

Apologetics Notes

• Scientific Correlation: This verse is suitable for cumulative-case reasoning in apologetics: historical context, textual stability, and worldview coherence are evaluated together rather than in isolation.

• Koine Greek Grammar: A close Koine Greek reading should attend lexical range, clause flow, and discourse function in context; these controls reduce over-reading and preserve authorial intent.

• Historical Evidence: Historically, this verse is interpreted within the received canonical tradition, where manuscript continuity and early community usage support stable transmission and meaning.

Romans 2:23

Greek

ὃς ἐν νόμῳ καυχᾶσαι, διὰ τῆς παραβάσεως τοῦ νόμου τὸν θεὸν ἀτιμάζεις;

os en nomo kaychasai, dia tes parabaseos toy nomoy ton theon atimazeis;

KJV: Thou that makest thy boast of the law, through breaking the law dishonourest thou God?

AKJV: You that make your boast of the law, through breaking the law dishonor you God?

ASV: thou who gloriest in the law, through thy transgression of the law dishonorest thou God?

YLT: thou who in the law dost boast, through the transgression of the law God dost thou dishonour?

Exposition: Romans 2:23 emphasizes a key movement in the chapter's argument. In KJV form, the text reads: 'Thou that makest thy boast of the law, through breaking the law dishonourest thou God?'. Read in canonical context, the verse supports the coherence of biblical revelation by linking doctrine, narrative, and covenantal meaning.

Apologetics Notes

• Scientific Correlation: This verse is suitable for cumulative-case reasoning in apologetics: historical context, textual stability, and worldview coherence are evaluated together rather than in isolation.

• Koine Greek Grammar: A close Koine Greek reading should attend lexical range, clause flow, and discourse function in context; these controls reduce over-reading and preserve authorial intent.

• Historical Evidence: Historically, this verse is interpreted within the received canonical tradition, where manuscript continuity and early community usage support stable transmission and meaning.

Romans 2:24

Greek

τὸ γὰρ ὄνομα τοῦ θεοῦ διʼ ὑμᾶς βλασφημεῖται ἐν τοῖς ἔθνεσιν, καθὼς γέγραπται.

to gar onoma toy theoy di ymas blasphemeitai en tois ethnesin, kathos gegraptai.

KJV: For the name of God is blasphemed among the Gentiles through you, as it is written.

AKJV: For the name of God is blasphemed among the Gentiles through you, as it is written.

ASV: For the name of God is blasphemed among the Gentiles because of you, even as it is written.

YLT: for the name of God because of you is evil spoken of among the nations, according as it hath been written.

Exposition: Romans 2:24 emphasizes a key movement in the chapter's argument. In KJV form, the text reads: 'For the name of God is blasphemed among the Gentiles through you, as it is written.'. Read in canonical context, the verse supports the coherence of biblical revelation by linking doctrine, narrative, and covenantal meaning.

Apologetics Notes

• Scientific Correlation: This verse is suitable for cumulative-case reasoning in apologetics: historical context, textual stability, and worldview coherence are evaluated together rather than in isolation.

• Koine Greek Grammar: A close Koine Greek reading should attend lexical range, clause flow, and discourse function in context; these controls reduce over-reading and preserve authorial intent.

• Historical Evidence: Historically, this verse is interpreted within the received canonical tradition, where manuscript continuity and early community usage support stable transmission and meaning.

Romans 2:25

Greek

Περιτομὴ μὲν γὰρ ὠφελεῖ ἐὰν νόμον πράσσῃς· ἐὰν δὲ παραβάτης νόμου ᾖς, ἡ περιτομή σου ἀκροβυστία γέγονεν.

Peritome men gar ophelei ean nomon prasses· ean de parabates nomoy es, e peritome soy akrobystia gegonen.

KJV: For circumcision verily profiteth, if thou keep the law: but if thou be a breaker of the law, thy circumcision is made uncircumcision.

AKJV: For circumcision truly profits, if you keep the law: but if you be a breaker of the law, your circumcision is made uncircumcision.

ASV: For circumcision indeed profiteth, if thou be a doer of the law: but if thou be a transgressor of the law, thy circumcision is become uncircumcision.

YLT: For circumcision, indeed, doth profit, if law thou mayest practise, but if a transgressor of law thou mayest be, thy circumcision hath become uncircumcision.

Exposition: Romans 2:25 emphasizes a key movement in the chapter's argument. In KJV form, the text reads: 'For circumcision verily profiteth, if thou keep the law: but if thou be a breaker of the law, thy circumcision is made uncircumcision.'. Read in canonical context, the verse supports the coherence of biblical revelation by linking doctrine, narrative, and covenantal meaning.

Apologetics Notes

• Scientific Correlation: This verse is suitable for cumulative-case reasoning in apologetics: historical context, textual stability, and worldview coherence are evaluated together rather than in isolation.

• Koine Greek Grammar: A close Koine Greek reading should attend lexical range, clause flow, and discourse function in context; these controls reduce over-reading and preserve authorial intent.

• Historical Evidence: Historically, this verse is interpreted within the received canonical tradition, where manuscript continuity and early community usage support stable transmission and meaning.

Romans 2:26

Greek

ἐὰν οὖν ἡ ἀκροβυστία τὰ δικαιώματα τοῦ νόμου φυλάσσῃ, ⸀οὐχ ἡ ἀκροβυστία αὐτοῦ εἰς περιτομὴν λογισθήσεται;

ean oyn e akrobystia ta dikaiomata toy nomoy phylasse, oych e akrobystia aytoy eis peritomen logisthesetai;

KJV: Therefore if the uncircumcision keep the righteousness of the law, shall not his uncircumcision be counted for circumcision?

AKJV: Therefore if the uncircumcision keep the righteousness of the law, shall not his uncircumcision be counted for circumcision?

ASV: If therefore the uncircumcision keep the ordinances of the law, shall not his uncircumcision be reckoned for circumcision?

YLT: If, therefore the uncircumcision the righteousness of the law may keep, shall not his uncircumcision for circumcision be reckoned?

Exposition: Romans 2:26 emphasizes a key movement in the chapter's argument. In KJV form, the text reads: 'Therefore if the uncircumcision keep the righteousness of the law, shall not his uncircumcision be counted for circumcision?'. Read in canonical context, the verse supports the coherence of biblical revelation by linking doctrine, narrative, and covenantal meaning.

Apologetics Notes

• Scientific Correlation: This verse is suitable for cumulative-case reasoning in apologetics: historical context, textual stability, and worldview coherence are evaluated together rather than in isolation.

• Koine Greek Grammar: A close Koine Greek reading should attend lexical range, clause flow, and discourse function in context; these controls reduce over-reading and preserve authorial intent.

• Historical Evidence: Historically, this verse is interpreted within the received canonical tradition, where manuscript continuity and early community usage support stable transmission and meaning.

Romans 2:27

Greek

καὶ κρινεῖ ἡ ἐκ φύσεως ἀκροβυστία τὸν νόμον τελοῦσα σὲ τὸν διὰ γράμματος καὶ περιτομῆς παραβάτην νόμου.

kai krinei e ek physeos akrobystia ton nomon teloysa se ton dia grammatos kai peritomes parabaten nomoy.

KJV: And shall not uncircumcision which is by nature, if it fulfil the law, judge thee, who by the letter and circumcision dost transgress the law?

AKJV: And shall not uncircumcision which is by nature, if it fulfill the law, judge you, who by the letter and circumcision do transgress the law?

ASV: and shall not the uncircumcision which is by nature, if it fulfil the law, judge thee, who with the letter and circumcision art a transgressor of the law?

YLT: and the uncircumcision, by nature, fulfilling the law, shall judge thee who, through letter and circumcision, art a transgressor of law.

Exposition: Romans 2:27 emphasizes a key movement in the chapter's argument. In KJV form, the text reads: 'And shall not uncircumcision which is by nature, if it fulfil the law, judge thee, who by the letter and circumcision dost transgress the law?'. Read in canonical context, the verse supports the coherence of biblical revelation by linking doctrine, narrative, and covenantal meaning.

Apologetics Notes

• Scientific Correlation: This verse is suitable for cumulative-case reasoning in apologetics: historical context, textual stability, and worldview coherence are evaluated together rather than in isolation.

• Koine Greek Grammar: A close Koine Greek reading should attend lexical range, clause flow, and discourse function in context; these controls reduce over-reading and preserve authorial intent.

• Historical Evidence: Historically, this verse is interpreted within the received canonical tradition, where manuscript continuity and early community usage support stable transmission and meaning.

Romans 2:28

Greek

οὐ γὰρ ὁ ἐν τῷ φανερῷ Ἰουδαῖός ἐστιν, οὐδὲ ἡ ἐν τῷ φανερῷ ἐν σαρκὶ περιτομή·

oy gar o en to phanero Ioydaios estin, oyde e en to phanero en sarki peritome·

KJV: For he is not a Jew, which is one outwardly; neither is that circumcision, which is outward in the flesh:

AKJV: For he is not a Jew, which is one outwardly; neither is that circumcision, which is outward in the flesh:

ASV: For he is not a Jew who is one outwardly; neither is that circumcision which is outward in the flesh:

YLT: For he is not a Jew who is so outwardly, neither is circumcision that which is outward in flesh;

Exposition: Romans 2:28 emphasizes a key movement in the chapter's argument. In KJV form, the text reads: 'For he is not a Jew, which is one outwardly; neither is that circumcision, which is outward in the flesh:'. Read in canonical context, the verse supports the coherence of biblical revelation by linking doctrine, narrative, and covenantal meaning.

Apologetics Notes

• Scientific Correlation: This verse is suitable for cumulative-case reasoning in apologetics: historical context, textual stability, and worldview coherence are evaluated together rather than in isolation.

• Koine Greek Grammar: A close Koine Greek reading should attend lexical range, clause flow, and discourse function in context; these controls reduce over-reading and preserve authorial intent.

• Historical Evidence: Historically, this verse is interpreted within the received canonical tradition, where manuscript continuity and early community usage support stable transmission and meaning.

Romans 2:29

Greek

ἀλλʼ ὁ ἐν τῷ κρυπτῷ Ἰουδαῖος, καὶ περιτομὴ καρδίας ἐν πνεύματι οὐ γράμματι, οὗ ὁ ἔπαινος οὐκ ἐξ ἀνθρώπων ἀλλʼ ἐκ τοῦ θεοῦ.

all o en to krypto Ioydaios, kai peritome kardias en pneymati oy grammati, oy o epainos oyk ex anthropon all ek toy theoy.

KJV: But he is a Jew, which is one inwardly; and circumcision is that of the heart, in the spirit, and not in the letter; whose praise is not of men, but of God.

AKJV: But he is a Jew, which is one inwardly; and circumcision is that of the heart, in the spirit, and not in the letter; whose praise is not of men, but of God.

ASV: but he is a Jew who is one inwardly; and circumcision is that of the heart, in the spirit not in the letter; whose praise is not of men, but of God.

YLT: but a Jew is he who is so inwardly, and circumcision is of the heart, in spirit, not in letter, of which the praise is not of men, but of God.

Exposition: Romans 2:29 emphasizes a key movement in the chapter's argument. In KJV form, the text reads: 'But he is a Jew, which is one inwardly; and circumcision is that of the heart, in the spirit, and not in the letter; whose praise is not of men, but of God.'. Read in canonical context, the verse supports the coherence of biblical revelation by linking doctrine, narrative, and covenantal meaning.

Apologetics Notes

• Scientific Correlation: This verse is suitable for cumulative-case reasoning in apologetics: historical context, textual stability, and worldview coherence are evaluated together rather than in isolation.

• Koine Greek Grammar: A close Koine Greek reading should attend lexical range, clause flow, and discourse function in context; these controls reduce over-reading and preserve authorial intent.

• Historical Evidence: Historically, this verse is interpreted within the received canonical tradition, where manuscript continuity and early community usage support stable transmission and meaning.