Apologetics Bible

Romans 4:1

Greek

Τί οὖν ἐροῦμεν ⸀εὑρηκέναι Ἀβραὰμ τὸν ⸀προπάτορα ⸀ἡμῶν κατὰ σάρκα;

Ti oyn eroymen eyrekenai Abraam ton propatora emon kata sarka;

KJV: What shall we say then that Abraham our father, as pertaining to the flesh, hath found?

AKJV: What shall we say then that Abraham our father, as pertaining to the flesh, has found?

ASV: What then shall we say that Abraham, our forefather, hath found according to the flesh?

YLT: What, then, shall we say Abraham our father, to have found, according to flesh?

Exposition: Romans 4:1 emphasizes a key movement in the chapter's argument. In KJV form, the text reads: 'What shall we say then that Abraham our father, as pertaining to the flesh, hath found?'. Read in canonical context, the verse supports the coherence of biblical revelation by linking doctrine, narrative, and covenantal meaning.

Apologetics Notes

• Scientific Correlation: This verse is suitable for cumulative-case reasoning in apologetics: historical context, textual stability, and worldview coherence are evaluated together rather than in isolation.

• Koine Greek Grammar: A close Koine Greek reading should attend lexical range, clause flow, and discourse function in context; these controls reduce over-reading and preserve authorial intent.

• Historical Evidence: Historically, this verse is interpreted within the received canonical tradition, where manuscript continuity and early community usage support stable transmission and meaning.

Romans 4:2

Greek

εἰ γὰρ Ἀβραὰμ ἐξ ἔργων ἐδικαιώθη, ἔχει καύχημα· ἀλλʼ οὐ ⸀πρὸς θεόν,

ei gar Abraam ex ergon edikaiothe, echei kaychema· all oy pros theon,

KJV: For if Abraham were justified by works, he hath whereof to glory; but not before God.

AKJV: For if Abraham were justified by works, he has whereof to glory; but not before God.

ASV: For if Abraham was justified by works, he hath whereof to glory; but not toward God.

YLT: for if Abraham by works was declared righteous, he hath to boast--but not before God;

Exposition: Romans 4:2 emphasizes a key movement in the chapter's argument. In KJV form, the text reads: 'For if Abraham were justified by works, he hath whereof to glory; but not before God.'. Read in canonical context, the verse supports the coherence of biblical revelation by linking doctrine, narrative, and covenantal meaning.

Apologetics Notes

• Scientific Correlation: This verse is suitable for cumulative-case reasoning in apologetics: historical context, textual stability, and worldview coherence are evaluated together rather than in isolation.

• Koine Greek Grammar: A close Koine Greek reading should attend lexical range, clause flow, and discourse function in context; these controls reduce over-reading and preserve authorial intent.

• Historical Evidence: Historically, this verse is interpreted within the received canonical tradition, where manuscript continuity and early community usage support stable transmission and meaning.

Romans 4:3

Greek

τί γὰρ ἡ γραφὴ λέγει; Ἐπίστευσεν δὲ Ἀβραὰμ τῷ θεῷ καὶ ἐλογίσθη αὐτῷ εἰς δικαιοσύνην.

ti gar e graphe legei; Episteysen de Abraam to theo kai elogisthe ayto eis dikaiosynen.

KJV: For what saith the scripture? Abraham believed God, and it was counted unto him for righteousness.

AKJV: For what says the scripture? Abraham believed God, and it was counted to him for righteousness.

ASV: For what saith the scripture? And Abraham believed God, and it was reckoned unto him for righteousness.

YLT: for what doth the writing say? `And Abraham did believe God, and it was reckoned to him--to righteousness;'

Exposition: Romans 4:3 emphasizes a key movement in the chapter's argument. In KJV form, the text reads: 'For what saith the scripture? Abraham believed God, and it was counted unto him for righteousness.'. Read in canonical context, the verse supports the coherence of biblical revelation by linking doctrine, narrative, and covenantal meaning.

Apologetics Notes

• Scientific Correlation: This verse is suitable for cumulative-case reasoning in apologetics: historical context, textual stability, and worldview coherence are evaluated together rather than in isolation.

• Koine Greek Grammar: A close Koine Greek reading should attend lexical range, clause flow, and discourse function in context; these controls reduce over-reading and preserve authorial intent.

• Historical Evidence: Historically, this verse is interpreted within the received canonical tradition, where manuscript continuity and early community usage support stable transmission and meaning.

Romans 4:4

Greek

τῷ δὲ ἐργαζομένῳ ὁ μισθὸς οὐ λογίζεται κατὰ χάριν ἀλλὰ κατὰ ὀφείλημα·

to de ergazomeno o misthos oy logizetai kata charin alla kata opheilema·

KJV: Now to him that worketh is the reward not reckoned of grace, but of debt.

AKJV: Now to him that works is the reward not reckoned of grace, but of debt.

ASV: Now to him that worketh, the reward is not reckoned as of grace, but as of debt.

YLT: and to him who is working, the reward is not reckoned of grace, but of debt;

Exposition: Romans 4:4 emphasizes a key movement in the chapter's argument. In KJV form, the text reads: 'Now to him that worketh is the reward not reckoned of grace, but of debt.'. Read in canonical context, the verse supports the coherence of biblical revelation by linking doctrine, narrative, and covenantal meaning.

Apologetics Notes

• Scientific Correlation: This verse is suitable for cumulative-case reasoning in apologetics: historical context, textual stability, and worldview coherence are evaluated together rather than in isolation.

• Koine Greek Grammar: A close Koine Greek reading should attend lexical range, clause flow, and discourse function in context; these controls reduce over-reading and preserve authorial intent.

• Historical Evidence: Historically, this verse is interpreted within the received canonical tradition, where manuscript continuity and early community usage support stable transmission and meaning.

Romans 4:5

Greek

τῷ δὲ μὴ ἐργαζομένῳ, πιστεύοντι δὲ ἐπὶ τὸν δικαιοῦντα τὸν ἀσεβῆ, λογίζεται ἡ πίστις αὐτοῦ εἰς δικαιοσύνην,

to de me ergazomeno, pisteyonti de epi ton dikaioynta ton asebe, logizetai e pistis aytoy eis dikaiosynen,

KJV: But to him that worketh not, but believeth on him that justifieth the ungodly, his faith is counted for righteousness.

AKJV: But to him that works not, but believes on him that justifies the ungodly, his faith is counted for righteousness.

ASV: But to him that worketh not, but believeth on him that justifieth the ungodly, his faith is reckoned for righteousness.

YLT: and to him who is not working, and is believing upon Him who is declaring righteous the impious, his faith is reckoned--to righteousness:

Exposition: Romans 4:5 emphasizes a key movement in the chapter's argument. In KJV form, the text reads: 'But to him that worketh not, but believeth on him that justifieth the ungodly, his faith is counted for righteousness.'. Read in canonical context, the verse supports the coherence of biblical revelation by linking doctrine, narrative, and covenantal meaning.

Apologetics Notes

• Scientific Correlation: This verse is suitable for cumulative-case reasoning in apologetics: historical context, textual stability, and worldview coherence are evaluated together rather than in isolation.

• Koine Greek Grammar: A close Koine Greek reading should attend lexical range, clause flow, and discourse function in context; these controls reduce over-reading and preserve authorial intent.

• Historical Evidence: Historically, this verse is interpreted within the received canonical tradition, where manuscript continuity and early community usage support stable transmission and meaning.

Romans 4:6

Greek

καθάπερ καὶ Δαυὶδ λέγει τὸν μακαρισμὸν τοῦ ἀνθρώπου ᾧ ὁ θεὸς λογίζεται δικαιοσύνην χωρὶς ἔργων·

kathaper kai Dayid legei ton makarismon toy anthropoy o o theos logizetai dikaiosynen choris ergon·

KJV: Even as David also describeth the blessedness of the man, unto whom God imputeth righteousness without works,

AKJV: Even as David also describes the blessedness of the man, to whom God imputes righteousness without works,

ASV: Even as David also pronounceth blessing upon the man, unto whom God reckoneth righteousness apart from works,

YLT: even as David also doth speak of the happiness of the man to whom God doth reckon righteousness apart from works:

Exposition: Romans 4:6 emphasizes a key movement in the chapter's argument. In KJV form, the text reads: 'Even as David also describeth the blessedness of the man, unto whom God imputeth righteousness without works,'. Read in canonical context, the verse supports the coherence of biblical revelation by linking doctrine, narrative, and covenantal meaning.

Apologetics Notes

• Scientific Correlation: This verse is suitable for cumulative-case reasoning in apologetics: historical context, textual stability, and worldview coherence are evaluated together rather than in isolation.

• Koine Greek Grammar: A close Koine Greek reading should attend lexical range, clause flow, and discourse function in context; these controls reduce over-reading and preserve authorial intent.

• Historical Evidence: Historically, this verse is interpreted within the received canonical tradition, where manuscript continuity and early community usage support stable transmission and meaning.

Romans 4:7

Greek

Μακάριοι ὧν ἀφέθησαν αἱ ἀνομίαι καὶ ὧν ἐπεκαλύφθησαν αἱ ἁμαρτίαι,

Makarioi on aphethesan ai anomiai kai on epekalyphthesan ai amartiai,

KJV: Saying, Blessed are they whose iniquities are forgiven, and whose sins are covered.

AKJV: Saying, Blessed are they whose iniquities are forgiven, and whose sins are covered.

ASV: saying, Blessed are they whose iniquities are forgiven,

YLT: `Happy they whose lawless acts were forgiven, and whose sins were covered;

Exposition: Romans 4:7 emphasizes a key movement in the chapter's argument. In KJV form, the text reads: 'Saying, Blessed are they whose iniquities are forgiven, and whose sins are covered.'. Read in canonical context, the verse supports the coherence of biblical revelation by linking doctrine, narrative, and covenantal meaning.

Apologetics Notes

• Scientific Correlation: This verse is suitable for cumulative-case reasoning in apologetics: historical context, textual stability, and worldview coherence are evaluated together rather than in isolation.

• Koine Greek Grammar: A close Koine Greek reading should attend lexical range, clause flow, and discourse function in context; these controls reduce over-reading and preserve authorial intent.

• Historical Evidence: Historically, this verse is interpreted within the received canonical tradition, where manuscript continuity and early community usage support stable transmission and meaning.

Romans 4:8

Greek

μακάριος ἀνὴρ ⸀οὗ οὐ μὴ λογίσηται κύριος ἁμαρτίαν.

makarios aner oy oy me logisetai kyrios amartian.

KJV: Blessed is the man to whom the Lord will not impute sin.

AKJV: Blessed is the man to whom the Lord will not impute sin.

ASV: Blessed is the man to whom the Lord will not reckon sin.

YLT: happy the man to whom the Lord may not reckon sin.'

Exposition: Romans 4:8 emphasizes a key movement in the chapter's argument. In KJV form, the text reads: 'Blessed is the man to whom the Lord will not impute sin.'. Read in canonical context, the verse supports the coherence of biblical revelation by linking doctrine, narrative, and covenantal meaning.

Apologetics Notes

• Scientific Correlation: This verse is suitable for cumulative-case reasoning in apologetics: historical context, textual stability, and worldview coherence are evaluated together rather than in isolation.

• Koine Greek Grammar: A close Koine Greek reading should attend lexical range, clause flow, and discourse function in context; these controls reduce over-reading and preserve authorial intent.

• Historical Evidence: Historically, this verse is interpreted within the received canonical tradition, where manuscript continuity and early community usage support stable transmission and meaning.

Romans 4:9

Greek

Ὁ μακαρισμὸς οὖν οὗτος ἐπὶ τὴν περιτομὴν ἢ καὶ ἐπὶ τὴν ἀκροβυστίαν; λέγομεν ⸀γάρ· Ἐλογίσθη τῷ Ἀβραὰμ ἡ πίστις εἰς δικαιοσύνην.

O makarismos oyn oytos epi ten peritomen e kai epi ten akrobystian; legomen gar· Elogisthe to Abraam e pistis eis dikaiosynen.

KJV: Cometh this blessedness then upon the circumcision only, or upon the uncircumcision also? for we say that faith was reckoned to Abraham for righteousness.

AKJV: Comes this blessedness then on the circumcision only, or on the uncircumcision also? for we say that faith was reckoned to Abraham for righteousness.

ASV: Is this blessing then pronounced upon the circumcision, or upon the uncircumcision also? for we say, To Abraham his faith was reckoned for righteousness.

YLT: Is this happiness, then, upon the circumcision, or also upon the uncircumcision--for we say that the faith was reckoned to Abraham--to righteousness?

Exposition: Romans 4:9 emphasizes a key movement in the chapter's argument. In KJV form, the text reads: 'Cometh this blessedness then upon the circumcision only, or upon the uncircumcision also? for we say that faith was reckoned to Abraham for righteousness.'. Read in canonical context, the verse supports the coherence of biblical revelation by linking doctrine, narrative, and covenantal meaning.

Apologetics Notes

• Scientific Correlation: This verse is suitable for cumulative-case reasoning in apologetics: historical context, textual stability, and worldview coherence are evaluated together rather than in isolation.

• Koine Greek Grammar: A close Koine Greek reading should attend lexical range, clause flow, and discourse function in context; these controls reduce over-reading and preserve authorial intent.

• Historical Evidence: Historically, this verse is interpreted within the received canonical tradition, where manuscript continuity and early community usage support stable transmission and meaning.

Romans 4:10

Greek

πῶς οὖν ἐλογίσθη; ἐν περιτομῇ ὄντι ἢ ἐν ἀκροβυστίᾳ; οὐκ ἐν περιτομῇ ἀλλʼ ἐν ἀκροβυστίᾳ·

pos oyn elogisthe; en peritome onti e en akrobystia; oyk en peritome all en akrobystia·

KJV: How was it then reckoned? when he was in circumcision, or in uncircumcision? Not in circumcision, but in uncircumcision.

AKJV: How was it then reckoned? when he was in circumcision, or in uncircumcision? Not in circumcision, but in uncircumcision.

ASV: How then was it reckoned? when he was in circumcision, or in uncircumcision? Not in circumcision, but in uncircumcision:

YLT: how then was it reckoned? he being in circumcision, or in uncircumcision? not in circumcision, but in uncircumcision;

Exposition: Romans 4:10 emphasizes a key movement in the chapter's argument. In KJV form, the text reads: 'How was it then reckoned? when he was in circumcision, or in uncircumcision? Not in circumcision, but in uncircumcision.'. Read in canonical context, the verse supports the coherence of biblical revelation by linking doctrine, narrative, and covenantal meaning.

Apologetics Notes

• Scientific Correlation: This verse is suitable for cumulative-case reasoning in apologetics: historical context, textual stability, and worldview coherence are evaluated together rather than in isolation.

• Koine Greek Grammar: A close Koine Greek reading should attend lexical range, clause flow, and discourse function in context; these controls reduce over-reading and preserve authorial intent.

• Historical Evidence: Historically, this verse is interpreted within the received canonical tradition, where manuscript continuity and early community usage support stable transmission and meaning.

Romans 4:11

Greek

καὶ σημεῖον ἔλαβεν περιτομῆς, σφραγῖδα τῆς δικαιοσύνης τῆς πίστεως τῆς ἐν τῇ ἀκροβυστίᾳ, εἰς τὸ εἶναι αὐτὸν πατέρα πάντων τῶν πιστευόντων διʼ ἀκροβυστίας, εἰς τὸ ⸀λογισθῆναι αὐτοῖς τὴν δικαιοσύνην,

kai semeion elaben peritomes, sphragida tes dikaiosynes tes pisteos tes en te akrobystia, eis to einai ayton patera panton ton pisteyonton di akrobystias, eis to logisthenai aytois ten dikaiosynen,

KJV: And he received the sign of circumcision, a seal of the righteousness of the faith which he had yet being uncircumcised: that he might be the father of all them that believe, though they be not circumcised; that righteousness might be imputed unto them also:

AKJV: And he received the sign of circumcision, a seal of the righteousness of the faith which he had yet being uncircumcised: that he might be the father of all them that believe, though they be not circumcised; that righteousness might be imputed to them also:

ASV: and he received the sign of circumcision, a seal of the righteousness of the faith which he had while he was in uncircumcision: that he might be the father of all them that believe, though they be in uncircumcision, that righteousness might be reckoned unto them;

YLT: and a sign he did receive of circumcision, a seal of the righteousness of the faith in the uncircumcision, for his being father of all those believing through uncircumcision, for the righteousness also being reckoned to them,

Exposition: Romans 4:11 emphasizes a key movement in the chapter's argument. In KJV form, the text reads: 'And he received the sign of circumcision, a seal of the righteousness of the faith which he had yet being uncircumcised: that he might be the father of all them that believe, though they be not circumcised; that right...'. Read in canonical context, the verse supports the coherence of biblical revelation by linking doctrine, narrative, and covenantal meaning.

Apologetics Notes

• Scientific Correlation: This verse is suitable for cumulative-case reasoning in apologetics: historical context, textual stability, and worldview coherence are evaluated together rather than in isolation.

• Koine Greek Grammar: A close Koine Greek reading should attend lexical range, clause flow, and discourse function in context; these controls reduce over-reading and preserve authorial intent.

• Historical Evidence: Historically, this verse is interpreted within the received canonical tradition, where manuscript continuity and early community usage support stable transmission and meaning.

Romans 4:12

Greek

καὶ πατέρα περιτομῆς τοῖς οὐκ ἐκ περιτομῆς μόνον ἀλλὰ καὶ τοῖς στοιχοῦσιν τοῖς ἴχνεσιν τῆς ⸂ἐν ἀκροβυστίᾳ πίστεως⸃ τοῦ πατρὸς ἡμῶν Ἀβραάμ.

kai patera peritomes tois oyk ek peritomes monon alla kai tois stoichoysin tois ichnesin tes en akrobystia pisteos toy patros emon Abraam.

KJV: And the father of circumcision to them who are not of the circumcision only, but who also walk in the steps of that faith of our father Abraham, which he had being yet uncircumcised.

AKJV: And the father of circumcision to them who are not of the circumcision only, but who also walk in the steps of that faith of our father Abraham, which he had being yet uncircumcised.

ASV: and the father of circumcision to them who not only are of the circumcision, but who also walk in the steps of that faith of our father Abraham which he had in uncircumcision.

YLT: and father of circumcision to those not of circumcision only, but who also walk in the steps of the faith, that is in the uncircumcision of our father Abraham.

Exposition: Romans 4:12 emphasizes a key movement in the chapter's argument. In KJV form, the text reads: 'And the father of circumcision to them who are not of the circumcision only, but who also walk in the steps of that faith of our father Abraham, which he had being yet uncircumcised.'. Read in canonical context, the verse supports the coherence of biblical revelation by linking doctrine, narrative, and covenantal meaning.

Apologetics Notes

• Scientific Correlation: This verse is suitable for cumulative-case reasoning in apologetics: historical context, textual stability, and worldview coherence are evaluated together rather than in isolation.

• Koine Greek Grammar: A close Koine Greek reading should attend lexical range, clause flow, and discourse function in context; these controls reduce over-reading and preserve authorial intent.

• Historical Evidence: Historically, this verse is interpreted within the received canonical tradition, where manuscript continuity and early community usage support stable transmission and meaning.

Romans 4:13

Greek

Οὐ γὰρ διὰ νόμου ἡ ἐπαγγελία τῷ Ἀβραὰμ ἢ τῷ σπέρματι αὐτοῦ, τὸ κληρονόμον αὐτὸν ⸀εἶναι κόσμου, ἀλλὰ διὰ δικαιοσύνης πίστεως·

Oy gar dia nomoy e epaggelia to Abraam e to spermati aytoy, to kleronomon ayton einai kosmoy, alla dia dikaiosynes pisteos·

KJV: For the promise, that he should be the heir of the world, was not to Abraham, or to his seed, through the law, but through the righteousness of faith.

AKJV: For the promise, that he should be the heir of the world, was not to Abraham, or to his seed, through the law, but through the righteousness of faith.

ASV: For not through the law was the promise to Abraham or to his seed that he should be heir of the world, but through the righteousness of faith.

YLT: For not through law is the promise to Abraham, or to his seed, of his being heir of the world, but through the righteousness of faith;

Exposition: Romans 4:13 emphasizes a key movement in the chapter's argument. In KJV form, the text reads: 'For the promise, that he should be the heir of the world, was not to Abraham, or to his seed, through the law, but through the righteousness of faith.'. Read in canonical context, the verse supports the coherence of biblical revelation by linking doctrine, narrative, and covenantal meaning.

Apologetics Notes

• Scientific Correlation: This verse is suitable for cumulative-case reasoning in apologetics: historical context, textual stability, and worldview coherence are evaluated together rather than in isolation.

• Koine Greek Grammar: A close Koine Greek reading should attend lexical range, clause flow, and discourse function in context; these controls reduce over-reading and preserve authorial intent.

• Historical Evidence: Historically, this verse is interpreted within the received canonical tradition, where manuscript continuity and early community usage support stable transmission and meaning.

Romans 4:14

Greek

εἰ γὰρ οἱ ἐκ νόμου κληρονόμοι, κεκένωται ἡ πίστις καὶ κατήργηται ἡ ἐπαγγελία·

ei gar oi ek nomoy kleronomoi, kekenotai e pistis kai katergetai e epaggelia·

KJV: For if they which are of the law be heirs, faith is made void, and the promise made of none effect:

AKJV: For if they which are of the law be heirs, faith is made void, and the promise made of none effect:

ASV: For if they that are of the law are heirs, faith is made void, and the promise is made of none effect:

YLT: for if they who are of law are heirs, the faith hath been made void, and the promise hath been made useless;

Exposition: Romans 4:14 emphasizes a key movement in the chapter's argument. In KJV form, the text reads: 'For if they which are of the law be heirs, faith is made void, and the promise made of none effect:'. Read in canonical context, the verse supports the coherence of biblical revelation by linking doctrine, narrative, and covenantal meaning.

Apologetics Notes

• Scientific Correlation: This verse is suitable for cumulative-case reasoning in apologetics: historical context, textual stability, and worldview coherence are evaluated together rather than in isolation.

• Koine Greek Grammar: A close Koine Greek reading should attend lexical range, clause flow, and discourse function in context; these controls reduce over-reading and preserve authorial intent.

• Historical Evidence: Historically, this verse is interpreted within the received canonical tradition, where manuscript continuity and early community usage support stable transmission and meaning.

Romans 4:15

Greek

ὁ γὰρ νόμος ὀργὴν κατεργάζεται, οὗ ⸀δὲ οὐκ ἔστιν νόμος, οὐδὲ παράβασις.

o gar nomos orgen katergazetai, oy de oyk estin nomos, oyde parabasis.

KJV: Because the law worketh wrath: for where no law is, there is no transgression.

AKJV: Because the law works wrath: for where no law is, there is no transgression.

ASV: for the law worketh wrath; but where there is no law, neither is there transgression.

YLT: for the law doth work wrath; for where law is not, neither is transgression.

Exposition: Romans 4:15 emphasizes a key movement in the chapter's argument. In KJV form, the text reads: 'Because the law worketh wrath: for where no law is, there is no transgression.'. Read in canonical context, the verse supports the coherence of biblical revelation by linking doctrine, narrative, and covenantal meaning.

Apologetics Notes

• Scientific Correlation: This verse is suitable for cumulative-case reasoning in apologetics: historical context, textual stability, and worldview coherence are evaluated together rather than in isolation.

• Koine Greek Grammar: A close Koine Greek reading should attend lexical range, clause flow, and discourse function in context; these controls reduce over-reading and preserve authorial intent.

• Historical Evidence: Historically, this verse is interpreted within the received canonical tradition, where manuscript continuity and early community usage support stable transmission and meaning.

Romans 4:16

Greek

Διὰ τοῦτο ἐκ πίστεως, ἵνα κατὰ χάριν, εἰς τὸ εἶναι βεβαίαν τὴν ἐπαγγελίαν παντὶ τῷ σπέρματι, οὐ τῷ ἐκ τοῦ νόμου μόνον ἀλλὰ καὶ τῷ ἐκ πίστεως Ἀβραάμ (ὅς ἐστιν πατὴρ πάντων ἡμῶν,

Dia toyto ek pisteos, ina kata charin, eis to einai bebaian ten epaggelian panti to spermati, oy to ek toy nomoy monon alla kai to ek pisteos Abraam (os estin pater panton emon,

KJV: Therefore it is of faith, that it might be by grace; to the end the promise might be sure to all the seed; not to that only which is of the law, but to that also which is of the faith of Abraham; who is the father of us all,

AKJV: Therefore it is of faith, that it might be by grace; to the end the promise might be sure to all the seed; not to that only which is of the law, but to that also which is of the faith of Abraham; who is the father of us all,

ASV: For this cause it is of faith, that it may be according to grace; to the end that the promise may be sure to all the seed; not to that only which is of the law, but to that also which is of the faith of Abraham, who is the father of us all

YLT: Because of this it is of faith, that it may be according to grace, for the promise being sure to all the seed, not to that which is of the law only, but also to that which is of the faith of Abraham,

Exposition: Romans 4:16 emphasizes a key movement in the chapter's argument. In KJV form, the text reads: 'Therefore it is of faith, that it might be by grace; to the end the promise might be sure to all the seed; not to that only which is of the law, but to that also which is of the faith of Abraham; who is the father of...'. Read in canonical context, the verse supports the coherence of biblical revelation by linking doctrine, narrative, and covenantal meaning.

Apologetics Notes

• Scientific Correlation: This verse is suitable for cumulative-case reasoning in apologetics: historical context, textual stability, and worldview coherence are evaluated together rather than in isolation.

• Koine Greek Grammar: A close Koine Greek reading should attend lexical range, clause flow, and discourse function in context; these controls reduce over-reading and preserve authorial intent.

• Historical Evidence: Historically, this verse is interpreted within the received canonical tradition, where manuscript continuity and early community usage support stable transmission and meaning.

Romans 4:17

Greek

καθὼς γέγραπται ὅτι Πατέρα πολλῶν ἐθνῶν τέθεικά σε), κατέναντι οὗ ἐπίστευσεν θεοῦ τοῦ ζῳοποιοῦντος τοὺς νεκροὺς καὶ καλοῦντος τὰ μὴ ὄντα ὡς ὄντα·

kathos gegraptai oti Patera pollon ethnon tetheika se), katenanti oy episteysen theoy toy zoopoioyntos toys nekroys kai kaloyntos ta me onta os onta·

KJV: (As it is written, I have made thee a father of many nations,) before him whom he believed, even God, who quickeneth the dead, and calleth those things which be not as though they were.

AKJV: (As it is written, I have made you a father of many nations,) before him whom he believed, even God, who vivifies the dead, and calls those things which be not as though they were.

ASV: (as it is written, A father of many nations have I made thee) before him whom he believed, even God, who giveth life to the dead, and calleth the things that are not, as though they were.

YLT: who is father of us all (according as it hath been written--`A father of many nations I have set thee,') before Him whom he did believe--God, who is quickening the dead, and is calling the things that be not as being.

Exposition: Romans 4:17 emphasizes a key movement in the chapter's argument. In KJV form, the text reads: '(As it is written, I have made thee a father of many nations,) before him whom he believed, even God, who quickeneth the dead, and calleth those things which be not as though they were.'. Read in canonical context, the verse supports the coherence of biblical revelation by linking doctrine, narrative, and covenantal meaning.

Apologetics Notes

• Scientific Correlation: This verse is suitable for cumulative-case reasoning in apologetics: historical context, textual stability, and worldview coherence are evaluated together rather than in isolation.

• Koine Greek Grammar: A close Koine Greek reading should attend lexical range, clause flow, and discourse function in context; these controls reduce over-reading and preserve authorial intent.

• Historical Evidence: Historically, this verse is interpreted within the received canonical tradition, where manuscript continuity and early community usage support stable transmission and meaning.

Romans 4:18

Greek

ὃς παρʼ ἐλπίδα ἐπʼ ἐλπίδι ἐπίστευσεν εἰς τὸ γενέσθαι αὐτὸν πατέρα πολλῶν ἐθνῶν κατὰ τὸ εἰρημένον· Οὕτως ἔσται τὸ σπέρμα σου·

os par elpida ep elpidi episteysen eis to genesthai ayton patera pollon ethnon kata to eiremenon· Oytos estai to sperma soy·

KJV: Who against hope believed in hope, that he might become the father of many nations; according to that which was spoken, So shall thy seed be.

AKJV: Who against hope believed in hope, that he might become the father of many nations, according to that which was spoken, So shall your seed be.

ASV: Who in hope believed against hope, to the end that he might become a father of many nations, according to that which had been spoken, So shall thy seed be.

YLT: Who, against hope in hope did believe, for his becoming father of many nations according to that spoken: `So shall thy seed be;'

Exposition: Romans 4:18 emphasizes a key movement in the chapter's argument. In KJV form, the text reads: 'Who against hope believed in hope, that he might become the father of many nations; according to that which was spoken, So shall thy seed be.'. Read in canonical context, the verse supports the coherence of biblical revelation by linking doctrine, narrative, and covenantal meaning.

Apologetics Notes

• Scientific Correlation: This verse is suitable for cumulative-case reasoning in apologetics: historical context, textual stability, and worldview coherence are evaluated together rather than in isolation.

• Koine Greek Grammar: A close Koine Greek reading should attend lexical range, clause flow, and discourse function in context; these controls reduce over-reading and preserve authorial intent.

• Historical Evidence: Historically, this verse is interpreted within the received canonical tradition, where manuscript continuity and early community usage support stable transmission and meaning.

Romans 4:19

Greek

καὶ μὴ ἀσθενήσας τῇ ⸀πίστει κατενόησεν τὸ ἑαυτοῦ ⸀σῶμα νενεκρωμένον, ἑκατονταετής που ὑπάρχων, καὶ τὴν νέκρωσιν τῆς μήτρας Σάρρας,

kai me asthenesas te pistei katenoesen to eaytoy soma nenekromenon, ekatontaetes poy yparchon, kai ten nekrosin tes metras Sarras,

KJV: And being not weak in faith, he considered not his own body now dead, when he was about an hundred years old, neither yet the deadness of Sara’s womb:

AKJV: And being not weak in faith, he considered not his own body now dead, when he was about an hundred years old, neither yet the deadness of Sarah’s womb:

ASV: And without being weakened in faith he considered his own body now as good as dead (he being about a hundred years old), and the deadness of Sarah’s womb;

YLT: and not having been weak in the faith, he did not consider his own body, already become dead, (being about a hundred years old,) and the deadness of Sarah's womb,

Exposition: Romans 4:19 emphasizes a key movement in the chapter's argument. In KJV form, the text reads: 'And being not weak in faith, he considered not his own body now dead, when he was about an hundred years old, neither yet the deadness of Sara’s womb:'. Read in canonical context, the verse supports the coherence of biblical revelation by linking doctrine, narrative, and covenantal meaning.

Apologetics Notes

• Scientific Correlation: This verse is suitable for cumulative-case reasoning in apologetics: historical context, textual stability, and worldview coherence are evaluated together rather than in isolation.

• Koine Greek Grammar: A close Koine Greek reading should attend lexical range, clause flow, and discourse function in context; these controls reduce over-reading and preserve authorial intent.

• Historical Evidence: Historically, this verse is interpreted within the received canonical tradition, where manuscript continuity and early community usage support stable transmission and meaning.

Romans 4:20

Greek

εἰς δὲ τὴν ἐπαγγελίαν τοῦ θεοῦ οὐ διεκρίθη τῇ ἀπιστίᾳ ἀλλὰ ἐνεδυναμώθη τῇ πίστει, δοὺς δόξαν τῷ θεῷ

eis de ten epaggelian toy theoy oy diekrithe te apistia alla enedynamothe te pistei, doys doxan to theo

KJV: He staggered not at the promise of God through unbelief; but was strong in faith, giving glory to God;

AKJV: He staggered not at the promise of God through unbelief; but was strong in faith, giving glory to God;

ASV: yet, looking unto the promise of God, he wavered not through unbelief, but waxed strong through faith, giving glory to God,

YLT: and at the promise of God did not stagger in unbelief, but was strengthened in faith, having given glory to God,

Exposition: Romans 4:20 emphasizes a key movement in the chapter's argument. In KJV form, the text reads: 'He staggered not at the promise of God through unbelief; but was strong in faith, giving glory to God;'. Read in canonical context, the verse supports the coherence of biblical revelation by linking doctrine, narrative, and covenantal meaning.

Apologetics Notes

• Scientific Correlation: This verse is suitable for cumulative-case reasoning in apologetics: historical context, textual stability, and worldview coherence are evaluated together rather than in isolation.

• Koine Greek Grammar: A close Koine Greek reading should attend lexical range, clause flow, and discourse function in context; these controls reduce over-reading and preserve authorial intent.

• Historical Evidence: Historically, this verse is interpreted within the received canonical tradition, where manuscript continuity and early community usage support stable transmission and meaning.

Romans 4:21

Greek

καὶ πληροφορηθεὶς ὅτι ὃ ἐπήγγελται δυνατός ἐστιν καὶ ποιῆσαι.

kai plerophoretheis oti o epeggeltai dynatos estin kai poiesai.

KJV: And being fully persuaded that, what he had promised, he was able also to perform.

AKJV: And being fully persuaded that, what he had promised, he was able also to perform.

ASV: and being fully assured that what he had promised, he was able also to perform.

YLT: and having been fully persuaded that what He hath promised He is able also to do:

Exposition: Romans 4:21 emphasizes a key movement in the chapter's argument. In KJV form, the text reads: 'And being fully persuaded that, what he had promised, he was able also to perform.'. Read in canonical context, the verse supports the coherence of biblical revelation by linking doctrine, narrative, and covenantal meaning.

Apologetics Notes

• Scientific Correlation: This verse is suitable for cumulative-case reasoning in apologetics: historical context, textual stability, and worldview coherence are evaluated together rather than in isolation.

• Koine Greek Grammar: A close Koine Greek reading should attend lexical range, clause flow, and discourse function in context; these controls reduce over-reading and preserve authorial intent.

• Historical Evidence: Historically, this verse is interpreted within the received canonical tradition, where manuscript continuity and early community usage support stable transmission and meaning.

Romans 4:22

Greek

⸀διὸ ἐλογίσθη αὐτῷ εἰς δικαιοσύνην.

dio elogisthe ayto eis dikaiosynen.

KJV: And therefore it was imputed to him for righteousness.

AKJV: And therefore it was imputed to him for righteousness.

ASV: Wherefore also it was reckoned unto him for righteousness.

YLT: wherefore also it was reckoned to him to righteousness.

Exposition: Romans 4:22 emphasizes a key movement in the chapter's argument. In KJV form, the text reads: 'And therefore it was imputed to him for righteousness.'. Read in canonical context, the verse supports the coherence of biblical revelation by linking doctrine, narrative, and covenantal meaning.

Apologetics Notes

• Scientific Correlation: This verse is suitable for cumulative-case reasoning in apologetics: historical context, textual stability, and worldview coherence are evaluated together rather than in isolation.

• Koine Greek Grammar: A close Koine Greek reading should attend lexical range, clause flow, and discourse function in context; these controls reduce over-reading and preserve authorial intent.

• Historical Evidence: Historically, this verse is interpreted within the received canonical tradition, where manuscript continuity and early community usage support stable transmission and meaning.

Romans 4:23

Greek

Οὐκ ἐγράφη δὲ διʼ αὐτὸν μόνον ὅτι ἐλογίσθη αὐτῷ,

Oyk egraphe de di ayton monon oti elogisthe ayto,

KJV: Now it was not written for his sake alone, that it was imputed to him;

AKJV: Now it was not written for his sake alone, that it was imputed to him;

ASV: Now it was not written for his sake alone, that it was reckoned unto him;

YLT: And it was not written on his account alone, that it was reckoned to him,

Exposition: Romans 4:23 emphasizes a key movement in the chapter's argument. In KJV form, the text reads: 'Now it was not written for his sake alone, that it was imputed to him;'. Read in canonical context, the verse supports the coherence of biblical revelation by linking doctrine, narrative, and covenantal meaning.

Apologetics Notes

• Scientific Correlation: This verse is suitable for cumulative-case reasoning in apologetics: historical context, textual stability, and worldview coherence are evaluated together rather than in isolation.

• Koine Greek Grammar: A close Koine Greek reading should attend lexical range, clause flow, and discourse function in context; these controls reduce over-reading and preserve authorial intent.

• Historical Evidence: Historically, this verse is interpreted within the received canonical tradition, where manuscript continuity and early community usage support stable transmission and meaning.

Romans 4:24

Greek

ἀλλὰ καὶ διʼ ἡμᾶς οἷς μέλλει λογίζεσθαι, τοῖς πιστεύουσιν ἐπὶ τὸν ἐγείραντα Ἰησοῦν τὸν κύριον ἡμῶν ἐκ νεκρῶν,

alla kai di emas ois mellei logizesthai, tois pisteyoysin epi ton egeiranta Iesoyn ton kyrion emon ek nekron,

KJV: But for us also, to whom it shall be imputed, if we believe on him that raised up Jesus our Lord from the dead;

AKJV: But for us also, to whom it shall be imputed, if we believe on him that raised up Jesus our Lord from the dead;

ASV: but for our sake also, unto whom it shall be reckoned, who believe on him that raised Jesus our Lord from the dead,

YLT: but also on ours, to whom it is about to be reckoned--to us believing on Him who did raise up Jesus our Lord out of the dead,

Exposition: Romans 4:24 emphasizes a key movement in the chapter's argument. In KJV form, the text reads: 'But for us also, to whom it shall be imputed, if we believe on him that raised up Jesus our Lord from the dead;'. Read in canonical context, the verse supports the coherence of biblical revelation by linking doctrine, narrative, and covenantal meaning.

Apologetics Notes

• Scientific Correlation: This verse is suitable for cumulative-case reasoning in apologetics: historical context, textual stability, and worldview coherence are evaluated together rather than in isolation.

• Koine Greek Grammar: A close Koine Greek reading should attend lexical range, clause flow, and discourse function in context; these controls reduce over-reading and preserve authorial intent.

• Historical Evidence: Historically, this verse is interpreted within the received canonical tradition, where manuscript continuity and early community usage support stable transmission and meaning.

Romans 4:25

Greek

ὃς παρεδόθη διὰ τὰ παραπτώματα ἡμῶν καὶ ἠγέρθη διὰ τὴν δικαίωσιν ἡμῶν.

os paredothe dia ta paraptomata emon kai egerthe dia ten dikaiosin emon.

KJV: Who was delivered for our offences, and was raised again for our justification.

AKJV: Who was delivered for our offenses, and was raised again for our justification.

ASV: who was delivered up for our trespasses, and was raised for our justification.

YLT: who was delivered up because of our offences, and was raised up because of our being declared righteous.

Exposition: Romans 4:25 emphasizes a key movement in the chapter's argument. In KJV form, the text reads: 'Who was delivered for our offences, and was raised again for our justification.'. Read in canonical context, the verse supports the coherence of biblical revelation by linking doctrine, narrative, and covenantal meaning.

Apologetics Notes

• Scientific Correlation: This verse is suitable for cumulative-case reasoning in apologetics: historical context, textual stability, and worldview coherence are evaluated together rather than in isolation.

• Koine Greek Grammar: A close Koine Greek reading should attend lexical range, clause flow, and discourse function in context; these controls reduce over-reading and preserve authorial intent.

• Historical Evidence: Historically, this verse is interpreted within the received canonical tradition, where manuscript continuity and early community usage support stable transmission and meaning.